Wuxi National Studies Specialized School is called Wuxi National College for short.Original nameWuxi Traditional Chinese StudiesIn the winter of 1920, it was founded at the foot of Huishan Mountain in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In 1928, it was renamed Wuxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies, and in 1929, it was named Wuxi School of Traditional Chinese Studies. Tang Wenzhi, a famous educator in China, was appointed as the president. It was the cradle of cultivating Chinese learning elites in the first half of the 20th century.
To study the history and culture of our country, make it clear and practical, carry forward, and expect to contribute to the world culture.The school takes Chinese traditional culture as the teaching research object, which is the only one in China.Wuxi National College has a strong academic atmosphere, and teachers of different schools come together, which has been widely talked about by scholars.
School history
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Wuxi National College
Wuxi National College was founded in December of the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), and was named“Wuxi Traditional Chinese Studies”。[1]
In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), it was changed into a "private Wuxi School of Chinese Studies".[1]
During the Anti Japanese War, they migrated to Changsha, Guilin, Shanghai and other places, among which Guilin was the longest and the school was in its heyday.
1937Counter-Japanese WarIn the winter of the same year, the city of Wuxi was occupied, and the national college of Wuxi was forced to move south.At that time, Tang Wenzhi, the headmaster, was 76 years old. Feng Zhen actively assisted the headmaster to lead the teachers and students to carry the necessary books, instruments and teaching aids on their shoulders, and moved with the school to Changsha and Xiangxiang, and then moved to Guilin the next spring.In the summer vacation of the same year, Tang Wenzhi went to Shanghai for medical treatmentFeng ZhenActing President.After winter, Guilin was repeatedly attacked by air and moved to Feng Zhen's hometownBeiliu CountyShanwei Village and Luocun Village.[2]
It was relocated to Guilin in 1941.In 1944, Guilin was occupied and moved to Mengshan;In January of the next year, Mengshan was occupied, and some of them were moved to Jinxiuyao Mountain, and some of them were led back to Beiliu.After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, he moved back to Wuxi in 1946.[2]
In April 1949, Wuxi was liberated. It was renamed the Chinese Academy of Arts with the approval of the Southern Jiangsu Administrative Office. In the autumn of 1950, it was incorporated into the Southern Jiangsu Institute of Culture and Education.
In 1952, Sunan College of Culture and Education merged with Soochow University and the School of Mathematics and Science of Jiangnan University, and established Sunan Normal College at the former site of Soochow University. In the same year, it was namedJiangsu Normal UniversityIn 1982, it was renamed Suzhou University.
Famous people
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Tang Wenzhi
principalTang Wenzhi, from Taicang, a famous educator.At the age of 18, he was elected as the president of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Wuxi No. 3 Middle School. He is inferior to Ma Yifu in science and Zhang Taiyan in plain learning. His main contribution is education.
Qian JiboZiquan, nicknamed Qianlu, is a native of Wuxi.Born on the second day of February in the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1887), he was twin with Dijihou.He used to be the dean of Wuxi National Studies School, but he didn't think highly of Tang Wen.His son Qian Zhongshu is a famous scholar.His nephew Qian Zhonghan was the president of Southeast University.
Zhang Taiyan(1869-1936), named Binglin, named Xuecheng, with the word Mei Shu.Later, it was renamed Jiang and named Taiyan.From Yuhang, Zhejiang Province.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, democratic revolutionaries, thinkers, famous scholars, whose research scope covers primary schools, history, philosophy, politics, etc., have written a lot.When Zhang Taiyan first came to Wuxi National College to give a lecture, he ridiculed the school motto of "being a new citizen".
Bao Ding（1898-1973）ZhenjiangHe is a famous epigraphy philologist and good at poetry and calligraphy.In 1941, Bao Ding was appointed as a teacher of Daxia University and Wuxi National College.His main works include the Chronicle of Mr. Zhang Xi'an, A Brief History of Bibliography, A Brief Example of Jinwen, An Interpretation of "Tieyun Hidden Turtle", and An Interpretation of "Tieyun Hidden Turtle".
Lv Simian(1884-1957), "Chengzhi", Wujin, Jiangsu (todayChangzhou City）He is a famous historian.
Zhougucheng, historian and educator.He has successively served as professor of Sun Yat sen University, Jinan University and Fudan University, and his representative works are Volume I and Volume II of General History of China and Volume I, II and III of General History of the World.
Huqu Garden(1905-1993) Founder of the Department of Philosophy of Fudan University.In 1937, Hu Quyuan went to Shanghai and successively served asShanghai University of Political Science and LawProfessor of Shanghai Law and Business College, Shanghai Wuxi College of Chinese Studies, and Shanghai Law School.
Guo Shaoyu(1893-1984) A native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, he is a famous modern historian of literary criticism.Guo Shaoyu is mainly committed toChinese classicsHe has done a lot of research on the history of Chinese literary criticism, Chinese linguistics, phonology, exegetics, calligraphy theory, etc.It has made contributions to the establishment of the history system of Chinese literary criticism.
Zhou Yutong(1898-1981) Professor of Fudan University.Since 1959, he has resumed the systematic study of the history of Confucian classics and opened the course "History of Chinese Confucian classics".In the early 1960s, he and Tang Zhijun co wrote seven papers, which promoted the national academic community to attach importance to the study of the history of Confucian classics.
Chen Yan(1856-1937) Chinese modern poets.Chen Yan is an important poetic theorist of the Song Poetry School in the late Qing Dynasty. Chen Yan is a poet, Confucian scholar, Confucian scholar, historian, politician, economist, and enjoys a high reputation in the literary world at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China.Together with Zheng Xiaoxu, he is the leader of the Min School of poetry, and he has written a series of Shi Yishi's Books, Shi Yishi's Poetic Talks, Shi Yishi's Essays, and Historical and Han Literature Research Methods.There are also 24 volumes of Modern Poetry Notes.
