Geneva (French: Gen è ve; English: Geneva),State of GenevaSubordinated cities, located inLake GenevaSouthwest corner, yesSwitzerlandThe second largest city in the Federation.[1]On the lakeBig fountainIt is the symbol of Geneva. The lakes and mountains of Geneva are attractive all the year round, and it is also a gathering place of international institutions around the worldInternational city。
Geneva, with its profoundhumanitarianismTraditional and colorful cultural activities, major conferences and exhibitions, coveted food, fresh suburban scenery, and many tourist projectsSports facilitiesAnd is famous all over the world.Geneva is also the clock capital of the world, and the clock industry and banking industry are two of GenevaBig economyPillars.[2]
According to data, as early as 10000 to 20000 BC——Ice AgeLater, there were people living in the currentLake GenevaOfRhone(Rhone) Both sides of the estuary.
The name of Geneva comes from BCCeltsThe ancient city built here.For the first time in GenevaLatinAppears in Caesar's book《Gallic War》He's rightGaul WarView.This name may initially be associated withLiguriaGenua (nowGenoa)The city is the same, which means "knee", that is, the special of Genevageographical positionIn a corner;However, the origin of the name Geneva is more likely to be based on the birth of aRadical(Genawa is located on Lake Geneva, the source of the river; perhaps Geneva means "the birth of water").
ByAncient RomeAfter the conquest, Geneva became part of the "Provincia Romana", Gallia Narbonensis.In 58 BC, Caesar surrounded the westward Helveti in Geneva.
Although Geneva has always been a BurgundianFranksandHoly Roman EmpireIn fact, Geneva was ruled by its bishop until the Reformation, when Geneva became a republic.
Geneva urban traffic map - the latest erlinyou version
Because of the religious reform led by Calvin and others, Geneva is often referred to as "the Roman Protestant".In the 16th century, Geneva was the center of Calvinist Protestantism;Geneva in the Old TownSt. Peter's CathedralCalvin's own church.
Englandmary i Vigorous persecution during the periodprotestantTherefore, a large number of new teachers fled to Geneva, including the later supervision of translationGeneva Bible William Whittingham and his collaborators Miles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman(Christopher Goodman),Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson and William Cole.
For the people of Geneva, the event was a symbol of their independence.It marks the end of the desire of several dukes of Xavi to annex Geneva as their capital north of the Alps.The event of climbing the city was the end of their series of attacks across the century.The last attack took place from December 11 to 12, 1602. It is said that the citizens resisted fiercely and even made pots and pansKitchenwareAs a weapon hurled at the aggressor, the Duke failed to succeed, so this day was designated asCity Climbing Festival。Every year in the old city of Geneva, there will be a parade of horses, artillery and soldiers dressed in the costumes of the time to celebrate.
From the late 19th century toSwitzerlandTravel became BritainnobleThe fashion we pursue.They first came to Geneva with their entourage and wealth, which made Switzerland a tourist country.These led to the proliferation of the already famous watch shops and jewel and precious metal merchants in Europe at that time, which also established Geneva as theCommercial cityStatus.
Geneva
geographical environment
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geographical position
Geneva is located at 46 ° 12 north latitude – 6 ° 09 'east longitude and flows into the southwest corner of Lake GenevaRhonePlace.It borders France in the south, east and west, and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times.
From the map, Geneva is from the territory of SwitzerlandSuperior processOut, the narrowest place in the middle is only 4km, and the land in many places is shared with France, Kwantlaninternational airportHalf of them also belong to France.
Geneva covers an area of 15.86square kilometre, and the wholeState of Geneva282 square kilometers, including two quiltsWozhou(Vaud) the surrounding land (C é ligny).The border between Geneva State andSwitzerlandOther states are bordered.Of the 107.5 km boundary line, 103 km is bordered by France; to the north isOntario(Ain), south isHaute Savoy(Haute-Savoie)。
Geneva is surrounded by two mountains,The AlpsMountains andJura Mountainmountain range.GenevaAltitude373.6 meters, that is, the lastIce AgeThe altitude of Pierre du Niton, the largest of the two remaining boulders protruding from the lake.This stone was chosen by General Guillaume Henry Defor for all Swiss surveyingReference point。
The second largest river in Geneva is calledAlvo RiverAnd flows into the Rhone River in the west of the city center.Genus andState of GenevaThe lake covers an area of 38 square kilometers and is often called a "small lake".
natural resources
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jet d'eau
Geneva industries where water, gas and electricity are owned by the state governmentservice company(SIG) to the region of the State of Geneva.Most of the drinking water (80%) is extracted from Lake Geneva;The remaining 20% comes from the groundwater formed by the infiltration of the Alvo River.
