Tourism resources are the premise and foundation of tourism development.Tourism resources mainly include natural scenery tourism resources andplaces of historic figures and cultural heritageTourism resources.Natural scenery tourism resources includemountain、canyon, Forestvolcano, rivers, lakesbeach, hot springsWildlife, climate, etc., which can be classified into four categories: landform, hydrology, climate, and biology.humanityLandscape tourism resources include historical and cultural sites, ancient buildingsethnic customs New achievements in modern construction, dietshopping, culture, art and sports entertainment, which can be summarized into four categories: cultural scenery, cultural tradition, folk customs and sports entertainment.
4. From the perspective of modern tourism, tourism resources are the factors and conditions that can stimulate tourists' tourism motivation, be used by the tourism industry, and generate economic value.(Xing Daolong, Talking about Tourism Resources)
5. All phenomena and things that can stimulate tourists' tourism motivation, be used by the tourism industry, and generate economic and social benefits are called tourism resources.(The higher education version is basically the same as above)
6. The definition of tourism resources is more precise and normative: "The so-called tourism resources refer to the things and factors that are attractive to tourists, can stimulate tourists' tourism motivation, have certain tourism functions and values, can be developed and utilized for tourism, and can produce economic, social and environmental benefits in nature and human society".(National Tourism Administration and Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences)Specifications for general survey of tourism resources(Trial draft)
Foreign Understanding
Western countries call tourism resources tourist attractions. Different from China, it includes not only tourism resources of tourist destinations, but also reception facilities and excellent service factors, and even comfortable and fast transportation conditions.
2. Existing tangible material resources, such as mountains, rivers, and intangible nonmaterial resources , such as myths and legends.More is the combination of tangible material resources and intangible intangible resources.Such as the Great Wall andMeng JiangnuCrying over the stories of the Great Wall, the Forbidden City and dynastiesMount TaiStories of offering sacrifices to emperors in previous dynasties, HangzhouLeifeng PagodaAndXu XianandWhite LadyAnd so on.
3. Development and change
Tourism resources are not immutable, but a concept with development nature.It shows that some things were not regarded as tourism resources at the beginning of their existence, but with the change of tourists' demand, they have become attractive tourism resources;vice versa.
1. Phases: Some things that are not tourism resources may become tourism resources in the future.asCultural Revolutionruins.
2. The attraction of tourism resources has group tendency or orientation of attraction. For example, rural idyllic scenery for urban people and high-rise buildings for rural people are attractive tourism resources.
The content of tourism resources - the sum of natural and human factors;
Exploitability of tourism resources - tourism value and raw materials.
Tourism resources can be defined as: all raw materials that can attract tourists and have certain tourism functions and values of natural and cultural factors are collectively referred to as tourism resources.It is the basic material condition for the development of tourism and belongs tosocial resourcesList.
Main features
Announce
edit
Feature 1
tourist resources
①Regional differentiation characteristics:Tourism resources are the most basic factors that cause tourism activities.Without the regional differentiation of landscape, it is impossible to attract tourists with different demands.The regional differentiation of tourism resources is controlled by natural geography and the laws of human social activities, and the former control is more direct and obvious, such as the latitudinal zonal distribution characteristics caused by climate differences;Longitude zonal distribution characteristics affected by climate dryness and wetness;Due to the change of temperature and heat with heightVertical zonalityDistribution characteristics;The concentration distribution characteristics formed by the comprehensive action of internal and external factors, including the concentration of size range, lumpy concentration, strip concentration, etc.
②Scene combination characteristics,Including: similar combination and comprehensive combination in terms of category;Group combination and non local combination in space;In terms of scale, there are combinations of different scales, groups of local or near ground, and long-distance combinations of different places.
③Similar occurrence characteristicsThe similar appearance of natural and cultural scenes has made it convenient for tourists to travel nearby, but it has also caused some problems for the development of tourism. For similar scenic spots, it is not easy to revisit them for many times and strengthen the publicity of their characteristics.BesidesPotential resource characteristics、Seasonal variation characteristics、Property variabilityEtc.
Characteristic 2
Lushan Cloud Waterfall
（1） Appreciation of value.It is mainly for viewing or viewing.This is the main difference between tourism resources and general resources.
（2） Spatial regionality.The regional difference reflects that the tourism resources in each region have different characteristics and tourism landscape charm.To a great extent, it determines whether a country or region has made achievements in tourism.
（3） Seasonality in time.(Variability) It mainly refers to the best viewing season of natural landscape affected by seasonal climate.