Chen Zhu, Zizhuzun, GuangxiNortherly flowMan is a famous Sinologist.He graduated from the middle school affiliated to Nanyang University (the predecessor of Jiaotong University) in 1912, and was Tang Wenzhi's favorite student. Later, he studied in the electrical engineering department of Jiaotong University. In 1929, he served as a Chinese language teacher of the preparatory department of Jiaotong University. From 1930 to 1939, he served as the director and professor of the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Jiaotong University. He was a member of the Southern Society. He once served as a professor of Wuxi Special College of Chinese Studies, and the director of the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Daxia University and Jinan University.Chen Zhu is good at poetry and has written one and two episodes of "Manuscripts to be Burned", which is quite influential in China.The lyrics of the school song of Xi'an Jiaotong University are said to come from his handwriting.
Zhu Dongrun(1896-1988) Taixing was a famous contemporary biographer, literary critic, literary historian, educator and calligrapher.He studied in the UK in his early years and taught at Wuhan University, Central UniversityWuxi National Academy。In 1952, he was transferred to the Chinese Department of Fudan University as the dean until his death.
Xia Chengtao(1900~1986), known as Qu Chan, and later as Qu Man, was born in the urban area of Yongjia County (now Lucheng District).A famous Ci poet, known as "a generation of Ci".He has successively served as a teacher of Ouhai Public School, Wenzhou Middle School, Ningbo Middle School and Yanzhou Middle School, a lecturer, associate professor and professor of Zhijiang University, a professor of Wuxi National Studies School, Taiyan Literature College and Zhejiang University.Post foundingZhejiang Normal UniversityProfessor of Hangzhou University.
Rao ZongyiHe was born in Chaozhou and was good at history and geography. His main achievements were Oracle, Dunhuang Studies, and Chuci.In the field of humanities, there is a saying of "North Money and South Rao" ("North Money" refers to Qian Zhongshu, who is the main achievement of Chinese and Western comparative literature).In terms of oracle bone inscriptions, Rao Zongyi is called the fifth hall (four hall leaders of oracle bone inscriptions: Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, Guo Moruo, and Dong Zuobin).
Feng Qiyong, a native of Wuxi, graduated from Wuxi National College in the early years, professor of the National People's Congress, and a famous Redologist, who has written On Gengchen Ben, Spring Grass Collection, and New Research on Cao Xueqin's Family Affairs (PS: The new Redology was founded by Hu Shi, and Zhou Ruchang made the greatest contribution to the new Redology).
Qian Zhonglian(1908-2003), formerly known as Hesun, was born in Yushan Town, Changshu, Jiangsu Province.Professor of Suzhou University, the first batch of doctoral supervisors in New China.
Qian Weichang, stayed in the junior high school for one year, and then moved to the county junior high school.When he entered Tsinghua University at the age of 18, he was only 1.49 meters tall, becoming "the first student in Tsinghua history who did not reach the height standard". He once won the third place in the national college student competition hurdles with a score of 13.4 seconds, and once participated in the national teamFar East Games。
Fan Jingyi, graduated from Shanghai School of Wuxi Traditional Chinese Studies School, once held the post ofEconomic DailyEditor in ChiefPeople's DailyChief Editor, currently a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a deputy chairman of the Science, Education, Culture and Health Commission, andSchool of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua UniversityThe first president.
Tang Lan（1901～1979）JiaxingPeople, historians, Chinese ancient philologists.He has studied in Wuxi National Studies Institute for three years, and his main works include Yin Ruins Writing Records, Introduction to Ancient Philology, Tianyin Pavilion Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Chinese Philology, etc.
Wang Qichang(1900-1989) from Jiaxing, a Chinese philosophy historian, historian, and famous calligrapher.He used to be a teacher and provost of Wuxi National College, and he has published the Great Righteousness of Rites, Wang Qichang's Zhangcao Art, Qin History, etc.
Wu Qichang(1904-1944) A native of Jiaxing, he was a famous historian in the 1930s and 1940s, and his name was mostly the same asLiang QichaoConnected.Wu Qichang is also an amorous poet in the history of modern literaturepoet and essayistZhicong's cousin Wu Shichang is a famous Redology scholar.
Wu Qichang, together with Wang Qichang and Tang Lan, is known as the "Three Masters of the National Academy".
Chen Zhongfan(1888-1982), formerly known as Chen Zhongfan, with the word Jueyuan and the symbol Xuan.Chinese classical writer.He has successively served as the director of the Department of Chinese Culture and Literature of Southeast University, Sun Yat sen UniversitySchool of Arts, Jinan UniversityDean, professor of Jinling University and Nanjing University.Written in 1927《History of Chinese Literary Criticism》It is the first history of literary criticism in China.
Jiang Tianshu(1903-1988) Bingnan, JiangsuFengxian CountyHe is a famous scholar and historian and professor of Fudan University.His name is mostly associated with Chen Yinque. It is he who collates Chen Yinque's anthology.
Feng Zhen
Wang Shaozeng(1910 － 2007) refers to the person, the number of Jiedang, and the number of Xiake folks.In 1927, he was admitted to Wuxi Special School of Chinese Studies and studied Chinese classical philology under the guidance of Tang Wenzhi and Qian Jibo, masters of Chinese studies.China's famous paleophilologist, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Literature, History and Philosophy of Shandong University,Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese KuomintangParty member, member of the Jiusan Society.
