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Serfdom school

Scholars

synonym Serfdom (serfdom) generally refers to the serfdom school

The "slave free school" refers to the common proposition in the new period of reform and opening up after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978 that "China has never experienced slave society ”A group of scholars including Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi, Huang Weicheng, Zhu Zhongxi, Wei Wenxuan, Cao Chengzhang, Zong Ruihua, Hu Zhongda, Xue Huizong, Zhang Yimin, Huang Zengqing, Wu Zhala Keyao, Shen Changyun, Man Duertu, Yu Shijie, Du Kun, Cui Lianzhong, Zhang Yongguo, Zhu Xi, Yi Muyuan, Kuang Haolin, Wang Kewang, Mo Jinshan, Wang Shengguo, Hu Quyuan, Duan Qizeng Li Bengao, He Ping, Yan Enquan, Wang Mingfu, Duan Zhongqiao, Chao Fulin, Li Xuegong, Ye Wenxian, Qi Liang, Wang Xuedian, Wang Ping, Wang Zanyuan, Xue Lifang, Mao Youquan, Wang Qingxian, Liao Junxiang, Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin, Chen Chun, Zhang Mingfu, Lu Kejian, etc. (in the order of papers published).

Chinese name: Serfdom school
founder: Huang Xianfan
Representative scholars: Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun, Chao Fulin

Research object: Pre Qin social form
Field: Ancient history
Claims: There was no slave society in Chinese history

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▪ significance
▪ Formation and development period
▪ meridian
▪ Summary period
four Academic thought
▪ opinion
▪ contention of a hundred schools of thought
▪ Serfdom theory

Introduction to the Slave Free Sect

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The course of the serfdom

“ Serfdom school ”Means 1978 The third plenary session of the eleventh central committee with^[1] Coming reform and opening-up New era in China^[2] ancient Sociology Jointly advocate China in the study history No experience slave society A group of scholars, also referred to as the "serf free school" ("slaves" in "slaves" or "slaves free" here all refer to the "slave society" rather than the "slave society"“ slave ”Or“ Slavery ”, it is hereby stated). It is relative to the "slave faction". Today's scholars will generally advocate China history "Exists slave society The scholars of the "development stage theory" are classified as“ Serfdom ”, will advocate Chinese history“ Theory of slavery free society ”The academic group of“ Serfdom ”。 It is generally believed that the contemporary "slave group" leader by Guo Moruo , represented by historian 、 Jian Bozan 、 Lv Zhenyu 、 Hou Wailu And others (i.e Marxism Leninism New historiography“ Five masters ”）And the leader of the "serf free faction" is Huang Xianfan , representative scholars are Zhang Guangzhi 、 Hu Zhongda 、 Shen Changyun 、 Chao Fulin And others (that is, five "non slave" scholars) in China academic circle Although there is no strictly connecting school Staging of ancient history They have similar views on whether there was a slave society in ancient China scholar It is generally regarded as the same "faction".^[1]

Chinese historical Serf free The school is a school based on Research None in ancient China slave society The problem is core The problem of school 。 It was gradually formed in the new period of reform and opening up after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978, and has been growing in the 30 years since the reform and opening up development The members of the school are almost all over the country, and the research results emerge in endlessly. The achievements are obvious to all, and the impact is even more far-reaching. It can be firmly believed that the serf free school will become an important factor influencing and changing the trend of Chinese historiography in the 21st century scholar One of the groups.^[3]

Thought of the serfdom

The "serf free school" is opposite to“ Slave school ”To assert that“ Chinese history There is no slave society "and" Chinese ancient history should be re divided ". In the specific discussion, due to the different perspectives and entry points of each person, their opinions are different. However, review“ Serfdom school ”Formation and development of process A comprehensive view of the various approaches of the "serf free school" Elite As far as the "serfdom free theory" is concerned, we can still see some consensus in their views and opinions, which forms some common characteristics. This is in the "slave free school" open up Tribe“ Huangpai ”And promote the faction“ Zhang School ”In particular.^[2]

Background

Chinese academia It is generally agreed that, Guo Moruo From 1928 to 1929, Mr Engels Of《 The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State 》Based on the research method of《 Research on Ancient Chinese Society 》A book, the first proposition“ Western Zhou Dynasty by slave Society ", affirming the existence of" slave society "in ancient Chinese history. Therefore, it also seems that they have the same voice Guo Moruo As the initiator of the theory that "there is a slave society in China", Mr. In fact, Mr. Li Da, one of the founders of the Communist Party of China, wrote his own book as early as 1926《 Modern Sociology 》Medium, namely application Marxism Historical materialism of investigate Has human beings Social process Primitive society 、 slave society 、 feudal society 、 capitalist society , and looked forward to communism Social formation. He also specifically stated in the book Shang Dynasty It is the view of slave society. Social History in the 1930s Great Debate In 1935, Li Da published his own book《 Economic Outline 》From the characteristics of economic structure and other aspects, it also demonstrated that the Yin Dynasty was a slavery society. He believes that:“ Slavery It is a necessary stage in the process of social development. Any in the world nation The history of Slavery The phase of. "^[1]

Lv Zhenyu

Initial application Marxism Historical materialism Yes“ Asiatic mode of production ”、“ Slavery in China ”And "the historical transition from slave society to feudal society" (namely, the division of ancient Chinese history) scholar Guo Moruo, therefore, is respected as the mentor of Marxist historiography and the theory of slavery.^[1]

Following Li Da 、 Guo Moruo Later, Lu Zhenyu《 Prehistoric Chinese Social Studies 》Claim in the book“ Slaves in the Yin Dynasty Social theory "; Influenced by Lv Zhenyu's views, Jian Bozan On《 Criticism on the Study of Slavery in the Yin Dynasty 》The article also advocates "the theory of slave society in the Yin Dynasty"; Deng Yunte (also known as Deng Tuo)《 On Slavery in China's Socio economic History 》The article also advocates“ Yin Dynasty Slave society theory "; What to do with《 Debate on Chinese Social History 》In the book Li Ji 、 Lv Zhenyu Identified by others Germanic Having never experienced slavery, he argued against it and finally came to the conclusion that“ germanic people The commune of slave The conclusion of "social decomposition" shows that“ Slave society is the only way for the development of human society ”The claim of. These Marxist Leninist scholars jointly advocated that there was a "theory of the stages of development of slave society" (that is, the theory of slavery) in ancient Chinese history, but their views on the "periodization of ancient history" were different and adjusted one after another. Their differences were mainly at the starting point of feudal society. These early days in China Marxism The common proposition of scholars was undoubtedly affirmed by the universality of slave society and the experience of China at that time slave society Of Comintern The views of the historiography school.^[1]

historical background

Expert of the Slave Free School

In the study of ancient Chinese society, they jointly claimed that "Chinese history" had not experienced“ slave society ”Therefore, it is also called "Slave free School" for short. It is relative to the "slave faction". At present, scholars generally classify scholars who advocate the "existence of the development stage of slave society" in Chinese history as the "slave school", and scholars who advocate the "slave free society" in Chinese history as the "slave free school". It is generally believed that contemporary“ Serfdom ”The leaders are Guo Moruo , representative scholars are historian 、 Jian Bozan 、 Lv Zhenyu 、 Hou Wailu Etc. (i.e Marxism Leninism Five New Historiographers); The leader of the "serf free faction" is Huang Xianfan. Representative scholars include Zhang Guangzhi 、 Hu Zhongda 、 Shen Changyun 、 Chao Fulin And others (i.e“ Five masters of the serfdom school ”）。^[1]

Professor Zhang Guangzhi, a representative scholar of the serf free school

A long paper written by Huang Xianfan《 A Probe into the Society without Slaves in China's National History 》Published in 1979, he said that it took nearly 40 years from conception to publication intermittently. He first worked with his teacher and friend Professor Tao Xisheng viewpoint Consensus“ The Theory of a Slave free Society in China ”, later a socio-economic historian The professor changed his point of view and claimed that China "has the theory of the development stage of slave society", which also affected him. In particular, after studying in Japan, he often visited Mr. Guo Moruo, a scholar who stayed in Japan at that time. Influenced by the Guo family, he held the view that "there is a stage of development of the slave society" in China for a long time, just because he had not yet thought about it mature , the research is not thorough yet, and is not intended to be hasty Writing Public form, participation“ The Great Debate of Social History ”。

In December 1949, he served concurrently Guangxi University Director of Chinese Department《 History of China's New Democratic Revolution 》For a period of time, through Historical materialism After in-depth research, he began to question the theory of "the development stage of the slave society" that was consistently advocated by Guo Moruo, the leader of the Marxist Leninist historiography school at that time, and began to shake his original understanding and view. Based on the principle of "seeking truth" in history study. In September 1954, he went to Beijing to attend National People's Congress At the first meeting of the session, he visited Mr. Guo Moruo with questions to try to discuss. After meeting, Mr. Guo said to him, "Brother Fan, I will send you a new version of the book《 The Age of Slavery 》（ People's Publishing House , the first edition in April 1954), go back to read it carefully, and my proposition was not refuted in the past, and no one will be able to refute it in the future ".