30% of GenevaPower demandProduced locally, mainly by three buildingsRhoneOnHydropower stationYes (Seujet, Verbois and Chancy Pougny).In addition, 13% of the state's electricity comes from Les Cheneviers' waste burning plant.The rest of the electricity demand (70%) is provided by other Swiss states and other European countries;SIG only purchases fromRenewable energyElectricity produced, especially not boughtnuclear reactorandfossil fuelElectricity generated by combustion.
SIG also provides telecommunications services to a group of citizens through its "Voisin, Voisine" program, which is mainly distributed in the Charles District.
University of GenevaBuilt by Calvin in 1559The oldest universityone of.Geneva also has the world's oldestInternational schoolsOne, Geneva International School, withLeague of NationsIt was built in 1924.The world's most prestigiousinternational relationOne of the schools, the Institute of International Relations, has also settled in Geneva.There are also other international schools, such as the Geneva English School and Lancy International College (founded in 1903).
Population and nationality
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In August 2013, the population of Geneva was 194458,State of Geneva438500 people in total.In 2000, a total of 645000 people lived in Geneva and its surrounding areas, including the population of France and Vaud.The population of Waupaca is divided into 145200, Geneva natives (33.1%), 123400 Swiss in other states (28.2%) and 169000 foreigners from 180 different countries (38.7%).Including dual nationality holders, 54.4% of Geneva residents hold foreign passports.
According to the survey in 2000, although Geneva has always been regarded as a Protestant city, the people living in this state are more Catholic believers (39.5%) than Protestants (17.4%).22% of citizens said they do not believe in any religion.The rest are divided into Muslims (4.4%),Judaism(1.1%), other religions.
Many multinational companies, such asP>he company, Sereno, Firmenich and Givaudan all have their European headquarters in Geneva.
Geneva Convention
《Geneva Convention 》It is a series of agreements on the protection of civilians and war victims concluded in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1864 to 1949international covenantThe general name of.1862 Swisshenry dunant In "The Memory of Shafililo", he described the tragic situation of Shafililo battle in the French and Italian war against Austria in 1859, so as to arouse the attention of the world to the problem of rescuing the sick and wounded in wartime, and promote countries to establish rescue groups.Founded in 1863Red Cross SocietyThe Geneva International Conference organized by the organization hopes to "neutralize" the wounded and medical personnel.[5]
China acceded to the Convention in 1956 and made four reservations to the Convention:ProtectorThe substitution of "" must be approved by the home country of the protected person;prisonerOr after civilians are transferred to another country, the original detaining country should not be relieved of responsibility;occupation zoneThe protection of civilians outside the Convention should also be applied;War criminals shall not enjoy the status of prisoners of war.[5]
On June 10, 1977, two additions to the four Geneva Conventions were signed in GenevaprotocolAnd entered into force on December 7, 1978.In 1864Geneva Convention On the basis of that, after several amendments and supplements in 1906, 1929 and 1949, it developed into the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, namely:
Geneva Convention on Improving the Situation of the Wounded and the Sick in Armed Forces in the Field》
The first Geneva Convention of 1949: there are 64 texts and two annexes.The main contents are: to confirm the principle that the wounded and sick on both sides of the enemy should be treated humanely without distinction under any circumstances;It is prohibited to inflict any harm or atrocity on the life and person of the wounded and sick, especially murder, torture, biological experiment or intentional omissionmedical assistanceAnd care;The medical unit and its buildings, equipment and personnel shall be inviolable, but there shall be obviousRed Cross with white backgroundorRed CrescentAnd the red lion and the sun logo.[5]
Geneva Convention on Improving the Situation of the Wounded, the Sick and the Shipwrecked in Armed Forces at Sea
That is, the Second Geneva Convention of 1949: there are 63 texts and one annex, which are amendments and supplements to the Tenth Hague Convention of 1907.It covers the scope of application, protected objectsbasic principleIt is the same as Convention 1, but in combination with the characteristics of naval warfare, it provides for the protection of the wounded and sick in naval warfareHospital shipSpecial principles and rules for its personnel.The Convention is only applicable to the forces on board ships. The landing forces are still subject to the principles and rules stipulated in the First Geneva Convention.[5]
Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War