Feng Zhen(1897~1983), known as Zhenxin, self titled "Master of Nature Room", was born in Shanwei Village, Shanwei Township, Beiliu County, Guangxi.From 1927 to 1947, he successively served as the provost and acting principal of Wuxi National Studies Specialized School, and concurrentlyJiangsu Institute of EducationProfessor of Zhengfeng College of Literature, Shanghai Jinan University, Daxia University, Shanghai University and Jiaotong University.In 1949, he served as the head of the Chinese Department of the National Nanning Normal University.After liberation, he served successively as Guangxi University and Guangxi Normal University（Guangxi Normal UniversityFormer) Chairman and professor of the Chinese Department and standing member of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Political Consultative Committee,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionDeputies to the People's Congress and Guilin Municipal People's Congress.[2]For the past 30 years, Mr. Tang Wenzhi has been the principal of Wuxi National College.Who is the second person?There is no dispute: Feng Zhen.During the eight hardest years of the Anti Japanese War, Mr. Feng Zhen served as the acting principal of the national college, led the national college moving south to insist on running schools in Guangxi, and wrote a valuable page in the history of anti Japanese education.[3]
Historical evolution
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Wuxi National Studies Specialized School was founded in December 1920.In 1928, it was renamed Wuxi Special College of Chinese Studies, and in 1929, it was named Wuxi Special School of Chinese Studies.In August 1949, it was renamed the Chinese Academy of Literature.In April 1950, it was incorporated into the South Jiangsu Institute of Culture and Education.In 1937, the Anti Japanese War broke out. In order to fight against Japanese aggression, the school moved to the rear on October 6, from Changsha to Guilin.In the spring of 1939, another branch school was set up in Shanghai, hence the names of Xi School, Gui School and Shanghai School.Gui School was demobilized to Wuxi in 1946, and Shanghai School was not admitted to Wuxi School until 1950.
The schoolAncient Chinese Literature SearchThat is, Chinese traditional culture is the only teaching and research object in ChinaIt has existed for 32 years, and its scale is very small;However, due to the unique characteristics of running a school, a group of experts who are proficient in learning have been cultivated in various periods, winning reputation at home and abroad, and writing a valuable page for the history of modern higher education in China.In November 1920, from Qiantang, ZhejiangShi ZhaozengThrough the introduction of Lu Qi, a native of Taicang, Jiangsu ProvinceTang WenzhiFounded in WuxiWuxi Traditional Chinese Studies, the curator.Because "lecture home" is Tang Wenzhi's "lifelong ambition", he generously promised.
Tang Wenzhi, who did not talk about nothing, immediately enrolled students in Wuxi, Nanjing and Shanghai.Because of his reputation, the number of applicants was extremely enthusiastic, amounting to nearly 1000 people.After evaluation, 24 students with regular salary and 6 students with additional salary were admitted.The museum opened on January 20, 1921. Because the school building has not yet been built, it temporarily borrowed two buildings of the Shanhuo Mansion of Wuxi merchants, which were used as education and dormitories at the foot of Xishan Mountain.With the aim of "upholding the people's hearts and saving the lives of the people", the establishment of the Chinese Studies Training Center attaches great importance to the cultivation of talents, not only to "encourage learning", strengthen physical and mental cultivation, but also to practice and practice physically.According to the purpose of running the school, the school motto is: "To conscience."
As for the teaching method, because the nature of the National Studies Institute is different from that of the Shanghai Higher Industrial School, the teaching method cannot simply follow the former, but takes the old style academy as the model and improves with time.
At the beginning of the opening of the museum, the curator drafted 10 items of the "Rules of Wuxi National Studies Specialized Library": practice, teach, discriminate, learn classics, science, literature, politics, advocate peace, maintain humanity, and save the world.It is in line with the above purpose of running a school. It comprehensively and systematically standardizes the quality and learning, and serves as the criteria for the study and practice of the Chinese traditional culture.
Tang Wenzhi's educational thought has both theoretical and practical significance. What is pioneering is his theory of temperament education.In order to enable students to understand the "temperament" implied in the ancient prose and deepen it, he tried to advocate reading and pay attention to the method of reading.Because of this, reading and reciting poetry and prose has become a long-standing tradition of Wuxi.Tang Wenzhi taught by example in the teaching process.If students are required to do this, they should practice it first.He is very strict with students. After teaching, he talks with students in a planned way every day, checks and supervises their schoolwork, and sometimes asks students to recite poems to their faces.But he was very amiable, and even sang Kunqu Opera with his students after class.In his office, there is a couplet hanging: "I am born to be useful, and others love their children more than anything else.".It shows that he loves his students as children.This has set an example for the teacher-student relationship of Wuxi National College.
In December 1926, with the graduation of the third class of students, the school has gained a reputation in the society and become increasingly stable.From now toCounter-Japanese WarOutbreak and gratifying development.In June 1927, the specialized institute for business reform was Wuxi Institute of Chinese Studies, and a written request was submitted to the National Government College for approval to build a private school.On September 20, 1928, the College approved the establishment of Wuxi Special College of Chinese Studies, and in November 1929, it was changed into Wuxi Special School of Chinese Studies.
During the years from 1927 to the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War, the number of students enrolled increased continuously. In 1931, female students were recruited as well.The increase of enrollment is bound to be the expansion of the school scale.In order to meet the needs of development, capital construction has been gradually expanded.The purpose of the school is to "study the history and culture of our country, use it clearly, carry forward, and make contributions to the world culture." The motto of the school is to "be a new citizen".
The teaching method of the college changed from the college to the national college, changing the old college model of daily monthly classes to the school system of western schools.In the teaching practice, it is extremely emphasized not to be empty, but to pay attention to reality, and to read the original books of independent works, even for the discipline of independent system, try to speak the original books as much as possible.
In order to employ famous teachers with courtesy and inclusiveness, the headmaster attaches great importance to qualified candidates of teachers, knowledge rather than seniority.In the years from the case filing to the Anti Japanese War, the teachers employed successively include Chen Yan (No. Shi Yi), Qian Jibo (Zong Ziquan, also the dean of the school), Feng Zhen (also the dean of the school), Cao Yuanbi, Zhu Wenxiong, Yang Tiefu, Gu Shi, Shan Tian, Liu Pu, Chen Dingzhong (named Tianni), Lu Xiuhu, Ye Changqing, Qian Jiesun (named Zhonglian), Wei Jianyou, Tong Runzhi, Gan YuyuanLi Yuancheng, etc. (most of them are professors).