When Huang Xianfan returned home, he would give up if he didn't look at it. When he read it carefully, he was full of doubts. His first idea was to return to the old business, study Marxism Leninism, and challenge. Then I learned to write while I was writing, and finally I had《 A Probe into the Society without Slaves in China's National History 》One wen.

Summer of 1978, old friend Fei Xiaotong Professors and fellow townsmen Gusi When the general went to Guangxi to visit Huang Xianfan's house, he wrote this article paper They are entrusted with publishing academic journals recommended to the capital after they return to Beijing. At the same time, he also sent many academic journals across the country, but no academic magazine Dare to publish, even the chief editor of the academic journal of his college said "well written but dare not publish" after reading it. (In February of the next year, the vice president of the college Qin Hongyu It can only be published after being willing to take responsibility and recommend to the academic journal of the Academy.) To this end, he also introduced some dogmatism“ Pseudo scholar ”Of sarcasm and abuse. Huang Xianfan said angrily at that time: "In today's world, academic‘ All school ’It is still subject to the political "All Schools" influence The so-called "double hundred policy" is just a catchphrase. Don't point out the problems found. People follow the same pattern and speak with one voice. Take others' opinions as their own. Everything is' since ancient times'. Open up 'Five Production Modes' and close up' Five Social Forms'; Start to write "Marxist Leninist Tutorial Language" and write‘ The political leader said, " As a scholar, what else do you study? " so academic freedom And Truth seeking belief , always To forge ahead In the past 40 years, Fan has been continuously thinking, exploring and studying the idea that "there was no Western slave society in Chinese history" power Where.^[1]

The formation of the serf free school

Although Huang Xianfan suffered verbal cynicism and vicious abuse from some people who were "uncivilized" after the publication of these works, he received the righteous support and response of many people of insight in the history circle to "open". just as Central University for Nationalities Professor Mo Jinshan said: "In 1979, Professor Huang Xianfan published《 A Probe into the Society without Slaves in China's National History 》One article（《 Journal of Guangxi Normal University 》No. 2 and No. 3, 1979). The article points out: 'I firmly believe that there is no slave society in China's history, the Han people do not, and the vast majority of ethnic minorities do not. Greece The Roman slave society is still a special case in the development of human history, not a general rule. ' After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda and others. According to the author's rough statistics, the historiography circle has published such article There have been nearly 100 articles, and various signs indicate that the number of supporters of 'China has not experienced a slave society' is increasing. " Xi'an University of Technology College of Humanities Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin Yin Jie Professor Yu and other professors clearly pointed out in the article Review of Studies on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society:‘ Gang of Four ’Later, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the research atmosphere in the field of historiography was very active, and the research on the division of ancient Chinese history also showed a new momentum... The theory of "China's society without slavery" was quietly rising again.^[1]

In 1979, Professor Huang Xianfan published an article entitled "Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society". It points out: "I firmly believe that there is no slave society in China's history, and there is no Han nationality, ethnic minority Most do not. " “ Europe Of Greece 、 Rome from Gentile society To become a slave society is not the development law of human society or the general rule of the world, but a special case of history. " After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun and others. Moreover, there are more and more supporters. In recent years, there have been nearly 100 articles of this kind published. At present, this school (that is, the school of non slavery as defined in this article - the author's note) is just like Zhao Guangxian As pointed out by the professor in the fifth issue of Literature and History Knowledge in 1986, people are now paying more attention to it again. There seems to be more and more supporters, and there is a diffuse phenomenon. On the contrary, the 'Chinese Slave Society Theory' is not widely accepted, lacks new ideas, and is strongly challenged by the deniers. " and Qinghai Normal University The words of Professor Zhang Guangzhi, the former headmaster, can best illustrate his rigorous attitude towards scholarship. He successively said, "In fact, from time to time, it was Mr. Huang Xianfan, who was 81 years old at that time, who took the lead in breaking through this forbidden zone. His article was entitled" Discussion on the absence of slave society in China's national history ", and was published in《 Journal of Guangxi Normal University 》No. 2 and No. 3, 1979. It was Zhang Guangzhi who entered the restricted area later. " "The scholars who advocated the development stage of China's slave free society in the new era are Huang Xianfan 、 Zhang Guangzhi 、 Hu Zhongda 、 Shen Changyun 、 Chao Fulin And so on. " Fudan University Chen Chun The professor then pointed out: "In 1979, Huang Xianfan first published the Discussion on the National History of China without Slave Society." paper Zhang Guangzhi also published《 On the Historical Position of Slavery 》One wen. By 1982, more and more people tended to believe that the slave society was not an inevitable stage in the development of human history, and it was almost a consensus in the history circle that the Shang Dynasty was not a slave society. " Zeng Fei, senior lecturer of Xiamen Institute of Economics and Management, also said: (In the past) "The dogmatic social development stage theory of 'the orderly replacement of the five modes of production of primitive society, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and communism is the general process of the development of human society' has seriously hindered academic research, forcing Chinese historians not to dare or cannot specifically analyze China's historical reality and study history realistically.^[1]

In 1979, Professor Huang Xianfan did not believe in evil, and published the article "Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society". For this reason, he also introduced some dogmatism‘ Pseudo scholar ' Of sarcasm and abuse. However, most scholars recite the "slavery society in China", which has greatly damaged the academic research atmosphere in China. Make learning what is called‘ Engelsism ’'Don't read what Marx and Engels didn't have in the original'. Malignantly publicized the ugly bad habit of Chinese scholars: 'Speak without writing', dare not surpass the sage's work. It fundamentally suppresses the positive role of theoretical development in promoting social progress. "^[1]

These insightful people's opinions fully reflect that Mr. Huang Xianfan is reform and opening-up The first person who advocated the development stage of China's slave free society in the new era, not only in terms of time, but also in terms of bold breakthroughs in thinking concepts, as well as the innovation and wide influence of academic ideas space On.^[1]

Huang Xianfan

Published in 1979《 A Probe into the Society without Slaves in China's National History 》After one article, he made persistent efforts, and then on November 14 of the same year, he published the article "Practice is the only criterion for testing truth - discussing the problem of Chinese slave society with Hou Shaozhuang and other comrades" (mimeograph of Guangxi Normal University, November 14, 1979), further clarifying his own "serfdom free theory" proposition. After the two articles were published, they immediately received positive responses from people of insight in the history circle. The first responder should be Qinghai Normal University Professor Zhang Guangzhi, who published the article "A Brief Discussion on the Historical Status of Slavery" (Journal of Qinghai Normal University, Vol. 1 and 2, 1980) in 1980, sent the article to Huang Xianfan immediately after the publication of the paper, indicating that he firmly supported Huang Xianfan's "serfdom free proposition" of "enlightening". Huang Xianfan replied encourage Zhang Guangzhi, a later scholar, boldly studied and innovated, making a new world in this field. (In the afternoon of June 17, 2008, when the author interviewed Professor Zhang Guangzhi by telephone, he said) Zhang Guangzhi really lived up to the high expectations of his predecessors. He repeatedly published excellent works in this research topic and became one of the pioneers of the "Slave Free School". Following Zhang Guangzhi, Huang Xianfan's students Guangxi University for Nationalities Huang Weicheng, a senior professor (now Guangxi University for Nationalities), did not want to lag behind and launched a long paper on "On Slave Society Is Not the First Necessary Historical Stage of Class Society and Shang Dynasty Is Not a Slave Society" (top and bottom) (Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities, No. 2 and 3, 1980). These articles all jointly advocate the "theory of slavery free society" in Chinese history. The three pioneers of the "regardless school", Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi and Huang Weicheng, came into being at the right time, which also marks the formation of the "regardless school". Since then, this school has gradually emerged in the academic world. Modern China ethnology One of the founders.^[1]