The Third Geneva Convention of 1949: there are 143 texts and 5 annexes, which are amendments and supplements to the 1929 Convention of the same name.It has expanded the scope of application and protected objects of the Convention.The main content is: prisoners of war are in enemy countriesState powerUnder the jurisdiction rather than under the authority of the individual or military unit who captured him, the detaining country should be responsible for the prisoners of war and give them humane treatment and protection;Personal belongings of prisoners of war, except weaponshorseIn addition to military equipment and military documents, they should still be kept by prisoners of war;The accommodation, food and health care of prisoners of war should be guaranteed;Prisoners of war may be detained, but shall not be imprisoned except for criminal and disciplinary sanctions;No prisoners of war may be ordered to engage in dangerous or humiliating labor;After the war stops, the prisoners of war shall be released or repatriated without delay;Under no circumstances shall a prisoner of war give up one or all of the rights conferred by the Convention;In case of doubt as to whether a person has the status of a prisoner of war, such person shall enjoy the protection of this Convention without a decision of the competent court.[5]
Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949: a total of 159 texts and 3 annexes.In the annexes of the Hague Convention 2 of 1899 and the Hague Convention 4 of 1907, there are only some scattered provisions for the protection of civilians (seeHague convention )。The Convention supplements and develops these provisions.Its main contents are as follows: enemy civilians under the authority of one party to the conflict should be protected and treated humanely, including granting safe departure and safeguarding the basic rights of civilians who have not been repatriated;It is forbidden to destroy undefended towns and villages;It is prohibited to kill, coerce, maltreat or expel peaceful residents;Prohibition of corporal punishment and torture;The person, family, honor, propertyreligious beliefAnd customs should be respected;Collective punishment and hostage taking are prohibited.
The four above-mentioned conventions were signed byChina、Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France and other 61 countries signed in Geneva and came into force on October 21, 1950.By August 1994, a total of 187 countries and regions had become members of the Geneva Conventions by means of ratification, accession or notification of successionState party。[5]
Economics
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Geneva's economy is mainly a tertiary industry.This city has an ancient financial industry, especially privatebanking business(approximately $1 trillion in assets under management) andInternational trade financing。
Geneva has a long tradition of tabulation(Calatrava Ref、Patrimony Traditionnelle、RolexEtc.).Geneva Municipal Government and Switzerlandfederal governmentThe jointly established clock detection unit (established in 1886) carries out non mandatory detection on clocks produced in Geneva, and those who pass the inspection can carve on the movementGeneva stampThe watches with Geneva marks are basically of high grade.
Two major flavor and fragrance manufacturers in the worldFirmenich And Chihuaton's headquarters and mainProduction facilitiesIt is located in Geneva.
Many multinational companies have their international headquarters in Geneva, such asJapan TobaccoInternationalMediterranean Shipping CompanyGunwal Group, General ValidationSTC、SITA、Vitol、Weatherford International。
Many multinational companies, such as P&GDuPontBoth will have their European headquarters in Geneva.HPEuropeAfricaandMiddle EastThe regional headquarters is located in Meilan, near Geneva.
The main newspaper is the Geneva Tribune, which was founded by James T. Bates on February 1, 1879 and has about 187000 readers.Le Courrier, founded in 1868, was initially run by Catholics, but has been operating independently since 1996.Le Courrier, who is mainly concentrated in Geneva, also tried toSwitzerlandThe expansion of other French speaking states.Swiss Times (headquartered in Geneva) and Swiss Frenchmorning paperThere are many readers in Geneva.
Mainly covering Genevatelevision channelThere is Swiss French TV station TSR.
Sports
The main sports teams in Geneva areSelvet Football ClubServette FC, a football club, was founded in 1890.Sevette is the only Swiss football club that has participated in the top league since the 1930s and has never been demoted;In 2005, management problems led to the bankruptcy of the parent company, which divided the club into two teams, and the newly established team needed to be demoted back to the League A for competition.
There is another ice in GenevaHockeyClub – Geneva Sevette Hockey Club (Gen è ve Servette HC), playing in the Swiss National Ice Hockey League A (Nationalga A).
science and technology
Located near Geneva, Switzerland, across the border between Switzerland and France, CERN is an important particle research institution in the world, focusing on simulation researchBig BangThe initial state after.