Wuxi National College also has a customization, that is, it holds academic lectures every two weeks, hires professors in the school to talk about its director, and hires celebrities outside the school, such as Li Genyuan, Jin Tianhe (Song Cen), to give lectures in the school. Zhang Binglin (Tai Yan) has also been here several times.Teachers are good at what they are good at, and students are naturally not stick to one pattern.In the teaching of Wuxi National College, the first and second grades pay attention to the foundation, and even the third grade still does not forget the basic training, emphasizing the need to have a solid foundation, and then return to the world.In order to enhance the academic atmosphere of the school, encourage and promote teachers and students to engage in academic research, the school has focused on compiling and publishing various academic research achievements of teachers and students in the six or seven years after the case filing and system transformation.
On the campus of Wuxi National College, the atmosphere of reading and learning is good.However, it is not a place where people are immersed in "not listening to things outside the window, but concentrating on reading the books of sages" and moving away like a pool of stagnant water.The tradition of "pragmatism" and the teaching purpose of the school guide students to go out of the classroom and join again and again“Twelve Nine”Movement and other patriotic struggles.In particular, President Tang Wenzhi, who is already in his twilight years, actively supported these activities.The patriotic movement of students has become a fine tradition in junior colleges.
The July 7th Incident in 1937 was followed by the August 13th Incident in Shanghai, which marked a comprehensiveCounter-Japanese WarIt has come.Like the universities and middle schools in coastal areas, Wuxi National College merged into a huge stream of schools in exile and moved inland.
In October 1937, enemy planes bombed Wuxi.Only a few senior students have classes in school. President Tang leads students of all grades to take classes in Wangxiang Lane outside Xiyi South Gate.In November, the battle line moved inward from Shanghai, and it was decided to move inward.Professor Shi Chen Dingzhong (Tianni) sent a letter from Changsha, and the president led dozens of people who volunteered to move in, together with the teachers and students of Jiangsu Institute of Education led by Yu Qingtang, to move to Changsha.Since 1938, the war was urgent, and the two lakes were in danger of being surrounded, so they had to move inward again.On February 9, we arrived in Guilin, rented private rooms in Zhengyang Street and Huanhu Road for classes, and recruited new students.
The old school site of Shanwei Village, Wuxi Guozhuan[5]
In late June 1938, the school's curriculum had ended.President Tang is old and acclimatized.It was decided to ask for leave from the Ministry of Education and return to Shanghai. Feng Zhen, the dean of educational administration, acted as the president.In the face of many difficulties and obstacles, Feng Dai, the headmaster, never failed his teacher's mandate, insisted on running a school, and kept pace with the national war of resistance.During this period, the school moved many times due to the changes in the war situation.
The old school site of Shanwei Village, Wuxi Guozhuan[5]
Beiliu Cultural Protection Unit: the old school site of Luocun, Wuxi Guozhuan[5]
At the end of 1938, Wuhan and Guangzhou were lost, Guilin was in an emergency, and the national college was movedNortherly flowShanwei Village.The next year, move to the northLuocun。in other words,Feng Zhen brought the national technical college back to his hometown, borrowed more than 20 farmhouses and Shishan Panshi Primary School as school buildings, and removed all their houses as teachers' and students' houses.Without funds and food, Feng Zhen gave out all his family's money and food.The Feng family is a big family in Beiliu. In the Qing Dynasty, they were once two Jinshi and were rich squires.In the past, the State owned college mainly relied on the contributions of Wuxi industrialists. When it came to Guangxi, the situation changed. More than 200 people's lives and studies were supported by Feng Zhenjie, which can be said to destroy their families and run schools.In recent years, three of his six children died.[3]
Feng Zhenjian maintains high-quality teaching and strives to hire the best teachers.During the period of Beiliu, the teachers employed werephilosopherQian ZhonglianZhang ShiluRao Zongyi, the curator of Guangxi Tongzhi Museum, Feng Zhuqi, the former director of the history department of Sun Yat sen UniversityZheng ShixuSpeaking about the history of Chinese culture, pleaseJuzan mageWu Shichang and others came to give lectures.[3]
Liang Shuming wrote an article in his later years to recall that during the Anti Japanese War, he first went to Guilin in March 1941, and was not visited because of the move of the state college to the north.In 1942, when he returned to Guilin, Feng repeated his invitation and eventually offered two courses in the junior college, namely, "The Essence of Chinese Culture" and "Chinese and Western Culture and Philosophy".Liang Shuming gave his full support and proposed to set up a school board. Liang invited Bai Chongxi's teacher Li Renren and Guangxi's big man Huang Shaohong as the school board members. They would collect money from the society, which could temporarily alleviate the dilemma.The junior college in Guangxi has always insisted on recruiting students to cultivate talents of traditional Chinese culture for Guangxi.[3]
The victory of the War of Resistance against Japan made the whole country happy!At this time, the school buildings in Guilin had been destroyed by the war, and they were preparing to be demobilized to Wuxi in Shanwei.After the Spring Festival in 1946, teachers and students transferred from Wuzhou to Guangzhou. Due to the traffic jam, they borrowed the dilapidated houses of Sun Yat sen University for accommodation and classes. After March, they took the China Merchants Group ship designated by the Ministry of Education to Shanghai in two batches and transferred to Wuxi.The relocation of more than eight years has finally ended.
At the end of June 1939, President Tang, accompanied by Lu Jingzhou, transferred from Wuzhou to Hong Kong and arrived in Shanghai on July 10. On March 3, 1941, Shanghai School officially started classes, which is commonly known as the Shanghai School of Wuxi International College, with more than 50 students.Since September, 40 two-year and five-year freshmen have been recruited.From then on until 1949, students were recruited in spring and autumn.