（4） Sustainability in use.It mainly refers to that tourism resources are only for viewing and cannot be taken away, so they can be used by tourists for a long time.The premise is good protection and management.
（5） The comprehensiveness or diversity of landscape construction.Tourism resources are often composed of multiple factors.
Characteristic 3
(1) Diversity
The various factors that attract tourists are tourism resources.The various factors that attract tourists are tourism resources.The demands vary widely, which can be summarized as: "seeking beauty" and "seeking difference". In the longitudinal direction, people are full of admiration for the remote ancient relics, in the horizontal direction, they are obsessed with the strange environment and things in different places, and their instinctive pursuit of beauty makes people relaxed and happy in the face of the beautiful landscape of nature, and they are passionate about the artificial creation that reflects human pursuit and condenses human wisdom.
(2) Monopoly (non mobility)
It means that the physical body of tourism resources cannot move towards tourists.It is the immobility of tourism resources that determines the temporary and remote characteristics of tourism activities;Consumers only buy images and feelings.
(3) DirectionalityThe first is the regional distribution of resources.Regional difference of geographical environment - people are eager to understand the world outside their residence;It has formed a certain direction for touristsTourism flow；The direction of tourism flow is the attraction of tourism resources.Second, the same tourism resources attract tourists regionally;It is attractive to tourists in some countries or regions;It is not attractive to tourists in some countries or regions;It is not attractive to others.
(4) Timeliness
The timeliness of tourism activities is mainly reflected in three aspects.
Seasonality of time.It refers to the phenomenon that the same geographical environment changes with the seasons, and some special landscapes or special experiences are suitable for tourism in a particular season.
Time specific or periodic:Tourism landscapes and things appear or occur periodically at a specific time.conventionalfestival celebration，the Second World WarAfter that, the Olympic Games will be held every four years;Zhuhai's biennial air show, the annualcarnivalcoming;August 16 of the lunar calendar every yearQiantang Rivertidal bore watching;Sunrise and sunset,
Variability of the times:Historical siteFormer residences of celebrities, abandoned mines, prisons, etc;A trip to the moon, someTheme ParkTerrestrial declination
(5) Combinability
An isolated landscape element or an independent scenic spot is difficult to form an attraction that makes tourists leave their place of residence for a special trip. The combination of various elements that are always complex, diverse, interrelated and interdependent constitutes tourism resources that can attract tourists.
Resource characteristics
1. Diversity of species and abundance of quantity
2. Extensiveness and regionality of spatial distribution
Tourism resources refer to all natural resources and ancient and modern human resources that can be used to develop tourism.Specifically, natural resources include: climate, terrain, animals and plants, beaches, natural scenery, etc., while human resources include: nationality, customs, human feelings, historical monuments, museums, catering dishes, arts and crafts, literature and music, dance, movies, television, and many entertainment facilities.
1. Diversity of tourism resources: tourism resources are diverse, including natural ones, historical ones and contemporary ones, which are closely related to the diversity of tourism purposes.
2. Monopoly of tourism resources, that is, non transferability: people often call tourism "invisible trade" and "scenery export", which actually attracts tourists from every corner of the world to tourist destinations by virtue of these various natural and social cultural resources.Different from other resources, tourism resources have strong monopoly.As one of the greatest wonders in the history of world architecture, the Great Wall cannot be seen in other countries.As many tourists said, "If you go to China without going to Beijing, you are not going to China. If you go to Beijing without visiting the Great Wall, you are not going to Beijing."
3. Seasonality of tourism resources: besides meetings, business and other forms of tourism, sightseeing tourism is most restricted by seasons.This is especially reflected in coastal cities. Every summer, tourists who come to summer resort flock to the city, so that there are supersaturation problems in food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping, entertainment, etc. Some people complain about "spending money to buy pain".From October to May of the next year, few tourists come to these resorts.Therefore, the seasonality of tourism causes the low and high season of tourism.The longer the peak season, the greater the income of tourism, and vice versa.
4. Nationality of tourism resources: China has a long history, a vast territory and many nationalities.Different nationalities have different geographical locations, natural environments, historical backgrounds, and economic conditions, so their lifestyles, costumes, customs, residential buildings, flavor snacks, etc. are also different, with a strong national color.For example, yurts in Inner Mongolia grasslands, bamboo towers in the southwest, quadrangles in the north, and Dai's Water Splashing Festival, Tibetan's Bathing Buddha Festival, Dong's Firecracker Festival, Yi's Torch Festival, Zhuang's Song Fair, etc.In these grand national festivals and events, the people of all ethnic groups are dressed in colorful clothes, singing and dancing, cheerful, and the atmosphere is very warm.These events are very attractive to tourists from all over the world.