Ideas

Expert of the Slave Free School

In 1979, Huang Xianfan The professor once published the article "Discussion on the Society without Slaves in the History of Our Nation". The article points out: "I firmly believe that there is no slave society in China's history, neither the Han nor ethnic minorities. However Europe The transformation of Greece and Rome from a clan society to a slavery society is not the law of human society development, the general rule of the world, but the special case of history. " After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun and others. Moreover, there are more and more supporters, and nearly 100 such articles have been published in recent years. After the 1990s, with the deepening of reform and opening up, the diversified pattern of academic circles in which a hundred schools of thought contend and a hundred flowers blossom further promoted“ Serfdom school ”The company has made steady progress and stepped into the second stage of growth.^[1]

At present, this school (that is, the non slave school defined in this article - the author's note) is exactly like Zhao Guangxian As the professor pointed out in the fifth issue of Literature and History Knowledge in 1986, "Now people are paying more attention to it again. It seems that there are more and more supporters, and there is a phenomenon of diffuse combustion. On the contrary, the theory of 'Chinese slave society' is not widely accepted, lacking new ideas, and is strongly challenged by the negative." Qinghai Normal University The words of Professor Zhang Guangzhi, the former president, can best illustrate his rigorous attitude towards scholarship. He successively said, "In fact, from time to time, it was Mr. Huang Xianfan, who was 81 years old at the time, who took the lead in breaking through this forbidden area. His article is entitled Discussion on the Society without Slaves in China's National History , published on《 Journal of Guangxi Normal University 》In 1979, No. 2 and No. 3. " It was Zhang Guangzhi who subsequently entered the restricted area.

"The new era advocates that China has no slave The scholars who talked about the stage of social development include Lin et al. "Fudan University Professor Chen Chun Then he pointed out: "In 1979, Huang Xianfan first published a paper entitled" Discussion on the National History of China without Slave Society ", and then Zhang Guangzhi published a paper entitled" Brief Discussion on the Historical Status of Slavery "in 1980. By 1982, more and more people tended to believe that the slave society was not an inevitable stage in the development of human history, and the Yin and Shang dynasties were not slave societies. "^[1]

Senior lecturer of Xiamen Institute of Economics and Management Zeng Feiyi He said, "In primitive society, slavery feudalism The orderly replacement of the five modes of production, such as capitalism and communism, is the general process of human social development. The dogmatic theory of social development stages has seriously hindered academic research, forcing Chinese historians to dare or cannot specifically analyze China's historical reality and study history realistically. "^[1]

Professor Shen Changyun, a representative scholar of the serf free school

In 1979, Huang Xianfan professor Do not believe in evil. He published the article "Discussion on the Society without Slaves in China's National History", which attracted scholars' cynicism and abuse. Most scholars said: "The slavery society in China has greatly damaged the academic research atmosphere in China. It has turned academic research into the so-called 'Engelsism'. It has made a vicious publicity of the ugly habits of Chinese scholars. It does not dare to go beyond the sages' work. It has fundamentally suppressed the positive role of theoretical development in promoting social progress."^[1]

These insightful people's opinions fully reflect that Mr. Huang Xianfan is reform and opening-up The first person who advocated the development stage of China's slave free society in the new era. This is not only reflected in time, but also reflected in the space of bold breakthroughs in thinking concepts, innovation and wide influence of academic ideas.^[1]

Professor Chao Fulin, a representative scholar of the serf free school

Following the publication of Huang Xianfan in 1979《 A Probe into the Society without Slaves in China's National History 》One wen later, he made persistent efforts, and then on November 14 of the same year, he made public his watch《 Practice Is the Only Criterion to Test Truth -- Discussing with Hou Shaozhuang and Other Comrades on the Slave Society in China 》（ Guangxi Normal University Mimeograph, November 14, 1979), further clarified his own "serfdom free theory" proposition.^[1]

After the two articles were published, they immediately received positive responses from people of insight in the history circle. The earliest responder was Professor Zhang Guangzhi of Qinghai Normal University, who published《 On the Historical Position of Slavery 》One article（《 Journal of Qinghai Normal University 》Zhang Guangzhi immediately sent the paper to Huang Xianfan after the publication of the first and second issues of the paper in 1980, indicating his firm support for Huang Xianfan's "slave free proposition" of "enlightening the deaf". In his reply, Huang Xianfan encouraged Zhang Guangzhi, a later scholar, to boldly study and innovate, and create a new world in this field. (In the afternoon of June 17, 2008, when the author interviewed Professor Zhang Guangzhi by telephone, he said) Zhang Guangzhi really lived up to the high expectations of his predecessors. He repeatedly published excellent works in this research topic and became one of the pioneers of the "Slave Free School". Following Zhang Guangzhi, Huang Xianfan, a student of Guangxi Institute for Nationalities (now Guangxi University for Nationalities ）Senior Professor Huang Weicheng Unwilling to lag behind, he continuously launched the long theory of On Slave Society Is Not the First Necessary Historical Stage of Class Society and On Shang Dynasty Is Not a Slave Society (top and bottom)（ Guangxi University for Nationalities Journal, No. 2 and No. 3, 1980). These articles all jointly advocate the "theory of slavery free society" in Chinese history. The three pioneers of the "slavery free school", Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi and Huang Weicheng, came into being at the right time, which also marks the formation of the "slavery free school". Since then, this school has gradually emerged in the academic world.^[1]

develop and grow

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Phase I

just as Guangxi University for Nationalities Mo Jinshan Professor Huang Xianfan said: "In 1979, Professor Huang Xianfan published Discussion on the Society without Slaves in China's National History One article（《 Guangxi Normal University Journal, 1979, Issue 2 and 3). The article points out: 'I firmly believe that there was no slave society in China's history, the Han nationality did not, and the vast majority of ethnic minorities did not. Greece Rome Slavery society is still a special case in the development of human history, not a general rule. ' After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda and others. According to rough statistics, nearly 100 such articles have been published in the history circle, and various signs indicate that 'China has not experienced Slave society ' " Xi'an University of Technology College of Humanities Wang Changkun 、 Lu Kuanmin 、 Yin Jie Co authored by Professor Yu《 A Summary of Studies on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society 》The article clearly pointed out: "After the downfall of the Gang of Four, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the research atmosphere in the field of history has been very active, and the research on the division of ancient Chinese history has also shown a new momentum." The theory of China's society without slavery "has quietly emerged again."

Although Huang Xianfan was subjected to verbal ridicule and vicious abuse by some people who were "uncivilized" after the publication of these works, he got Historiography Many people of insight are righteous“ Openness ”Support and response.^[1]

Phase II

Professor Ye Wenxian, a representative scholar of the serf free school

After the formation of the "Slave free School", the camp began to grow gradually, accompanied by the emergence of research results of the "Slave free School". On the Historical Status of Slavery by Zhang Guangzhi（《 Journal of Sichuan University 》, No. 2-3 in 1980); Zhu Zhongxi A Brief View on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society（《 Qinghai Normal University Journal of Science, 1980, Issue 3); Wei Wenxuan's Several Problems of the Feudal Serfdom in the Sicheng Prefecture（《 Journal of the Central University for Nationalities 》No. 4, 1980); Cao Chengzhang The Source and Nature of "Gunzhizhao"（《 Ethnic Studies 》Fifth issue in 1980); Xu Pu Is it a slave society after the disintegration of primitive society（《 Social Science Research 》No. 6, 1980); On the Original Countries in History Are Not Slavery Countries by Zong Ruihua（《 Journal of Qinghai Normal University 》2-3 issues in 1981) and other papers have successively "broken the ground".^[1]