Under extremely difficult conditions, President Tang managed to make Shanghai University very impressive.At that time, in addition to Wang Qichang, Wang Shaotang and Hao Liquan, full-time professors of Shanghai University were rich in Zhong Lian, Xia Chengtao, Zhang Shilu and Lu Xiuhu.The majority of part-time professors are Zhou Yutong, Zhou Gucheng, Jiang Boqian, Zhu Dongrun, Huang Yunmei, Wang Peizheng, Bao Ding, Zhu Dake, Tong Shuye, Wei Jianyou, Jin Dejian, Tang Yaofu, Guo Shaoyu, Hu Quyuan, Wu Piji, Gu Xianrong, Ge Suicheng, Liu Shisun, Jiang Zhongxiu, Tang Qingyi, Li Changfu, Yao Defeng, Feng Bangyan, Ren Zhongmin, Xu Guozhang, Fang Shiming, etc,It can be said that it is a timely choice.
The students of Shanghai University are earnest and practical in their study style, and the atmosphere of reading is very strong.The school has no library, so students go to Shanghai Library to borrow.Students organized academic organizations such as Guofeng Poetry Club and History Research Association to talk about poetry and write poems, select and print poetry anthologies, and write papers. A few of them were published in newspapers and periodicals.Teachers and students still care about society while teaching.At the moment of national crisis and national future crisis, the students from the junior college went out of their study to participate in various struggles against Japan and the dictatorship of the Kuomintang.Some even joined the army and entered the liberated areas. Some participated in the underground struggle of the Communist Party of China and were worthy of being outstanding sons and daughters of the Chinese nation.
After the Spring Festival in 1946, the teachers and students of Wuxi University bid farewell to all walks of life in Guangxi who had given support and help in many ways, and arrived in Wuxi in May and June.When the teachers and students of Guangxi University came to Wuxi, they met with the teachers and students of Wuxi, and the demobilization and school restoration were completed.Because the school buildings are not enough for use, we have to suspend the affiliated middle school.At that time, Shanghai School still existed relatively independently, and Wang Qichang still returned to Shanghai to assist the president in managing daily affairs.Feng Zhen is the Dean of Academic Affairs, Jiang Tingyao is the Director of General Affairs, and Wang Zhen is the Dean of Education.
From the summer of 1946 to the liberation of Wuxi, the school has set up three year, five year and two-year clerical sections. It only started in autumn, and recruited four times, with a total of about 300 people.Like Gui University and Shanghai University, they still implement the year of study limit combining academic year and credit.Teachers (professors and lecturers) have been appointed successively, including Feng Zhen, Jiang Tingyao, Zhu Dongrun, Xiang Peiliang, Zhou Yibai, Yu Ruizheng, Wang Zhen, Li Li, Wang Yong, Qian Haiyue, Yan Jikuan, Feng Liqing, Wu Baitao, Zhou Baoru, Ding Ruhou, Zheng Xuetao, Jiang Tingrong, Ouyang Gexin, Li Xiwu, Liang Chongfu, Chen Xuechen, Xie Suizhi, etc,Teaching is still a school tradition.
From 1946 to 1949, when southern Jiangsu was liberated, Wuxi, like the Kuomintang ruled areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, suffered from poor people's livelihood and seething complaints.Students from junior colleges, together with students from Shanghai, Ningbo and the whole country, care about the political and social future of the country.Several major events forced them not to be silent, go out of the classroom or protest in solidarity, or demonstrate in demonstrations.
The final stage of the painstaking efforts of Wuxi National College was to reform the college and merge it into Southern Jiangsu College of Culture and Education.After the victory of the new democratic revolution, after being reported to the Southern Jiangsu Administrative Commissioner's Office for approval, Wuxi School of Traditional Chinese Studies was changed into the Chinese Academy of Arts, with Tang Wenzhi as the president, Wang Ju as the permanent vice president, Yan Jixian as the secretary general, and Qian Haiyue as the dean.It consists of literature, history, geography and philosophy.On August 11 (October 2 of the Gregorian calendar), the reform and opening ceremony were held.In the spring of 1950, Shanghai XuefengEast China Military and Political CommissionOrder of the Ministry of Education, incorporated into Wuxi University.In this semester, the school board has no financial support, and the number of students has declined sharply.After repeated discussions, the government was asked to incorporate the Chinese Academy of Literature into the Language Department of South Jiangsu Culture and Education College, and it was soon approved.So more than 100 teachers, students and staff all entered the College of Culture and Education.
Wuxi National College has trained a large number of excellent middle school language and history teachers, as well as researchers and professors in the fields of literature, history and philosophy. Tang Lan, Wu Shichang, Wang Qichang, Jiang Tianshu, Qian Zhonglian, Zhou Zhenfu, Zhu Xie, Wang Shaozeng, Wei Jianyou, Zou Yunxiang, Zhu Qizhan, Yang Jianfu, Tang Zhijun, Feng Qiyong, Fan Jingyi and Zhang Shouxian, Yan YunheXie Hongxuan and others are outstanding among them.Wuxi National College and its school running characteristics and experience, as well as Tang Wenzhi's educational thought, have left a valuable treasure for the history of China's higher education, which is always worth remembering.
School evaluation
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In the history of modern education in China, Wuxi National College has a special position. The success of its education proves the success of the combination of Chinese academy tradition and modern western learning. Researchers usually call it the success of transformation.
The characteristic courses of Wuxi National College are still those elective courses with the title of classic books.The junior college advocates a solid style of study and opposes empty talk. Since the headmaster, Mr. Tang Wenzhi, seldom participated in social disputes.In this regard, those who advocated westernization at that time were not satisfied, but because the talents trained by the national college won the confidence of the society, people also saw the feasibility of cultural preservation in the practical action of the national college.
In 1931, the foreign experts of the League of Nations Education Delegation arrived at Wuxi National College and spoke highly of it, praising its valuable spirit of preserving culture.[4]
School running characteristics
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Under the background of the intense erosion of Chinese traditional culture since the May 4th Movement, Wuxi National College insisted on absorbing the essence of traditional academy education in its school running process, which reflected the distinctive school running characteristics different from ordinary universities at that time.In my opinion, this school running feature reflects at least the following aspects:
First, focus on the Dunpin Festival and emphasize the integration of learning and practice.