From the above characteristics, tourism resources are like a mirror, which reflects the history, culture, art, material and civilization level of a country in a unique way.Through them, we can not only see the past, but also look forward to the future, enhancing national self-confidence and pride.
Resource function
Announce
edit
The function of tourism resources refers to its utility and value to human society.[1]
The utility and value of tourism resources are mainly divided into two aspects: first, for tourists, its functions are mainly manifested in three aspects: viewing leisure, entertainment and fitness, and increasing knowledge and benefiting God. Among them, viewing leisure is the most basic function of tourism resources;Second, for the countries or regions of tourism destinations and their tourism operators, their functions are mainly reflected in the economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits they have achieved.[1]
Resource classification
Announce
edit
Attribute classification
As for the types of tourism resources, people have multiple ways to divide them, but according to the common practice of various countries, tourism resources can be generally divided into three categories: natural tourism resources, human tourism resources, and social tourism resources.[2]Natural tourism resources: mainly due to the natural occurrence ofvisitAttractive geographical elements such as sightseeing, rest and recuperation, entertainment and sports. These elements either form tourism resources by monomer and monomer combination, or by a combination of certain elements supplemented by other elements.[3]
Biological landscape forest, grassland, rare tree species, rare flowers and plants, rare birds and animals
Climate and celestial landscape - climate and special celestial landscape suitable for summer and cold recuperation and treatment, such asMount TaiSunrise, Lushan Cloud Waterfall, Huangshan Mountainseas of cloudsAs well as Emei Buddha Light and Desert, which are rare but occur frequentlymirage, polar aurora, etc.
Humanistic tourism resources: It refers to the material entities created by ancient and modern human beings that can attract people to travel, or the myths, legends, celebrity anecdotes, etc. with them as the carrier.[3]
National culture and its carrier - mainly including visible, perceptible and participatory special folk customs, customs, festivals, national arts and crafts, etc.
Religious cultural resources: It mainly includes two types. One is the art of religious architecture for sightseeing, such as altars, temples, temples, temples, and large statues with the color of personality gods, as well as the decorations, sculptures, murals, couplets, and inscriptions given to them;The other is the religious activity places created by these religious buildings and arts themselves.For example, clergy of various religions preach and seek Dharma, and a large number of modern tourists also patronize religions for the purpose of praying for gods and worshipping BuddhasTemple Taoist TempleOf.[3]
Urban and rural landscape:History with visual imageCultural cityUnique modern urban scenery, fresh and simple pastoral scenery, ancient towns and villages, etc.
Modern artificial facilities: Large projects and cultural facilities with characteristics, scale, special significance and influence.
Influential international sports and cultural events:
Classification of tourism resources
Food shopping:Including a variety of distinctive local flavor food, specialty products, special markets and famous shops.
Content classification
Tourist appreciation type:With beautiful natural scenery, famous ancient buildings, ruins and gardens, modern urban landscapeLandscape and pastoral, religious temples for the purpose of Range Rover praying, etc.[3]
Knowledge type:Mainly cultural relics and historic sites, natural history exhibitions, science and technology, natural wonders, literature and art works, etc.
Experiential:It mainly focuses on folk customs, social fashion, festival activities, flavor diet, religious ceremonies, etc.
Recreational type:It mainly focuses on recreational and sports activities, vacation and recuperation, rehabilitation and health care, and artificial parks.
Nature classification
Ornamental tourism resources, sports tourism resources, leisure (health) tourism resources, entertainment tourism resources and special tourism resources.[3]
Other classifications
◎ PressTraditional tourismAccording to the classification of resource view, China's tourism resources include natural landscape resources, human landscape resources, folk customs resources, traditional diet resources, cultural resources and handicraft resources, as well as urban and pastoral scenery resources.
◎ According to the concept of modern tourism industry resources,China's tourism resourcesIt includes sightseeing tourism resources, vacation tourism resources, eco-tourism resources, skiing, mountaineering, exploration, hunting and other special tourism resources, as well as food, study, medical care and other special tourism resources.
◎ Wei Xiangdong Edition is divided into three categories according to the basic attributes of tourism resources: natural tourism resources, humanistic tourism resourcesSocial tourismresources
◎ Classification according to the quality and level of tourism resources
Quality grade
Announce
edit
In 1999,State Bureau of Quality and Technical SupervisionPublish《tourist area(Point) Division and Evaluation of Quality Grades.According to the taste of tourism resourcesTourism transportation, tourism, tourism safety, health, communication, tourism shopping, comprehensive managementNumber of tourists, tourism resources, environmental protection and other conditions, China's tourist areas are divided into one, two, three and four grades.