Especially historians Tian Jujian In 1981, Huang Xianfan, Huang Weicheng, Xu Pu and others published papers on "the theory of non slavery" in the Journal of Chinese Social Sciences（《 Chinese Social Sciences 》No. 3, 1981) and Huang Xianfan successively launched the "Discussion on whether there is a slave society in China"（ Guangxi Normal University mimeograph, March 8, 1980), "Discussing a Problem with Chinese Historians - Does China Have a Slave Society" (Guangxi Normal University mimeograph, August 10, 1980), "Chinese History Has No Slave Society" (Guangxi Normal University mimeograph, October 12, 1981), and other works have caused repercussions in the academic circle one after another, affecting effect It can be described as "instant effect". Plus the conference held in Tianjin in 1981“ Asiatic Mode of Production Symposium ”Some scholars who hold and agree with the "serfdom theory" have successively "appeared on the stage" Guo Shengming ， Geng Fumeng ， Gao Zhongjun ， Pang Zhuoheng , Hu Zhongda et al.^[1]

Hu Zhongda's《 On the asian mode of production 》(Studies in Chinese History, 1981, Issue 3); Cao Chengzhang's Questioning on Dai Slavery (Ethnic Studies, 1982, Issue 1); Li Runeng's "Maowen Qiang Area has not experienced the stage of slave society"（《 Southwest University for Nationalities Journal, 1982, Issue 2) and so on.^[1]

In the first ten years of the formation and development of the "Slave Free School", there are two other works worth re writing. One is Huang Xianfan, the leader of the "Slave Free School", and his students Huang Zengqing The first book in the history of the Chinese nation co authored by a researcher and Professor Zhang Yimin《 General History of Zhuang Nationality 》。 In the book, the author wrote a special section "The Nature of the Zhuang Society in the Qin and Han Dynasties", focusing on the archaeological achievements to discuss the issue that the history of the Zhuang did not go through the slave society. Just like the famous contemporary American historian Jeffrey Barlow The professor clearly pointed out that "due to the confused understanding of Marx and Engels' works and explain Unclear, the traditional Chinese interpretation of this area (referring to the Zhuang inhabited area in China - the author's note) still casts doubt on people. According to the traditional view, the Zhuang nationality was a slave society before the Song Dynasty, so it was impossible to establish a state, but later it was dragged into the feudal society because of its relationship with Han nationality.^[1]

Professor Mo Jinshan

Huang Xianfan, a recognized Zhuang historian and professor of history department, eloquently demonstrated a view that has been criticized many times: traditional interpretation does not conform to Zhuang society. Huang believes that A.D In 221 BC, the war between Qin and Dongou, Xiou, Fujian and Vietnam, and Nanyue showed that the Zhuang nationality had a country—— Western Ou 。 Huang Xianfan's point of view led to many difficulties... Huang's point of view that the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality had built the West Ou State at the time of the Qin invasion has potential value. Second, Professor Zhang Guangzhi, the leader of the "Slave Free School", summarized the previously published papers on "Slave Free Theory" into a book, "Slave Society is not a necessary stage in the development of human history", which was published in 1988. In his book, the author demonstrates that in China Shang and Zhou Dynasties Although slavery existed in the initial society of some ethnic minorities, it was not a slave society, but a feudal society. In particular, Professor Mo Jinshan wrote a series of papers and Chao Fulin Professor in the book "Social Changes in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties"（ Beijing Normal University Press 1996 Edition) summer merchant week The new discussion on the social nature of the three dynasties and the division of ancient history is remarkable.^[4]

Phase III

Researcher Man Duertu, representative scholar of the serf free school

After the 1990s, with the deepening of reform and opening up, academic circles contention of a hundred schools of thought The diversified pattern of letting a hundred flowers blossom further promoted the steady development of the "slave free school", and entered the second stage of growth. In the growing period, with the emergence of the rising stars of the "slave free school", the works advocating the "slave free theory" have been published in succession, including Li Bengao's "Brief Discussion on the Causes of the Yao Society Crossing the Slave Society into the Feudal Society"（《 Ethnic Forum 》No. 1, 1990); He Ping's The Evolution of the Ancient Social Form of the Dai Nationality and the Slavery Problem -- Cross ethnic Investigation and Theoretical Exploration（《 Ethnic Studies in Guangxi 》No. 2, 1990); Mo Jinshan's Comparative Study of the Slavery Economy in the Classical World and the Pre Qin Socio economy（《 Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities 》No. 3, 1990); Yan Enquan and Wang Mingfu's On the Early Social Form of the Zhuang Nationality（《 Yunnan Social Sciences 》No. 6, 1990); Mo Jinshan's Rethinking of Marx and Engels' Slavery Theory (Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities, 1991, Issue 1); Huang Yu's A New Exploration of the Periodization of the Yao Society (Guangxi Ethnic Studies, 1991, Issue 1 and 2); Shen Changyun The Emergence of the Asiatic Mode of Production in China and Related Historical Issues（《 Tianjin Social Sciences 》No. 2, 1991); Mo Jinshan's Natural Environment, Labor Mode and Slavery Society (Journal of Qinghai Normal University, 1992, Issue 1); Mo Jinshan's Is the Initial Stage of Chinese Civilization a Slave Society（《 Guangxi Social Sciences 》1993, Issue 1); Lv Dan's "Has Human Society Generally Experienced the" Slave Society "（《 Journal of Guizhou Normal University 》No. 2, 1993); Yi Muyuan's The Yi People's Slavery in Liangshan“ Clan slavery ”Do - and Liu Yaohan Mr. Discussion（《 Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities 》1993, Issue 3)... and other works have been published successively, which can be described as fruitful and gratifying. In particular, Professor Mo Jinshan wrote a series of papers on "the theory of non slavery" and Professor Chao Fulin wrote《 Social Changes in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties 》(Beijing Normal University Press, 1996) is a remarkable new exploration of the social nature of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and the division of ancient history. 　^[1]

The "serf free school" has entered a "summing up period" in the 21st century. During the period from 2000 to 2009, the research achievements of the "slave free school" showed the characteristics of reviewing and summarizing the previous 20 years' research Shen Changyun The Centennial Review and Prospect of the Research on the Pre Qin History (Historical Research, 2000, Issue 4); Lv Xilin's Understanding and Reflection on the Staging of Chinese Ancient History (Yinshan Academic Journal, 2001, Issue 2); Zhang Guangzhi's Review, Reflection and Prospect of the Discussion on the Periodization of Ancient Chinese History (Collection of Academic Seminars to Commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese Pre Qin Historical Society, 2002); Chao Fulin's Summary and Innovation: Preface to Professor Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages（《 Qinghai Journal of Normal University, 2002, Issue 2); Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages (Shaanxi Normal University Press, November 2003); Summary of Studies on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, co authored by Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin and Yin Jie (the third issue of Tangdu Academic Journal, 2005); Mo Jinshan's Review, Deep Reflection and Calm Down - Comments on Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Staged Discussion of Ancient Chinese History (Academic Forum, 2004, Issue 3); After reading Zhu Zhongxi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages (Journal of Qinghai Normal University, 2004, Issue 6); Zhang Guangzhi's Discussion on the Staging of Ancient Chinese History for 70 Years（《 Literature and history Knowledge (2005, Issue 10, 12).^[5]

Phase IV

Serfdom school (7 sheets)

“ Serfdom school ”In the 21st century, it has entered a "summary period". During the period from 2000 to 2009, the research achievements of the "serfdom school" showed the characteristics of reviewing and summarizing the previous 20 years' research. The achievements in this regard are based on Shen Changyun's Centennial Review and Prospect of the Study of the Pre Qin History（《 Historical Studies 》No. 4, 2000); Lv Xilin Understanding and Reflection on the Staging of Ancient Chinese History (Yinshan Academic Journal, 2001, Issue 2); Zhang Guangzhi's Review, Reflection and Prospect of the Discussion on the Periodization of Ancient Chinese History (Collection of Academic Seminars to Commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese Pre Qin Historical Society, 2002); Chao Fulin's Summary and Innovation: Preface to Professor Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages（《 Qinghai Normal University Journal of Universities, 2002, Issue 2); Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages (Shaanxi Normal University Press, November 2003); Summary of Studies on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society jointly written by Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin and Yin Jie（《 Tangdu Academic Journal 》Third issue in 2005); Mo Jinshan Review, Deep Reflection, Calm Down -- Comments on Zhang Guangzhi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages（《 Academic Forum 》No. 3, 2004); After reading Zhu Zhongxi's Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages（《 Qinghai Normal University Journal, 2004, Issue 6); Zhang Guangzhi's《 Discussion on the Staging of Ancient Chinese History for 70 Years >(Cultural and Historical Knowledge, 2005, Issue 10, 12).^[1]