It is an important school running tenet of Wuxi National College to focus on the Dunpinli Festival and emphasize the integration of learning and practice, and it has always been implemented in the school running process of more than 30 years.When the junior college was first established, Tang Wenzhi formulated the Rules of Wuxi National Studies Specialty Hall with reference to the White Deer Cave Rules, the Donglin Meeting Convention, etc., which emphasized that "our hall was set up to invigorate the Chinese culture, cultivate morality and establish education", so he paid special attention to "checking the body and mind, and improving the character".This emphasis on morality, discipline and behavior should reflect "saying" and "doing", "learning" and "doing"On the unity of "learning", "learning in ordinary days should be based on the mind and return to the body. If you are satisfied with Confucianism, but you are refined," such as Lu Qingxian's so-called "learning by yourself, being a man by yourself". When he talks about it, he only talks about it, but in terms of etiquette, righteousness and morality, he never practices it. He deceives himself, which is contemptible, and who is not my disciple. "This means that Tang Wenzhi in different periodsIt has been repeatedly emphasized on different occasions.
Emphasizing the quality of life, focusing on self-cultivation, and embodying peacetime, is to start from small things, bit by bit.Xia Chengtao, a modern master of ci poetry, taught at Shanghai University of the State Council, Shanghai Zhijiang University, Taiyan Literary College and other schools during the Anti Japanese War. He once recorded a detail in the Journal of Tianfeng Pavilion Learning Ci Poetry: during the Spring Festival in 1942, students from several schools came to pay their respects to him, and he found that the students from the State Council had more comprehensive manners to teachers than students from schools such as Zhijiang.At the critical moment when the nation is in danger, it pays special attention to the cultivation of students' "integrity". Tang Wenzhi and teachers in junior colleges set the best example for students with their own actions.In August 1942, the "Ministry of Education" of Wang Puppet Nanjing Government forcibly took overShanghai Jiaotong University, renamed“National Jiaotong University”Wang Qichang, the provost of Shanghai University of China, who was also a professor at Jiaotong University at that time, resigned from the teaching post of Jiaotong University with five colleagues, known as the "six anti fake professors";Wang Qie often wrote "Festival Women's Chant" to show his ambition.The "Ministry of Education" of the Wang puppet Nanjing government sent someone to persuade Tang Wenzhi to become the chairman of the board of the puppet Jiaotong University (in one word, the president), and threatened him to sign his agreement. Tang Wenzhi calmly replied:The festival line of "The evening is windy and frosty, and the life song is generous".
Second, pay attention to the training practice of reading original works and writing.
Qian Zhonglian, an early junior college student, summarized that one of the teaching characteristics of Wuxi Junior College is to attach importance to reading the original books of ancient books. He said: "The teaching focus is on teaching the original books of ancient books, and teaching students to master basic knowledge. Even if we compile teaching books, we also select a large number of original books, combining theory, not that kind of general theory." The bibliography used by early junior college students to learn,The Book of Thirteen Classics Readings compiled by Tang Wenzhi was compiled by the Ministry of Classic, and the biographies of the Ministry of History were "four histories", namely, "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Houhanshu" and "Three Kingdoms Annals", the chronological categories were "Zizhi Tongjian" and "Xutongjian", and the cultural relics and classics were "Tongdian" and its sequels;The second part is "Twenty three Sons" written by Zhejiang Bookstore and "Five Sons of the Song Dynasty" written by Tang Wenzhi;The collection department includes Tang Wenzhi's Great Political Science, Duan Zhu's Shuowenjiezi, Zhaoming Wenxuan, Zhengxu's Compilation of Ancient Prose and Ci, and Hundred Miscellaneous Notes on Classics and History.So, traditionalA subset of classics and historyThe four important classical works have been basically included.
In addition to reading the original works, the emphasis on Chinese writing is also a prominent feature of the teaching in Wuxi National College.Writing is a comprehensive and comprehensive ability training, which can bring about the comprehensive improvement of reading comprehension, analytical thinking and writing expression.The students' writing training mainly reflects two aspects: one is the regular writing class in each semester.Qian Zhonglian said, "The training center pays special attention to writing (classical Chinese). It writes a composition every two weeks and turns in the paper in class for three hours. Those who are rated first twice in a month will be given 10 yuan for the cream, and those who are rated second twice will be given 5 yuan (similar to scholarships) as a reward. Each composition will be carefully corrected by the teacher. There are eyebrow comments, total comments, and more comments than corrections."Second, the Chinese language contest once a semester, also known as the National Culture Conference and the National Culture University Examination, is regarded as "a major event" in the teaching life of junior colleges.During each competition, all students in the school gathered in the auditorium, selected one of the several topics specified in advance, and wrote a paper in a limited time. After several rounds of selection, individual awards and grade awards were awarded.Because of the high emphasis on writing training, students' writing level has improved rapidly;And because of the experience of writing practice, we can have a personal understanding of how the ancients wrote, and play a role in mutual promotion between reading and writing.
The third is to follow the trend of modern education and adhere to the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture education.
As mentioned earlier, one of the characteristics of early teaching in Wuxi National College is to read the original ancient books.After the case filing and system transformation, in order to bring the school into the formal system of national higher education, and to meet the needs of training modern educational talents, Wuxi National College has made many changes in curriculum setting, such as setting up a credit system. All courses are divided into two categories: compulsory and elective. It adds the history of Chinese culture, history of Chinese philosophy, history of literature, introduction to Chinese cultureIntroduction to philosophy, history of western literature, literary criticism, pedagogy and many other introductory courses.Although there have been many changes, in the whole curriculum and teaching content arrangement of Wuxi National College, the reading and study of important classics of traditional Chinese culture, and academic training in words, exegesis, phonology, version catalog, etc., have always accounted for a large proportion.The students thus cultivated not only have a solid foundation of traditional Chinese culture, but also have a broad cultural vision, which is an important guarantee for Wuxi National College to cultivate a large number of outstanding talents in traditional Chinese culture research and literature and history education.
The fourth is to focus on cultivating students' abilities of self-study, practice and self-management.