First class tourist area
Tourism resources have outstanding taste, and their historical value, scientific value or artistic value are of great significance in the world, or their resources are precious, rare and peculiar, which are unique or rare landscapes in China.More than 500000 tourists are received annually.
Secondary tourist area
Tourism resources have outstanding taste, and their historical value, scientific value or artistic value are representative in China, or their resources are precious, rare and peculiar, which belong to unique or rare landscapes in China.More than 300000 tourists are received annually.
Grade III tourist area
Tourism resources have outstanding taste, and their historical value, scientific value or artistic value are representative in the administrative region at the same level, or their resources are precious, rare and peculiar, which are unique or rare landscapes in China.More than 100000 tourists are received annually.
Grade IV tourist area
Tourism resources have outstanding taste, and their historical value, scientific value or artistic value are of great significance in the region, or their resources are precious, rare and peculiar, which are unique or rare landscapes in the region.More than 30000 tourists are received annually.
development
Announce
edit
Tourism development refers to tourismresource development As the core, promote the comprehensive development of social and economic activities in the tourism industry.It is a comprehensive and comprehensive systematic project, including the investigation and evaluation of tourism resources, the feasibility study of tourism project development, the planning and design of tourist attractions (spots), the selection and marketing of tourist target markets, the construction, operation and management of tourist attractions (spots), the construction of enterprise culture in tourist attractions (spots), the construction and promotion of tourist destination images,The construction of tourism infrastructure and service facilities, as well as the creation of tourism social atmosphere and other aspects.
Reasons for development
Most tourism resources rely only on the original internal quality, which has certain limitations,
——Or fail to reach the level that attracts people to travel
——Or make tourists eager and unreachable
——Or cannot adapt to the development and changesTourism demand
It must be planned and constructed, embellished and supplemented to create distinctiveTourism image；
Improve infrastructure and tourist reception facilities, and improve the accessibility of tourist destinations;
Excavate the potential of tourism resources in old tourist areas and create new tourism products including labor services.
This is the only way to improveTourism attractionSo as to increase the economic and social benefits of tourism.
Therefore, the development of tourism resources usually refers to the development of tourism resourcesattractive forceAnd technological and economic activities such as development and construction.
Form of development
Protection and development of tourism resources
Materialized labor
Protection and development of tourism resources
Construction of scenic spots and scenic spots: beautify the environment, increase cultural buildings, lay roads, stairs, observation platforms, and repair ancient buildings in the scenic spot;Entertainment facilities;
Construction of reception facilities: catering, accommodation, shopping, tour buses, and transportation in the scenic area;
Infrastructure: traffic roads, posts and telecommunications, safety and health.
Activate labor
to writeCaptionDesign tour routes, travel agencies organize tours, tour guides explain, hotel multi-level service system, government policy guidance of tourist destinations, tourist information
Necessity of development
Increase attractiveness
Create tourism environment
Redevelopment prolongs market life
Content developed
The development of tourism resources includes the development of a single tourism resource, the comprehensive development of multiple tourism resourcesTourist spotsOr tourism development.The main contents of development include:
Yellow River water erosion relief
（1） Improving the accessibility of tourist destinations: refers to the traffic connection between the tourist resources and the outside world and the smoothness and convenience of the internal traffic conditions.
（2） Construction and improvement of tourism infrastructure: mainly used by local residents and relied on by touristsfacility of traveling。Such as water supply, electricity and gas systems;Road traffic, stations, docks, airports, etc;Hospitals, banks, etc.
（3） Construction of tourism superstructure (or service facilities): service facilities mainly used by foreign tourists.Such as hotels, information centers, tourist souvenir stores, entertainment venues, etc.
（4） Development, construction and management of tourist attractions and scenic spots: including the opening of new scenic spots and scenic spots, as well as the transformation and renewal of the original scenic spots and scenic spots.