On January 31, 2011, CERN announced that the Large Hadron Collider will continue to operate from February to the end of 2012.[4]
In 2022, Geneva ranked 8th in the global science and technology innovation center.[7]
traffic
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Geneva Cornavin Bus Terminal
Public transportationServices include buses andtramProvided by Geneva Public Transport (TPG).In addition to being responsible for the transportation of the city center, its network spreads all over the state, and also extends to the surrounding French towns.The onboard public transport provided by the Mouettes genevoises connects the two sides of the lake and is mainly used for tourism.
Provided by Swiss Federal Railway Corporation (SBB-CFF-FFS)RegionalThe train service connects the main Gare Cornavin railway station in Geneva with the airport and several outside the citypuddle jumperStation.Railway andSNCF(SNCF)pattern of road distributionChina Unicom, including directParisandMarseilleOfHigh speed train(TGV)Line.The train has not been usedUrban internal trafficBut CEVA plan (Cornavin Eaux Vives Annemasse)Work has startedThis plan, originally conceived in 1884, will connect the city's main railway stationPublic hospitals, OvevHub(Easy Lives) andFranceAnnamas.From the main railway station to La Praille marshalling stationA lineIt already exists, and will extend from the underground to the hospital and Ovev, and then connect the existing line to France.In addition, Geneva is also connected to Switzerland A1expresswayAnd the highways in France.
Geneva International Airport(A é roport international de Gen è ve, Cointrin) is an important part of SwitzerlandAviation hubThere is a railway connecting with Kornawan Railway Station.
HillockEuropean architectureSimple and dignified.On both sides of the street are antique shops with round yellow and green signs. The city built on the edge of Lake Geneva is the new city of Geneva.
Overlooking the Alps
Lake GenevaLooking far from the bank, you can see theThe Alpsandjura The snowy peaks of the mountains——Mont BlancThe snow top is misty and vastLake Lemang, full of mountains all year roundSnow water, as clear as a mirror.In the lake, a shining sword goes straight to the cloudsLiving water park, Rose ParkBritish parksPearl Park and Botanical Garden, the artificial beauty of Lake Genevanatural beautyIt is incomparable to each other.go throughRula MountainThe winding path reached the top of the mountain.It's dignified to cross the ancient city wallSt. Peter's Cathedral。
Geneva's famous landscapes include the flower clock, the Museum of Art and History, the International Red Cross andRed CrescentMuseums andPalais des Nations。The most striking symbol of the city is a fountain in Lake Geneva,
The most famous building in Geneva is the Palais des Nationsthe United NationsThe headquarters in Geneva.Located atLake LemangAriana Park on the right bank covers an area of 326000 square meters.Building decorationIt embodies the characteristics of "all countries" everywhere.The exterior of the street is built with Italian lime, HuaheRhoneandJura MountainOflimestone, France, Italy andSwedenMarble produced. The brown linen carpet on the ground is produced fromthe Philippines。Member States donated various decorations and furnishings. The famous Spanish painter Paose Maria Sete described the war of conquest and the celebration of peaceGroup paintingMost striking, the United States commemorateswoodrow wilson Presented by the PresidentArmillary sphere, the Monument to the Conquest of the UniverseSoviet UnionIn memory of hisspace technologyDonation of achievements in the field.There are also sculptures created by Derwina Sands to commemorate the International Year of the Child and pine, cypress and other fine trees donated by member countries.
festival
New Year's Day (January 1 and January 2);Good Friday (Friday before Easter);Ascension Day(One day after Holy Spirit Day);SwitzerlandNational Day(August 1);Halloween(November 1);Christmas (December 25);Boxing Day(December 26).
language
French is common in Geneva, and English is also very popular.