Wuxi National College also inherits the characteristics of traditional academies to a considerable extent. In addition to classroom teaching, it focuses on cultivating students' habits and abilities of reading and self-learning;In this process, teachers always give necessary guidance to students, and students and teachers always maintain good communication and interaction.For example, Chen Guanghan, a student who loved poetry, often asked Chen Yan and Xia Chengtao, who had not yet taught full-time in China, for advice on poetry.In 1936, Chen Guanghan wrote a letter to Xia Chengtao to discuss the purpose of poetry, and Xia Chengtao replied with a long letter, which was published in the fifth issue of the fifth volume of the National Technical Monthly in On Poetics and Chen Guanghan's Book.The next year, Chen Guanghan sorted out his discussion on poetics with Chen Yan into an article, "Mr. Chen Shiyi Answers to Seven Queries about Chen Guanghan's Poetics", which was published in the National Technical Monthly, Volume 5, Issue 3.There are many such cases, from which it can be seen that the students of overseas college are good at self-learning and self research, and the atmosphere of communication and discussion between students and teachers is very prosperous.
While cultivating students' ability of self-learning and self research, Wuxi National College also pays attention to the practical training link, especially letting students participate in the sorting practice of literature, history, ancient books and documents, so as to improve students' practical research ability in this process.For example, in October 1923, Tang Wenzhi sent five museum students Wang Qichang, Tang Lan, Wu Qichang, Wu Baoling, Dai Enpu and others to Baoying Liu Hanchen's home to copy the Zhu Ji Endorsement by Qing Dynasty scholars Wang Maohong and Zhu Zeyun, and it was completed on the seventh day.After returning to Wuxi, Tang Wenzhi asked Wang Qichang to manage and Dong Zhi to make four volumes, and to create a routine, which was named "Proofreading the Complete Works of Zhu Zi".In 1922, Tang Wenzhi edited and printed the Thirteen Classics Reader, which is a set of imperial books with 20 letters and 120 copies.56 people including Tang Lan, Wang Qichang, Jiang Tingyao, Wu Qichang, Jiang Tianshu and so on, all of whom helped the school with this bookWuxi Traditional Chinese StudiesFirst two students.This is, of course, to complete the publication of the book as soon as possible;However, for the students involved in this event, it is an opportunity for professional learning and academic training.
An important part of the management system of Wuxi National College is the self-organization and self-management of students.Since the 1930s, the school has established a student autonomy association to organize, coordinate and mobilize students for academic research, speeches, visits, gatherings, entertainment and other activities.Under the organization and operation of the Students' Autonomy, the students of Wuxi Junior College held academic discussions, invited experts and scholars to make speeches, carried out community activities, and ran their own academic journals. The atmosphere was very active.For example, in terms of community activities, Wuxi National College has successively organized many community organizations such as Guofeng, Zhiheng, Qiushui, Furong, Bianfeng, etc., such as poetry clubs, calligraphy research societies, history and geography research societies, etc., "students have similar natures, and full-time teachers are responsible for guidance";In terms of editing and creating publications, he has successively compiled and printed the Quarterly, Annual and Monthly of Wuxi National College, especially the Monthly of Wuxi National College in the mid-1930s, which includes the achievements of teachers and students of national college. It is not only the longest running publication of Wuxi National College,At the same time, it also had a place in the academic field of Chinese studies at that time.
Wuxi National College is a very famous school in the modern academic history of China. Although it is private, it is very famous.Wuxi National College was founded by Shi Shengzhi at the end of the ninth year of the Republic of China. At that time, it was called National Studies Hall, and the curator was Tang Wenzhi.The junior college was established inthe May 4th MovementIn the next year, its appearance may be related tothe new culture movement The radical attitude towards Chinese culture.After the May 4th Movement, the efforts of national colleges should be said to be very successful in revitalizing Chinese studies. Its efforts have a special significance, that is, how to maintain the vitality of traditional learning when the new academic trend has an impact on traditional learning. The choice of national colleges is education and talent.
In 1928, after Qian Jibo became the Dean of Academic Affairs of the National College, the curriculum of the school changed a little.It can be seen that its teaching also has the aspect of adapting to the times.In the same year, the Central University sent staff to the junior college to investigate the teaching situation and replied, "It is extremely said that the management is perfect".At the same time, the university also sent Liu Yizheng to the junior college to investigate and think: "If the reporting regulations meet the requirements of good grades, the case will be approved on September 20.".Later, the junior college received the Ministry of Education's fund of "3000 yuan per school year".The price paid by the state college for this is to set up the course of Party righteousness, the experiment of Three People's Principles, and military education and training.
In modern society, it is quite difficult to maintain the complete traditional education mode, but the junior college has relatively adjusted this relationship.According to the number of trainees, the first class recruited 30 people, and then each class will be between 30 and 40 people, with a maximum of 50 people recruited at one time.Although the number of scholars is small, many famous scholars in the field of traditional Chinese culture have come out, such as Tang Lan, Wu Qichang, Jiang Tianshu, Qian Zhonglian, Wang Qichang, Chen Zhongfan, etc. These scholars have finally settled in modern universities in China.At the time of publication of this collection, the ninth class of junior college students (including those who have studied and taught by correspondence) had graduated. Judging from their native places, except for a small number of people from Sichuan, Fujian, Anhui and Guangxi, the rest were from Jiangsu and Zhejiang. I can see from its alumni records of these years that no one from the north has been found.