（5） Training service personnel
Development and utilization principle
（1） Principle of highlighting uniqueness[2]
(II)The principle of striving for economy
（3） Pay attention to the principle of environmental protection[2]
（4） Principle of overall planning and phased development[2]
Features of development
1. Coordination
2. Systematicity
3. Objectivity
4. Comprehensive
5. Technical
Cause of damage
Announce
edit
Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics
With China's reform and opening up and rapid economic development, China's tourism industry has achieved sustained and rapid development. The international and domestic income has exceeded 400 billion yuan. Tourism has become an important industry in China.becauseTourism resources protectionWith the rapid growth of tourism demand, the lag of legislation and the drawbacks of management systemeconomic centerUnder the guidance of the theory, serious ecological damage andenvironmental pollution, which has destroyed the natural resource base on which tourism depends, and has a huge impact on the protection of biodiversity and traditional culture.
Reasons for the destruction of tourism resources
natural disaster:
1. Geological disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, water and fire disasters, etc.
2. Meteorological disasters, such as wind erosion, water erosionsunshineEtc.
3. Damage caused by improper economic construction.
4. Damage caused by political factors, such as the "Cultural Revolution".
example
Announce
edit
Tourism resources include natural resourcesHuman resourcesAnd social resources.
1、 Natural resources:
Tourism environment
Natural resources refer to conditions and natural scenery, including mountains, canyons, forestsvolcano, rivers, lakes, beach springs, rare birds, exotic animals, exotic flowers, exotic grasses, and temperaturesunshine, rain stars, etc.
1. Famous mountains in China:
1. Five Mountains: Taishan Mountain in the east, Songshan Mountain in the middle, Huashan Mountain in the west, Hengshan Mountain in the south, and Beiyue MountainMount Heng
Historic and cultural sites are customarily called human resources;These include memorial ceremonies, ancient buildings, ancient tombs, art treasures and various archaeological discoveries.
5. Four ancient capitals: Xi'an, Nanjing, Beijing and Luoyang
6. Three ancient buildings: Beijing Forbidden CityChengde Mountain ResortConfucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong
3、 Social tourism resources:
carnival
Folk customs, new changes, etc. are called tourism resources;These include ancient customs, folk customs, interpersonal relationships, and various construction styles and development achievements.
1. The three largest casinos in the world: Las Vegas in the United States, Macao in China, Monaco
1. Buddhism: Originated from the 6th to 5th century BCSiddhartha Gautama, the representative classic is the Vajra Sutra. About 250 million people in the world believe in Buddhism.
a、World Buddha Day: Full moon day in May of the Gregorian calendar;
b、 Buddha's Birthday (Water Splashing Festival)
c、 Chengdao Festival: the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month (Laba)
2. Christianity: it was formed and developed in the first century BC, and believed in Jesus ChristThe BibleClassic.One billion people believe in Christianity.
a、 Christmas: December 25 of the Gregorian calendar
b、 Easter: the first Sunday after the full moon at the vernal equinox (between March 21 and April 25)
b、 Gurbang Day: December 1 in the Istrian calendar
c、 Holy Day (holy day of death): March 12, Higgullah calendar
evaluate
Announce
edit
Evaluation of tourism resources
Tourism environment
Determine the value and position of the tourism resources in a certain region, and provide scientific basis for the development plan of new tourism areas,
Provide basis for transformation and expansion of developed and partially developed old tourist areas.
Provide a series of data and judgment standards for national and regional hierarchical planning and management.
Content of resource evaluation
Evaluation of series of elements: resource density, resource capacity, resource characteristicsResource valueAnd function, geographical combination, nature of resources
Evaluation of development conditions:LocationEnvironment, tourist source, regional economic development level, construction conditions and development sequence
Benefit evaluation: economy, society and environment
tourist resources
Evaluation criteria:
1. Aesthetic standards: evaluate the aesthetic quality or characteristics of the tourism resources to be developed.
2. Social standards: evaluate whether the tourism resources to be developed can reflect the current local social development and cultural characteristics.
3. Historical standard: evaluate whether the tourism resources to be developed can reflect the historical and cultural features of the past.
4. Market standard: evaluate the target, degree and scale of tourists attracted by the tourism resources to be developed.
Evaluation methods of tourism resources
1．Lu YuntingMr. "three three six evaluation method"
Three values: historical and cultural value, artistic appreciation value and scientific investigation value
Tourism survey
Three benefits: six conditions of economy, society and environment: geographical location and traffic conditions of the scenic spot, geographical combination conditions of scenery or scenic category, scenic spotTourism capacityConditions, construction difficulties, investment capacity and tourist market.
1. Evaluation items: "resource element value", "resource influence", "added value".Among them, the "value of resource elements" project includes five evaluation factors, namely, "use value of sightseeing and recreation (you qi play and rest)", "value of history, culture, science and art", "degree of rarity", "scale, abundance and probability", and "integrity".The project of "resource influence" includes two evaluation factors, namely "popularity and influence" and "suitable travel period or scope of use".