Serfdom school

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representative figure

“ Serfdom ”In a narrow sense, it refers to the school that advocates that "China has never experienced a slave society" in the new period of reform and opening up after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee; Broadly speaking, it refers to a group of scholars who advocated that "China has not experienced a slave society" since the 20th century. It is relative to the "slave faction". As Professor Zhang Guangzhi, the former president of Qinghai Normal University, clearly pointed out: "Generally speaking, the discussion on the division of ancient history in the new period is not the continuation and extension of the discussion from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the 17 years before the Cultural Revolution. There is no major progress and breakthrough in theory and methods. Therefore, after a short period of prosperity and excitement, it gradually fell silent. This situation, coupled with the loose academic environment in the new period of reform and opening up, has prompted some scholars to re understand and review the issue of the division of ancient Chinese history from the root, that is, whether there is a stage of slave society development in Chinese history? If it doesn't exist at all, it would be absurd to argue over the division of stages and boundaries between China's slave society and feudal society! The scholars who advocated the development stage of China's slave free society in the new era include Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun, Chao Fulin, etc. " （ Zhang Guangzhi : Seventy Years of Discussion on Stages of Ancient Chinese History, published in Knowledge of Literature and History, 2005, Issue 10) School of Humanities, Xi'an University of Technology Professor Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin, Yin Jie and other scholars also pointed out that "after the downfall of the Gang of Four, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the research atmosphere in the field of history has been very active, and the research on the staging of ancient Chinese history has also shown a new momentum... The theory of" China without slavery society "has quietly emerged again. In 1979, Professor Huang Xianfan published the article "Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society"... After the article was published, it was supported by Zhang Guangzhi, Hu Zhongda, Shen Changyun and others. And there are more and more supporters, such as article It has nearly 100 articles... At present, as Professor Zhao Guangxian pointed out in the fifth issue of Literature and History Knowledge in 1986, this school (namely, the serf free school) is again valued by people, and its supporters seem to be increasing, which has a phenomenon of diffuse combustion. On the contrary, the 'Chinese Slave Society Theory' is not widely accepted, lacks new ideas, and is strongly challenged by the deniers. " (Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin, Yin Jie: Summary of Studies on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, published in《 Tangdu Academic Journal 》Volume 21, Issue 3, May 2005) Therefore, scholars who advocate the "existence of the development stage of slave society" in Chinese history are generally classified as "slave groups" and those who advocate the "no slave society" in Chinese history scholar It is classified as "serf free". It can be seen that Mr. Huang Xianfan took the lead in breaking the academic forbidden zone in the history circle in the new period.

contribution

In the second stage of the "development and growth period" of the "serf free school", the academic contributions of the scholars of the school are mainly manifested in: because of their deepening exploration and multi-dimensional investigation of the nature of ancient Chinese society, they further strengthened the persuasiveness of the "serf free theory" of the "serf free school" in terms of reasoning, arguments, arguments, and so on, so that the "serf free school" The idea of "non slavery school" has become more popular, prompting some scholars to abandon the old theory and join the "non slavery school" camp. From what he published in 1980《 When did China's slave society begin 》（《 Learning and exploration 》It is obvious that in his early years, he advocated "the theory of slavery". However, after more than ten years of research and the influence of the idea of the "slave free school", Mr. Kuo Fulin finally realized that there was a problem with his old idea of "slavery", so he corrected his mistakes in some works published after 1996, began to "fight against the enemy" and actively advocated the "slave free theory". Luo Xinhui In a "book review" published in 1998, Doctor pointed out that "after a period of silence, the issue of ancient history staging has become active in recent years. In recent years, one of the notable characteristics of the research is‘ Five modes of production ’It is doubted that the existence of the slave era in ancient China has become the consensus of some historians. " It can be said that the proposition of the "serf free school" is increasingly widely accepted by people of insight in the history circle.

achievements

In fact, after more than 30 years of development, long-term challenges and challenges, one of the ultimate goals of the "slave free school" is to strive to realize the "reform in history" initiative called for by Huang Xianfan at the beginning of the reform and opening up, so as to end the spread of "pseudo knowledge" that violates the objective facts of Chinese history in history textbooks in the past. Huang Xianfan has clearly pointed out: "Since liberation, China's history teaching material , no matter in universities, middle schools or primary schools textbook We have divided our history into primitive communist society → slave society → feudal society... This division has become a fixed pattern, even a forbidden area, and no one dares to raise objections. During the reign of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, anyone who raised an objection would be branded as a reactionary historian... China's ancient history materials are extremely rich. I think it is a must to steal the beam and change the pillar of Marx's theory on the multi line development of world history into a single line development theory, and take Europe as the center to equate the development of our history with the development of European history. " For example, the Sichuan Education Press did not deal with the nature of the system of the three generations, nor did it use the concept of 'slave owners' and' slaves'... The academic community's dispute over the nature of the early Chinese society could not make a major breakthrough in theory in a short period of time. However, this does not mean that the basic historical facts are still unclear. " The academic achievements of the three generations of "basic historical facts" will naturally lead to the fruitful achievements of the "slave free school". It can be seen that, for a long time, the misunderstanding of middle school history textbooks about the description of the nature of the three generations of society can be partially corrected, which is undoubtedly the result of the "slave free school" that has a direct impact or a subtle influence on people's minds.

significance

Professor Chen Chun, a representative scholar of the serf free school

After the new period of reform and opening up, the emergence of the "slave free school" and its subsequent gradual development and expansion are obviously closely related to Huang Xianfan, the mentor of the "slave free school", who initially braved political risks to break into the "forbidden area" to challenge the heroes, and is also intrinsically linked to Huang Xianfan's innovative attempt to advocate "historical reform" in the new period of reform and opening up. At the same time, it can be seen that Mr. Huang Xianfan took the lead in breaking the academic forbidden zone in the new era of historiography. It broke the pattern that most of the academic research was subordinate to the "political paradigm" after the founding of the People's Republic of China, broke the single linear thinking mode of the "five modes of production" theory, and created a new era of diversified thinking, It reflects the heroic character of an honest historian who dares to write straight without fear of political pressure. As for Huang Xianfan's article "Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society" and his statement "Practice is the Only Criterion for Testing Truth -- Discussing China's Slave Society with Hou Shaozhuang and Other Comrades" A Discussion on whether there is a Slave Society in China , "Discussing a Problem with Chinese Historians - Is there a Slave Society in China" and other long papers, as well as the published《 There was no slave society in Chinese history 》The significance and achievements of the book are concentrated in five "destruction" and three "establishment":^[1]

1、 Break the limitations of dogmatism;

2、 Get rid of the subjective theory of "the supremacy of law";

3、 Breaking the "formulaic" pattern of academic research;

4、 Break the "one voice" pattern of "self independence" and "self independence" in the study of ancient history guided by Marxist dialectical historical materialism;

5、 Breaking the long-standing research on ancient Chinese history and national history“ Western centrism ”Or“ Eurocentric view ”。

Therefore, three new academic thinking systems have been established on the basis of these five "breakthroughs":

1、 Jump out of the trap of dogmatic thinking and create a new system of thinking in ancient Chinese history;

2、 Go out of the "western centered view" thinking misunderstanding; Establish academic research“ China centered view ”；

3、 Get rid of“ Theory of five forms ”The system of "leap theory of social formation development" or "leap theory" should be constructed.

Therefore, Huang Xianfan, as the leader or mentor of the "Slave Free School", deserves great contributions to its pioneering work. In fact, this recognition has now become the consensus of today's Chinese history circles.