Restaurant
A corner of Geneva
According to some food guides, Geneva has the most restaurants per capita in the world.In this famous international city, there are more than 1100 restaurantsdifferent styles , unique taste.In the downtown area, you can feast your mouth on delicious food from all over the world without walking far away.Of course, please don't forget to go to the local flavor restaurantCountry HotelAnd Lakeside Luxury Hotel, accompanied by GenevaWineTaste the local four seasonsspecial dishes。SwissWhite WineIt is not only mellow and fragrant, but also very distinctive.There are also fruit drinks containing alcohol. Marc is more famous,Kirsch,Pflumli,Williamine。
Due to cultural differences, Switzerland provides a variety of unusual cooking for everyone.In French, German and Italian speaking areas, French, German and Italian influence is quite strong, but the quality is good.Each region has its own characteristics;French speaking areaCheese hotpotAnd Raclette;German speakingsausage、barbecueandBaked potatoCake;In Graupennsylvania regionalDried beefSlice andHam;And the Italian characteristics of Danchino.Pastry andsweet foodSnacks are world famous.SwitzerlandGrapeIt's very good, especially when you want wine in a region rich in grapes - always ask for local wine.SwissBeerIt is also first-class.LiquorGood taste, but high degree, such as Marc,KirschPflumli, Williammine are the most famous.
Geneva, with its profoundhumanitarianismTraditional, colorful cultural activities, major conferences and exhibitions, coveted food, fresh suburban scenery, and many tourist projectsSports facilitiesAnd famous in the world.
Geneva is also the capital of clocks in the worldbankingBecome the two major cities in GenevaSpiritual support。 Geneva is also a major venue for artistic performances. International performers regularly perform music and operas in major theaters.
Geneva is the crossroads of the world. More than 200 important international institutions are located in Geneva, including the United Nations Headquarters in Europe, the International Labour Organization, the Universal Red Cross, etcboy scoutsThe headquarters and Women's Alliance for Peace and Freedom can be described as an international political, economic and cultural center.Every year, hundreds of conferences, exhibitions and celebrations are held here, attracting visitors from all countries.It is known as the "Capital of Peace".
Geneva Flower Clock
Geneva's famous landscapes include flower clocks, art andhistory museum、International Red CrossAnd the Red CrescentmuseumandPalais des Nations(European Headquarters of the United Nations).The most striking sign of Geneva is a fountain in the Lake of Geneva. The old city of Geneva is also a unique tourist attraction. You can walk in its narrow streets orGo to seeSt. Peter's Cathedral.[6]
Jet d "Eau: located atLake GenevaIt can spray water 140 meters high.It is the symbol of Geneva and the pride of local people.
Flower clock: it symbolizes that Switzerland is a clock industryCentral placeIt is the longest flower clock in the world, which is placed in the Jardin Anglais by the Lake Genevasecond handIts second hand is 2.5 meters long, and the distance between each second point is 27 centimeters.SuperficialInclinationIn clockworkPrecisionIt plays an important role.The clock has a circumference of 15.70 meters and a diameter of 5 meters.This flower clock is decorated with 6500 plants of various colors.
Geneva Map
The European Headquarters of the United Nations:Group tourismArrangements.
International Red Cross Museum: In memory of Geneva bornhenry dunant The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was established.You can learn about the activities of the Red Cross Society through video and other ways, and also provide Chinese voiceGuide CommentaryService for convenienceChinese tourists。
St. Pierre's Cathedral: a cathedral built in the 12th centuryRomanesqueThe buildings with three styles of Gothic, Greco Roman are integrated in the old cityIconic buildingsIt tells people a long and complicated history.UndergroundarchaeologyThe museum is the largest archaeological museum in Europe.
International Museum of Religious Reform: The religious reform centered on Calvin has made Geneva famous.The museum was built in the Holy Land of the Reformation——Cathédrale St-Pierre It took 45 years from planning to opening.In May 1536, the Declaration of the Reformation in Geneva was officially carried out here.The museum makes full use of the internal decoration in 1719, and is equipped with the latest audio-visual equipment and technology to introduce the religious revolution to tourists.Museum passedUnderground passageIt is connected to the Archaeological Museum under St. Pierre's Cathedral and is part of Espace St. Pierre.
Maison Tavel: It is the oldest private collection museum in Geneva.A wide variety of folk utensils and exquisite town models are displayed here, which vividly reflects the history of the town and people's life.
Geneva Swiss Architecture
Rousseau Memorial:Jean Jacques RousseauPlace of birth.It is located at No. 40, Grand Rue, the old city.
Art History Museum: the only encyclopedic museum in Switzerland, covering all western art from ancient times to the present.In this magnificent building with an area of 7000 square metersIn the building, showing the history and art works of archaeology, including those fromThe RenaissanceWorks of great masters from the era to the modern era.
Geneva lakeside: The lakeside park in summer will be in full bloom with more than 10000 flowers.From July to August, various free concerts are held here.