The "added value" includes one evaluation factor of "environmental protection and environmental safety".
2. Basic score: The total score of resource element value and resource influence is 100 points, of which: "resource element value" is 85 points, and the distribution is as follows: "ornamental and recreational use value" 30 points, "historical science, culture and art value" 25 points, "rare or strange degree" 15 points, "scale, abundance and probability" 10 points, and "integrity" 5 points."Resource influence" is 15 points, including 10 points for "popularity and influence" and 5 points for "suitable travel period or scope of use"."Environmental protection and environmental safety" in "added value" is divided into positive points and negative points.
3. Scoring and grading
According to the total evaluation score of individual tourism resources, it is divided into five levels, from high to low:
Grade V tourism resources, score range ≥ 90 points.
Grade IV tourism resources, score range ≥ 75-89.
Grade III tourism resources, score range ≥ 60-74 points.
Grade II tourism resources, score range ≥ 45-59 points.
Grade I tourism resources, score range ≥ 30-44 points.
Five level tourism resources are called "special grade tourism resources";
Tourism resources at five, four and three levels are generally called "excellent tourism resources";
The secondary and primary tourism resources are generally called "ordinary tourism resources".
investigation
Announce
edit
tourist resources
According to the classification standard of tourism resources, the research and record of tourism resource monomer are carried out.The members of the investigation team should have professional knowledge related to the tourism environment, tourism resources and tourism development of the investigation area. Generally, they should absorb tourism, environmental protection, geology, biology, architectural gardens, history and culture,tourism managementAnd other professionals.Basic contents of the survey
It is the basis and foundation for evaluating tourism resources and formulating development planning plans.It is carried out in two stages:
Indoor preparation
Have a general understanding and overall impression of the tourism resources in the target area.
The documents, reports, charts and other materials related to tourism resources in this area and adjacent areas shall be sorted out as evidence and reference for field investigation.
Background data: land and resources survey report, hydrometeorological data, various statistical data;Satellite film, aerial film and various existing largeScale topographic map；Cultural and historical materials, local chronicles, toponyms and travel notes of predecessors;News and clues provided by local people.
Field investigation
Validate the conclusions of predecessors, and further investigate the scenic spots and scenery that have not been found by predecessors.There are three ways of field investigation:
Route investigation: investigation along the traffic line, focusing on opening up new tourist attractions;
Regional census: the focus is to conduct a comprehensive survey of the types, quantity, quality, regional distribution and differences, and utilization status of tourism resources in the region, and analyze, compare and evaluate similar tourism resources, so as to lay a good foundation for scenic spot division, tour route design, and cultural landscape, thus providing background information for the development of regional tourism.In order to ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of data, modern technical means such as remote sensing technology can be used to obtain and verify data during field survey:
Key investigation: It is mainly a thorough field survey of key scenic spots, including tourism resourcesnatural environment, social economy, existing foundation, engineering technology, environmental protection, etc.
Tourism resources survey
Survey of tourism resources
Investigation of the environment
Customer source analysis
Positive or negative impacts from adjacent tourism resources
protect
Announce
edit
Protection regulations
Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics
Qinhuangdao Tourism Resources
Since the reform and opening up, China has issued and implementedTourism marketThere are more than 40 laws and regulations.In terms of tourism resources, China does not have a special tourism resources protection law, and the laws and regulations related to tourism resources protection are mainly scattered in the administrative regulations of the State Council and the departmental rules of forestry, culture, environmental protection, urban planning, minerals, water conservancy and other departments.Mainly:
Issued by the State Council《Interim Regulations on Administration of Scenic Spots》(1985), Nature Reserves Ordinance (1994)《Measures for the Administration of Forest and Wildlife Type Nature Reserves》(1985), the former Ministry of Forestry formulated and issued the Management Measures for Forest Parks (1994)《Forest Law》, Environmental Protection Law, Urban Planning Law《mineral resourcesRegulations on the protection of scenic spots in laws such as the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics and its Implementation Rules, Regulations on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Relics, Regulations on the Protection and Management of Geological Relics and other laws and regulationsCultural relicsProvisions for protection.Each region has also formulated some local laws and regulations based on its own characteristics.The above laws and regulations stipulate the development, utilization and protection of tourism resources from different perspectives.
Protection mode
Mount Tai
In terms of tourism resources protection, countries around the world have adopted two types of methods:
First, use legal means to implement legislation and strengthen the legal system.