Formation and development period

Professor Duan Zhongqiao, a representative scholar of the serf free school

A large number of research achievements of the "slave free school" emerged in the first 10 years of development, which on the one hand marked the gradual development of the "slave free school" and its growing camp, on the other hand created the momentum and influence of the "slave free school", thus shaking learning The firm belief in the "theory of slavery" in the past has prompted some "people who know the current affairs" in the history field to change their ways, beginning with avoiding the "theory of slavery" in their works or wavering in their original views, which can be seen from some historical works published successively after the 1980s. For example, the former "slave theory" faithful believers and advocates the "Warring States feudal theory" Bai Shouyi Mr《 General History of China 》, published in 1989. "The most voluminous general history so far compiled by hundreds of experts carefully avoided the problem of ancient history division, and replaced it with 'ancient times' and‘ medieval times ’。” The former scholar and advocate of "slavery theory"“ Western Zhou Feudalism ”Mr. Zhao Guangxian, one of the representative figures, was also written by Zhang Guangzhi, a fighter of the "serfdom school"《 Slave society is not a necessary stage in the development of human history 》In the preface of the book, he expressed his support for the "serfdom theory". Hu Zhongda, the former "slave theory" junior general, also "cast aside the dark and turned to the bright", becoming a fellow member of the "slave free school". Whether the parties admit it or not, this change can be said to be more or less inspired and influenced by the ideas of the pioneers of the "non slavery school".^[1]

meridian

In the "formation and development period" of the "serf free school" Bai Shouyi Editor in chief《 General History of China 》In the "growth period" of the "slave free school", Business biography ， Cao Dawei ， Wang He ， Zhao Shiyu Editor in chief《 General History of China 》（ Chao Fulin As one of the editorial board members) declared publicly that "the single line evolution model of 'five social forms' proposed by Stalin will no longer be used as the standard for judging the stages of Chinese history", and "avoid using the concept of unclear feudal system in general", clearly proposed that "there is no stage of slavery dominated by the form of slavery exploitation in the Central Plains Dynasty". just as Ye Wenxian It pointed out that "the words' slavery 'or' slave society 'have disappeared from the new theories of various stages, indicating that slavery is not equal to slave society, slave society is not a necessary stage, and three generations are not slave society." It can be inferred from this that many people have accepted such views《 General History of China 》The sublation of the "five stages theory" in the division of ancient history and《 General History of China 》The established "no longer apply the evolution mode of 'five social forms'" can be said to be the new theory that China, consciously or unconsciously advocated by Mr. Huang Xianfan, has not gone through the slave society after the primitive society, but directly entered the "feudal lord system" society, and Chao Fulin advocated that China directly entered the "clan" society feudal "System" society and other new stages of ancient history.^[1]

Summary period

Twenty years after the formation of the "serf free school", it entered the summing up period of the first 10 years of the 21st century. By the end of the summary period, "a large number of historians have bravely abandoned their original views and basically accepted the theory of Chinese slave free society. For example He Ziquan He gave up the feudal theory of Wei and Jin dynasties and believed that China was a slave free society. " The four leading cadres of Guo Moruo's "theory of slavery": Bai Shouyi, Yang Kuan, Wu Dakun and Tian Changwu all changed their positions and abandoned the original“ Five forms of ancient history staging ”The stereotype agrees with the "serfdom theory".^[1]

Academic thought

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opinion

Professor Yu Shijie, a representative scholar of the Wunu School

The "slave free school" jointly advocated that "there was no slave society in Chinese history" and "the ancient Chinese history should be divided into different periods". In the specific discussion, due to the different perspectives and entry points of each person, their opinions are different. However, looking back at the formation and development of the "slave free school", and looking at the "slave free theory" of all elites of the "slave free school", we can still see that their ideas and views have some common characteristics, which are particularly prominent in the "yellow school", the development branch of the "slave free school", and the "zhang school", the promotion branch of the "slave free school". The so-called "Huang School" refers to a pioneering branch of the "Slave Free School" represented by Huang Xianfan, the mentor of the "Slave Free School". Its members include Huang Xianfan and Huang Weicheng, the "five generals of Huangmen", Huang Zengqing, Zhang Yimin, Wei Wenxuan, Yu Shijie and other professors or researchers (all students or private disciples of Huang Xianfan). "Zhang School" refers to a branch of the "Slave Free School" represented by Zhang Guangzhi, the elder of the "Slave Free School". Its members include Zhang Guangzhi, Mo Jinshan, Professor Li Xuegong (all postgraduates of Zhang Guangzhi), as well as Zong Ruihua and Zhu Zhongxi (xi), famous scholars of the "Slave Free Theory" in Qinghai and Gansu.^[1]

contention of a hundred schools of thought

As early as 1962, Huang Xianfan《 Chieftain System in West Guangxi 》One article has clearly pointed out that "academic propositions should contention of a hundred schools of thought We should not casually wear hats that violate Marxism Leninism or do not conform to the laws of socialist development. " Those who have read Marx's works should first agree with this point in order to discuss problems. " Therefore, we openly oppose the dogmatization and formulation of scientific Marxism and the supremacy of laws. This proposition can be said to have become the consensus of the "slave free school". The common characteristics embodied in this consensus should not be found in the scholars of the "early serfdom theory". Some scholars regard the "non slavery theory" formed after the new period of reform and opening up as the inheritance of the "early non slavery theory", which is a wrong understanding. The reason is that the subjects of the two "non slavery theories" are different in age background, historical literacy, challenge objects and nature of the debate. Of course, it is undeniable that in the discussion of some specific issues, some concepts and arguments borrowed or used by "early serfdom theorists" in the 1930s, such as“ Civilian society ”, "clan feudalism"“ Gentile system ”, "commercial capital", etc., were also picked up and reused by some scholars of the "slave free school"^[5] 。

Serfdom theory

Guo Moruo

Some of the "early serfdom" scholars' "serfdom" theories are mainly aimed at Guo Moruo Research on Ancient Chinese Society （ Shanghai United Bookstore Published in early March 1930), while the "theory of non slavery" of the "school of non slavery" is mostly aimed at Guo Moruo's new book published in 1952 after the founding of New China《 The Age of Slavery 》Expand the discussion. Due to the difference in the contents of Guo's two books, the starting point of criticism of Guo's books by scholars of "early serfdom theory" and "serfdom school" is different, and they advocate natural differences. Objectively: Guo's《 Research on Ancient Chinese Society 》Its important value lies in the introduction of Marxist historical materialism into Chinese academia to set the trend. However, due to the limitations of the times and the lack of data, the book was written too hastily, which inevitably led to defects. As Guo admitted frankly in the new edition of the book "Postscript" in April 1947, he "often used the old theory in the identification of materials, did not clearly distinguish the characteristics of the times, so there were many errors and chaos". In November 1953, he said in the Introduction to the 1954 New Edition that the book "rashly put forward many wrong conclusions". Then in "Ten Criticism Books - Self criticism of Ancient Studies", he said that the writing was "too hasty and hasty. There are many immature or even wrong judgments, which have left a considerable impact until now". The Age of Slavery is different. Relatively speaking, The Age of Slavery is one of Guo Moruo's representative works in the mature period of Marxist Leninist historiography. In this collection of papers, the Guo family, through the historical facts of the rise and fall of the well field system, the martyrdom of Yin and Zhou people, the distinction between slaves and serfs Chinese The essence of the modern regime and the development of ancient characters and many other issues were deeply studied, mainly focusing on the division of slave society and feudal society in ancient Chinese history. Finally, the boundary between slavery and feudalism in ancient Chinese history was determined at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the records of classical characters and Oracle The discovery and research of "Li" in ancient Chinese have interpreted "Chen", "Zhong", "Peng", "Shu people", "Ge", etc. as "slaves".^[1]

Huang Xianfan further analyzed the theory of Marx and Engels on slavery Germanic Yugoslavia, West Slav East Slav 、 arab 、 India 、 Japan 、 North Korea 、 Vietnam? Through the interpretation of the "Asian mode of production", through the comparative study of the ancient Greek and Roman societies and the ancient oriental societies, and through the study of the "masses", "people", "yi", "fang", "xi", "shu", "li", "chicory (ju)", "servant", "minister", "zai", "slave" and "serfdom" “ tool of production ”、“ Private ownership of land ”、“ be buried alive with the dead ”, "family", "number of slaves", "domestic slaves"“ prisoner of war ”The analysis of "Gong Zhuchefu" and "patriarchal patriarchy" leads to three conclusions:^[1]

（1） In the historical development of ancient countries in the world, most of them entered the feudal society directly without going through the slave society, that is, the typical slave society in Greece and Rome, and did not enter the slave society directly from the beginning.^[1]

（2） From a classless society to a classed society, the first class that was oppressed and exploited was serfs, not slaves. Serfs came into being before slaves. Because the feudal social system of serfdom is easiest to combine with the rural commune system. The conditions for the birth of serfs were also simpler than those of slaves, so it happened first.^[1]