The last destination of Wuxi junior college students, especially after 1949, was basically Chinese and history departments in Chinese universities. This experience became their pride in life.It can also be said that in terms of the total number of students in the school, there are not many students in the junior college, but in terms of the number of professionals, there are not too few.At that time, the number of students in the Department of Chinese Language and History in Chinese universities ranged from ten to three or two.In terms of time, the junior college was five or six years earlier than the Academy of Chinese Studies of Tsinghua University, so its outstanding students came to the Academy of Chinese Studies of Tsinghua University, such as Wu Qichang and Jiang Tianshu. This is actually a system.In a few decades, the world of Chinese literature, history and philosophy can generally be said to be supported by these two groups of people. Just look at it from 1926 onwardsTsinghua Academy of Chinese StudiesA list of graduates will do.The two educational institutions of traditional Chinese culture, one national and the other private, have not maintained for a long time. Their interruption also indicates the final fate of traditional Chinese culture research.These two educational institutions of traditional Chinese learning happened to have a period of academic continuity during their rise. It is this continuity that continues the life of traditional Chinese learning research.After them, it will be very difficult to see such university experts in this field again. This is also the reason why Tsinghua Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies and Wuxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies are particularly valued, because it is they who turn the tide when the traditional Chinese studies are facing an impact.In hindsight, history sometimes makes people afraid. Without these two institutions, it is impossible to imagine what kind of situation China's later study of Chinese traditional culture would be like.Incidentally, although Qian Mu and Qian Zhongshu were not specifically created by Wuxi, they actually had a deeper relationship with Wuxi.Qian Zhongshu's father, Qian Jibo, is the Dean of Academic Affairs of Wuxi National College. Qian Mu's early academic career also began in Wuxi.Unexpectedly, the life of traditional Chinese learning was finally connected with a water town in the south of the Yangtze River.
School curriculum
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The curriculum of Wuxi Junior College that year
The first semester of the first academic year:
Compulsory courses: Party righteousness, military training, prose selection, introduction to Chinese culture, philology, literary history, rhyme selection, composition training, nursing
Elective Course: Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Chinese Culture
The second semester of the first academic year:
Compulsory courses: Party righteousness, military training, prose selection, introduction to Chinese culture, philology, literary history, rhyme selection, composition training, nursing
Elective Course: Analects of Confucius, Mencius, General Meaning of Literature and History, National Skills
The first semester of the second academic year:
Compulsory courses: Party righteousness, Chinese cultural history, essays, rhymes, bibliography, rhetoric, composition training
Elective courses: Xunzi, Wang Jing's official documents, phonology, problem-solving by books, Zuo Zhuan, sexual philosophy, and national art
The second semester of the second academic year
Compulsory courses: Party righteousness, Chinese cultural history, prose selection, rhyme selection, typology, composition training
Elective courses: Zhaoming Literary Selections, Mao Poetry, Phonology, Key Texts to Solve Problems, Historical Records, Zuo Zhuan, Traditional Chinese Arts
The first semester of the third academic year
Compulsory courses: Introduction to Philosophy, Theory,
Elective courses: Mao's Poems, Book of Rites, Shi Tong, Lao Zi, Zhao Ming's Selected Works, Han Changli's Essays, Zhong Rong's Poems, Historical Records, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Han Feizi, Phonology, Key Texts, Traditional Chinese Arts
The second semester of the third academic year
Compulsory Courses: History of Chinese Philosophy, History of Western Literature, Pedagogy
Elective courses: Shangshu, Zhouyi, Erya, Hanshu, Mozi, Sun Tzu, Chuci, key book problem-solving, phonology, Chinese traditional art
On December 4, 1920, the Hall of Traditional Chinese Studies was funded by Shi Shengzhi and Lu Qinzhi, and prepared by Tang Wenzhi. It opened on February 27, 1921 (the 20th day of the first lunar month), with Tang Wenzhi as the curator.At the beginning of building the museum, the mountain goods office at the foot of Xishan Mountain was rented as a temporary museum.On October 2, 1921, it moved to Zunjing Pavilion of Confucian Temple in Xueqian Street, and then expanded more than 100 school buildings, covering an area of more than 3200 square meters.In July 1927, it was renamed Wuxi Special School of Chinese Studies, with a 3-year schooling period, which is equivalent to that of a national university.In December 1929, it was renamed as Wuxi National Studies Specialized School.In 1931, Tang Wenzhi wrote the lyrics of the school song and took "being a new citizen" as the school motto.In the same year, female students were recruited.In 1935 and 1936, more than 60 mu of land was purchased twice in the northeast of Baojie Bridge, and new school buildings were proposedCounter-Japanese WarBurst without implementation.When the Anti Japanese War broke out in 1937, the National Studies Institute moved to Wangxiang Lane outside the South Gate for classes in early November, and then moved to Changsha and Xiangxiang in Hunan, Guilin and Beiliu in Guangxi to insist on running schools.In 1939, we began to enroll junior high school graduates in five-year preparatory classes. In the same year, we set up the Shanghai Branch of Wuxi National College in Shanghai.In the winter of 1945, we prepared to resume the school and recruit students in Wuxi. The school started in March of the next year. It is divided into two years, three years and five years. Shanghai still has a branch school.In the summer of the same year, the headquarters of Guilin moved back to Wuxi.At that time, there were more than 500 students from 21 provinces (cities) in Wuxi, Guangxi and Shanghai.On July 19, 1949, the school was renamed as the Chinese Academy of Literature. Tang Wenzhi and Wang Qichang served as the president and vice president respectively, and set up three departments of literature, history and geography, and philosophy.In January 1950, the Shanghai Branch of Wuxi National College was incorporated.In May of the same year, the Chinese Academy of Arts was merged into the Southern Jiangsu Institute of Culture and Education.Wuxi Traditional Chinese Studies Specialized School aims at preserving traditional Chinese studies and inheriting and carrying forward national culture, and advocates solid foundation and excellent exposition.The junior students pay attention to the basic courses, while the senior students study according to their own specialties.Tang Wenzhi paid great attention to teachers, and successively employed experts and scholars such as Zhang Taiyan, Jin Songcen, Chen Shiyi, Qian Jibo, Lv Simian, Zhou Yutong, Zhou Gucheng, Cai Shangsi, Wang Qichang, Zhu Dongrun, Qian Zhonglian, Hu Quyuan, Zhang Shilu, Feng Zhenxin to teach at the school.Tang Wenzhi has presided over Wuxi National College for 30 years, with more than 1700 graduates.