The second is to divide tourism resources into different levels for protection according to their quality.
Protect content
Tourism environment
Tourism resources are the prerequisite for the development of tourism, and tourism environment is the integration of natural, economic and social conditions with tourism resources as the main body.Dealing with the relationship between tourism resources and the environment, reasonable development and protection, is the guarantee of sustainable development of tourism.Therefore, the protection content is divided into tourism resources and tourism environment.
1. Tourism resources: refer to scenic spots and scenery with tourism development value.It mainly includes cultural tourism resources such as cultural relics, historic sites, buildings, steles and revolutionary relics, as well as mountain peaksHieroglyph, water, trees and other natural tourism resources.
2. Tourism environment: refers to the surrounding environment that affects the protection of cultural relics and tourist behavior.It mainly includes climate, water body, terrain, trees and social and cultural environment.
Protection planning
（1） Protection of tourism resources
1. Classification
1) Level 1.With high ornamental value, historical value, scientific value and non renewable characteristics, it belongs to the landscape resources of the core landscape in the tourist area.
1) Protection measures for first-class tourism resources
● During the development, its original style and environment must be protected to effectively prevent natural and man-made damage and maintain the authenticity and integrity of cultural relics and natural landscape.Arbitrary development and construction are strictly prohibited.
● The size and layout of the building are reasonable, the color and style are consistent, and they are in harmony with the surrounding landscape style.The walls of the building are neat and free of dirt.There is no sewage, dirt, or disorderly building, stacking, or placing.
● Draw a certain range around it, within which all buildings that may affect the integrity and beauty of the landscape perspective shall not be built, and stalls shall not be set up within this range.
● In the areaModelling landformThere are many, and they should be specially protected during construction and tourism activities to avoid permanent damage.
2) Protection measures for secondary tourism resources
On the basis of the first level tourism resources protection measures, they should be appropriately relaxed, but they should not cause permanent damage.
（2） Protection of tourism environment
1. Classification
The scenic spot is divided into three parts: key protected areas, general protected areas and peripheral protected areas.
1) Key protected areas.It refers to the environment around tourism resources, including the problems involved in greening, pollution, construction, quarrying and other activities.
2) General protected area.It refers to the protection of the overall environment outside the key protected areas in the tourist area, mainly including the atmosphere, water quality, noise, garbage and mountains.
3) Peripheral protection zone.It refers to the tourism environment atmosphere building zone located in the tourist area but outside the scenic spots.
2) All facilities and equipment in the area meet the national environmental protection requirements, do not cause environmental pollution and other public hazards, and do not damage the tourist atmosphere.
3) Adhere to the principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control" for forest diseases and insect pests, cooperate with the forestry department, timely grasp the occurrence and development trend of forest diseases and insect pests, and take biological, chemical, physical and other measures to control and eliminate their hazards.
4) Hygienic measures
● Obvious identification of garbage bins, sufficient quantity, reasonable layout, beautiful and practical appearance, and coordination with the environment.The garbage shall be cleaned in time and cleared every day.
● Catering services shall comply with the national provisions on food hygiene, equipped with disinfection facilities, and the use of disposable tableware that causes environmental pollution is prohibited.
● The toilet guidance signs are eye-catching, the number meets the needs, and the shape, color and style are coordinated with the environment.All toilets shall be equipped with flushing, public washing and ventilation equipment or use water free ecological toilets.Toilet urinals shall be clean, free of dirt and blockage.The room is clean, clean and bright without damage, stain or odor.
● All public places shall meet the national hygiene testing standards.
5) Safety measures
● The traffic, electromechanical, sightseeing, entertainment and other equipment are in good condition and operate normally without potential safety hazards.The protective facilities in dangerous sections are complete and effective, and the signs are obvious.
● Carefully implement the security system of tourism, public security, transportation and other relevant departments.
● Establish an emergency rescue system, or set up a clinic, equipped with full-time medical staff and tourists' regular medicines, with strong ability to deal with emergencies.
● Establish and improve the fire prevention system, equip necessary fire prevention equipment, set up fire prevention billboards at eye-catching places, andguideHow to prevent fire.
● Some mountain landslides are serious, threatening the personal safety of tourists. It is planned to solve the problem by combining biological and physical prevention.