（3） The birth of family slavery is also relatively easy. There are ancient histories of all countries in the world, and people often misunderstand them as slave societies, most of which is because of this. However, the system is a phenomenon, not an essence, which is one thing. Whether it can reach the slave society is another thing, which cannot be mentioned and reduced.^[1]

Professor Zhang Mingfu, a representative scholar of the serf free school

Huang Xianfan's propositions and three conclusions on the distinction between slavery and slave society were generally recognized, supported and further proved by many elites of the "slave free school" he founded as a scientific proposition that conforms to the objective facts of ancient Chinese history. For example, Zhang Guangzhi, who followed Huang Xianfan, said, "First, slavery and the society of slavery are two different concepts, and people often confuse them in use, which is wrong." "In fact, it is a general rule to see them in a large area without going through the slave society. It is a variation to see them in very specific areas after going through the slave society. Taking the variation as a general rule, it is a generalization." As well as his textual research on "Gong Zhu Che" and his "servant" of ancient characters, "people die for others and are buried"“ Qiang ”, "public" analysis. Huang Weicheng, a student of Huang Xianfan and professor of Guangxi University for Nationalities“ Asia ”Form and Soap, Yu, Li, Liao, Fu, Tai, etc.^[1]

Gansu Provincial Museum Zhu Zhongxi, the director of the Department of Historical Archaeology, said, "We should first make clear what the slave society is... Old Guo and the schools he represents have more or less this tendency. Starting from the theory of five modes of production, they first set themselves a frame for the stage of the existence of slave society in China, and then picked up a number of fragments from the vast amount of ancient historical materials to fill this frame... I think that people with slave status and the use of slaves have undoubtedly existed and existed for a long time in human history, that is, today, This phenomenon has not yet disappeared in the world. But generally speaking, slavery can only be used as a supplement to a certain social and economic composition, and it is difficult to become a dominant mode of production. " As well as his further exploration of the words "people", "officials", "people", "common people", and "Yi".^[1]

Subsequent Sichuan Normal University Xu Pu, Head of History Department Inner Mongolia University Hu Zhongda, professor of History Department WuHan University department of history Xue Huizong 、 Hebei Normal University Shen Changyun, Professor of History Department Central University for Nationalities Researcher of Institute of Ethnic Studies Kuang Haolin 、 Fudan University Dean of Law School Huqu Garden 、 Qinghai Normal University professor Zong Ruihua 、 Sichuan Normal University Lv Dan, School of History and Tourism Guangxi University for Nationalities Professor Mo Jinshan Beijing Normal University professor Chao Fulin 、 Taiwan Normal University professor Wang Zanyuan 、 Fudan University professor Chen Chun 、 Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Researcher Lu Kejian and others have successively published academic papers on "slavery free theory", successively demonstrated the problem of "no slave society in Chinese history" from different perspectives, and jointly advocated "slavery free theory".

Summary of arguments

In the study of ancient social forms in the history of Chinese nationalities, Huang Xianfan, the leader of the "Slave Free School", advocated the "Leap Theory", and he named or not named Guo Moruo, Lu Zhenyu, Hou Wailu Rizhi 、 Deng Chumin 、 Children's Book Industry 、 Shu Shicheng 、 Shang Yue 、 Yang Xiangkui 、 Wu Rongzeng The negation of Hou Shaozhuang's "theory of slavery"; Zhang Guangzhi yes Guo Moruo Jian Bozan, Lv Zhenyu Wang Jingru 、 Ma Changshou 、 Han Guopan , Wang Secondary kernel 、 Shang Yue 、 Cai Meibiao 、 Forest trunk In the study of the history of the Han nationality and the ancient social nature of some ethnic minorities, others argued against the "theory of slavery"; Cao Chengzhang's metaphor for the other country Dai nationality In the study of the nature of ancient society, he advocated the counterattack of "slavery theory"; Du Kun refuted Ma Changshou's claim of "having slaves" in the study of the ancient social nature of Nanzhao; Zong Ruihua and Shen Changyun respectively discussed with Chen Weisheng and Tian Changwu, the "slave theory", on the theory of universal stage of slave society and the issue of slavery in ancient China; Zhang Yongguo's view of He Guoguo Miao nationality The challenge of advocating "slavery theory" in the study of the nature of ancient society; Yi Mouyuan vs Hu Qingjun, Liu Yaohan and others in Liangshan Yi nationality In the study of the nature of ancient society, Mo Jinshan attacked Fan Wenlan and Guo Moruo's view of the division of ancient history; Wang Qingxian blamed Ma Changshou, Lin Gan and others for advocating "slavery theory" in the study of the ancient social nature of the Huns; Duan Zhongqiao argued with Xi Zhaoyong on the theory of "five social forms"; Chen Chun advocated that because of the obvious ideological orientation of the early discussions on the nature of the state, the "rationale" for different views and positions is no longer neutral and equal.^[1]

Therefore, when we think about and explore this issue, we need to hide the‘ Marxist historian ' Aura, completely from an academic point of view to explore this issue. All these reflect the characteristics of the "serf free school", which has been prepared for a long time, and the persuasive characteristics of their "serf free theory". In particular Degenson University, Pennsylvania Hill, an anthropology professor, questioned Fei Xiaotong's claim of "slavery" in the study of the nature of the ancient society of the Yi people in Liangshan. Hill believed that "the unique socio-economic process of the slave system in Xiaoliangshan before the collectivization reform in the 1950s showed that, Nuosu society It was a society with slaves, but it was not a slave society.^[1]

Chinese Oracle and Bone Science Masters in Modern Japanese Studies Island male (1908-1977) flatly denied Guo Moruo "The theory of slave society in the Yin Dynasty" can also not be ignored. In his posthumous manuscript "A Certificate of the Non slave Society in the Yin Dynasty", he applied his knowledge of oracle bones, which appeared in oracle bones inscriptions“ Agriculture , animal husbandry, sacrifice, etc Guo Moruo The argument that the word "Zhong" in the Yin Dynasty was "slave" and that the Yin Dynasty was a slave society presented a credible proof of the non slave society in the Yin Dynasty. This understanding of Hill and Shimbun, just like the above American and Japanese scholars' positive attitude towards Huang Xianfan's proposition of "slavery free theory", shows that the proposition of China's "slavery free school" has in fact influenced foreign countries, and has been echoed by some foreign scholars' understanding of the "slavery free theory" of ancient Chinese society. From this point of view, there is a difference between the "serfdom school" and the "early serfdom theorists" in the 1930s.^[1]

paper

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Huang Xianfan: Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society (top and bottom), Journal of Guangxi Normal University, 1979, Issue 2 and 3.^[1]

Professor Yu Shijie, a representative scholar of the Wunu School

Zhang Guangzhi: On the Historical Status of Slavery, Journal of Qinghai Normal University, 1980, Issue 1 and 2.^[1]

Huang Weicheng: On Slave Society Is Not the First Historical Stage of Class Society and Shang Dynasty Is Not Slave Society (top and bottom), Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities, 1980, Issue 2 and 3.^[1]

Zhu Zhongxi: A Brief View on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, Journal of Qinghai Normal University, 1980, Issue 3.^[1]

Wei Wenxuan: Several Problems of the Feudal Serfdom in the Sicheng Prefecture, Journal of the Central University for Nationalities, 1980, Issue 4.^[1]

Cao Chengzhang: The Origin and Nature of "Gunjizhao", Ethnic Studies, 1980, Issue 5.^[1]

Xu Pu: Is it a slave society after the disintegration of primitive society? Social Science Research, 1980, Issue 6.^[1]

Zong Ruihua: From the Two Viewpoints Raised in the 1984 Theoretical Study on the Nature of Ancient Society, Qinghai Social Sciences, 1985, Issue 5.^[1]

Zhang Yongguo: On the Characteristics of the Social and Historical Development of the Miao Nationality, Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 1986, Issue 1.^[1]

Zhu Xi: To Correctly Understand Marx and Engels' Comments on Slavery, Nankai History, 1986, Issue 2.^[1]

Huang Weicheng: The Asiatic mode of production is not the mode of production in the primitive society - the first, second and third of the three theories on the Asiatic mode of production, Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities, No. 3, 1986~No. 1, 1987.^[1]

Yi Fuyuan: Several Theoretical Issues in the Study of Slavery and Discussion with Comrade Hu Qingjun, Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 1986, Issue 4.

Kuang Haolin: Exploration on Several Issues of the Super phase Transition of China's Ethnic Social Development, Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, 1986, Issue 6.

Wang Kewang: On the Transition of the Ancient Social Form of the She Nationality beyond the Stage, Southeast Culture, 1987, Issue 1.^[1]

Hu Quyuan: From Laozi to Ancient Chinese Society, Fudan Journal, 1987, Issue 1.

Lu Zhongming: A Preliminary Study of the Social Formation in the Pre Qin Period, Western Academic Circles, 1987, Issue 2.^[1]

Shen Changyun: Is the Ancient Slavery in China a Developed Slavery Form - A Discussion with Mr. Tian Changwu, Historical Journal, 1987, Issue 2.^[1]

Wang Kewang: On the Feudalization Process of Ancient She Society, Journal of Lishui Teachers College, 1987, Issue 2.^[1]

Researcher Lu Kejian

Zong Ruihua: Outline of the Slavery Issue - Discussion with Comrades Who Advocate the "Theory of the Universal Stage of Slavery Society", Anhui History, 1988, Issue 4.^[1]

Yang Shi, Tian Shengyi:《 Marx Anthropological Notes and We Today《 Historiography theory 》No. 4, 1988.^[1]

Hu Zhongda: Answering the Questions of Five Production Modes, Literature, History and Philosophy, 1988, Issue 6.^[1]

Shen Changyun: "There was no slave society in ancient China - reflection on the discussion of the stages of ancient Chinese history", Tianjin Social Sciences, 1989, Issue 4.^[1]

Hu Quyuan: Ancient Chinese Society from Marx's "Two Kinds of Production" Theory, Jiangsu Social Sciences, 1989, Issue 4.^[1]

Yan Yingjun: The common feature of the social development of ethnic minorities in central and southeast China is that it has crossed the stage of slavery society, Guangxi Ethnic Studies, 1989, Issue 3.^[1]

Mo Jinshan: Answering the Questions of the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, Guangxi Social Sciences, 1994, Issue 6.^[1]

Yu Shijie: Ancient Han Nationality Entering Guangxi and Its Influence on the Social and Historical Development of Guangxi, Academic Forum, 1995, Issue 6.^[1]

Chao Fulin: Research on the Social Development Path and the Social Nature of Xia Dynasty in the Early Civilization Age of China, Historical Theory Research, 1996, Issue 3.^[1]

Chao Fulin: On Several Issues of Slavery in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period《 Beijing Normal University Journal, 1996, Issue 6.^[1]

Mo Jinshan: Looking Back at the End of the Century on the Discussion of Slavery in China, Academic Research, 1996, Issue 7.^[1]

Wang Xuedian: "Five Golden Flowers": False Problems and True Learning《 Beijing Daily 》June 3, 2002.^[1]

Li Huaiguo: My View on the Social Nature of the Ancient East, Theoretical Discussion, 2002, Issue 4.^[1]

Wang Ping: A New Probe into the Nature of the Yin Shang People's Sacrifice《 Journal of Shandong Radio and TV University 》Issue 4, 2002.^[1]

Wang Zanyuan: Is There a Slave Society in Ancient China -- Viewing the Ancient Slave Phenomenon from Literature and Jiajin Script, Journal of Vocational and Technical University, 2003, Issue 3.^[1]

Han Yan: My Opinion on the Study of the Social Nature of the Shang Dynasty《 Journal of Qinghai Normal University 》Issue 3, 2003.^[1]

Duan Zhongqiao: Did Marx Put forward the Theory of "Five Social Forms" - Answering Professor Xi Zhaoyong, Teaching and Research, 2006, Issue 6.^[1]

Zhu Xi: Marxism and Slavery -- Also a Discussion with Mr. Liao Xuesheng, Exploration, 2008, Issue 1.^[1]

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Huang Xianfan: "There is no slave society in Chinese history", mimeographed edition of Guangxi Normal University, October and December 1981.^[1]

Zhang Guangzhi: Slave society is not a necessary stage for the development of human history, Qinghai People's Publishing House, 1988.^[1]

Zhang Guangzhi, Li Xuegong: Research on the Three Generations of Social Form -- Research on China's Slave free Society and Development Stages, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 2001.

Zhu Yan: Debate for Mark: The Development of Primitive Society to Slave Society is a Pseudo Marxist Theory, Xuelin Press, 1999.^[1]

Shen Changyun: Research on Ancient History, Zhonghua Book Company, 2002.^[1]

Wang Xuedian: Review of Chinese History in the 20th Century, Shandong People's Publishing House, 2002.^[1]

Chao Fulin: Research on the Social Formation of the Pre Qin Period, Beijing Normal University Press, 2003.^[1]

notes

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[1] ^ Quoted from Mo Jinshan: Looking Back at the End of the Century in the Discussion of Slavery in China, published in Academic Research, 1996, Issue 7.^[1]

[2] ^ Quoted from Wang Changkun, Lu Kuanmin, Yin Jie: Summary of Research on the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, published in Tangdu Academic Journal, 2005, Issue 3.^[1]

[3] ^ Quoted from Zhang Guangzhi: Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages, page 240, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 2003.^[1]

[4] ^ Quoted from Zhang Guangzhi: Seventy Years of Discussion on the Stages of Ancient Chinese History (I), published in Knowledge of Literature and History, 2005, Issue 10.

[5] ^ Quoted from Chen Chun: Social Evolution Model and the Social Nature of Early China, published in Fudan Journal, 2006, Issue 6.^[1]

[6] ^ Zeng Fei Carry forward the humanistic historical view and abandon historical materialism. Zeng Fei's blog, March 21, 2010.^[1]

[7] ^ See Mo Jinshan: Answering the Questions of the Nature of Ancient Chinese Society, published in Guangxi Social Sciences, 1994, Issue 6.^[1]

[8] ^ See the Summary of the Academic Seminar on the Asian Mode of Production, published in the Study of Chinese History, 1981, Issue 3.^[1]

[9] ^ See Huang Xianfan, Huang Zengqing, Zhang Yimin: General History of Zhuang Nationality, 183-191, Guangxi Ethnic Publishing House, 1988.^[1]

[10] ^ Quoted from Jeffrey G. Barlow, Fang Ming (excerpt): Zhuang, a minority on the Sino Vietnamese border in the Song Dynasty, published in Southeast Asia, 1989, Issue 1.^[1]

[11] ^ See Huang Xianfan's manuscript: On the Construction of "Chinese Life Science", published in Guangxi Social Sciences, 2007, Issue 3.^[1]

[12] ^ Quoted from Huang Xianfan: Discussion on China's National History without Slave Society, published in Journal of Guangxi Normal University, 1979, Issue 2 and 3.^[1]

[13] ^ Quoted from Guo Moruo, The Age of Slavery, page 115, Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1954.^[1]

[14] ^ is the same as 14.

[15] ^ Quoted from Huang Xianfan: A Brief History of the Tong People in Guangxi, page 23, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 1957.^[1]

[16] ^ Quoted from Huang Xianfan: (chieftain system in western Guangxi), published in the Proceedings of the Scientific Seminar on the History of the Tong Yao Nationality (Volume 1), 1962.^[1]

[17] ^ Quoted from Cao Chengzhang: Questioning the Dai Slavery (middle), published in Ethnic Studies, 1982, Issue 1.^[1]

[18] ^ Quoted from Huang Xianfan: "Discussion on whether there is a slave society in China", mimeograph of Guangxi Normal University, March 8, 1980.^[1]

[19] ^ Quoted from Huang Xianfan: "The Staging of Chinese Ancient History Should be Re evaluated - There was no Slave Society in Ancient China", mimeograph of Guangxi Normal University, November 5, 1978.^[1]

[20] ^ Quoted from Qiliang: On the Staging of Ancient Chinese History, published in Journal of Social Sciences of Xiangtan University, Issue 5, 2001.^[1]

[21] ^ Quoted from Ren Shijiang: Talking from the Social Nature of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, published in History Teaching, 2006, Issue 2.^[1]

[22] ^ See Chen Jisheng: On the Slave free School of Chinese History, June 1, 2010.

[23] ^ Quoted from Zhang Guangzhi: Review and Reflection on the Discussion of Ancient Chinese History by Stages, page 240, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 2003.^[1]

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