6) Any mountain excavation shall be specially approved by the relevant department, and special care shall be taken during construction to minimize the damage to the mountain.
matters needing attention
1. Highlight national and local characteristics.The first is national characteristics, which embodies national commonness in local individuality.The ancient civilization with a long history is the common character of our nation, and the characteristics of tourism resources in various regions are their local characteristics.For example, picturesqueLijiang RiverAnd the magnificent Great Wall have their own personalities.To develop tourism resources, we must make them have unique ornamental value.
2. Ancient civilization, modern civilization and natural scenery develop in harmony.To develop tourism resources and construct tourism facilities, attention should be paid not to damage the natural landscape and the original environmental style.For example, when building a mountain climbing cable car, the beauty and majesty of the original mountain scenery should not be destroyed;High rise modern buildings should not be built next to antique ethnic style buildings.More attention should be paid to the protection of historical relics and historic sites, and the ancient civilization should not be destroyed because of the construction of modern civilization.
3. The development of tourism resources should be compatible with the natural environment, focusing on environmental protection and ecological balance.Tourism is called“Smokeless industry”It means that it does not produce industrial "three wastes", but tourism also produces pollution.In the modern tourism industry, the domestic sewage discharged by hotels and restaurants is a source of pollution that cannot be ignored. The exhaust gas and noise generated by restaurants and restaurants have become a hot complaint among residents. The excessive development of coastal tourist areas will lead to the destruction of aquatic organismsecological equilibrium。These are the environmental hazards caused by the development of tourism. Regulations and measures must be formulated to protect the environment.For example, Thailand's Pattaya seaside resort stipulates that hotels with more than 40 beds should have sewage treatment facilities to ensure the sanitation of the bay waters.Turkey forbids inserting on the beachsun umbrellaTo prevent damage to the turtle eggs buried in the sand, it is prohibited to drive a car on the beach and use strong lights to avoid scaring off big turtles.
4. Pay attention to economic, ecological and social benefits.To develop tourism resources, more projects should be developed with as little investment as possible to make them more attractive and receive greater economic benefits.However, we must prevent the indiscriminate development of economic benefits that may damage the natural environment. This is the wrong practice of "killing the goose that lays the golden egg".
red tourism
Announce
edit
red tourism It takes the Chinese modern revolutionary historical sites as the main resources, and takes the area where the modern revolutionary historical sites are located as touristsTourist destinationSo as to combine "sightseeing" withpatriotiism educationA kind of tourism organically combined with revolutionary traditional education.China is a country with a glorious revolutionary history and fine revolutionary tradition,the May 4th MovementIn the course of more than 80 years of revolution, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people toNew Democratic Revolution, socialist revolution and socialist construction, which left behind extremely rich revolutionary historical sites, as the national people's valuable historical heritage and spiritual wealth, constitute a rich and distinctive red tourism precious resources.
Huge quantity
ImposingQin Terracotta Army, the ancient and winding Great Wall, the wide and magnificent Forbidden City, the magnificentRoyal gardenThe Summer Palace... In the vast land of China, in addition to these well-known ancient places of interest, there is another kind of historical sites that can never be ignored - modern revolutionary historical sites.In contrast, these historic sites are not very old, but their influence and significance are huge, and a considerable part of them are familiar to people.When we mention Mao Zedong, Zhou EnlaiZhu DeAnd Deng Xiaoping and other modern historical giants, when we recallNanchang Uprising、Zunyi MeetingAnd the founding ceremony and other numerous modern revolutionary movements and events, and when we look back on the historical path that the Chinese nation has gone through for nearly a hundred yearsShaoshanMao Zedong's Former Residence, a typical folk house located in ShanghaiShikumenThe site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the red flag flying on the five sentinels of Jinggangshan, and the Yan'an Pagoda standing on the Loess Plateau will all appear in front of us immediately. They seem so fresh that they will always excite and shock people.All these constitute a modern historical site group dominated by revolutionary historical sites.
The progress of modern Chinese history has left us a large number of historical sites, especially revolutionary historical sites.So far, five batches ofNational key cultural relics protection unitsAmong them, there are 127 revolutionary sites and revolutionary memorial buildings.Especially among the 50 national key cultural relics protection units announced in the fourth batch, 29 important revolutionary historical sites and representative buildings in modern times accounted for as much as 58%.As for the revolutionary historical sites under the management of provinces, cities and counties, there are more. Ruijin, a famous red capital in the history of Chinese revolution, has preserved a large number of revolutionary historical relics,Central revolutionary baseIn the history exhibition hall, there are more than 10000 precious revolutionary historical relics and materials.RuijinThere are more than 180 existing revolutionary sites and buildings, including“Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet”, "the former site of the central worker peasant democratic government"“Hongjing”There are 17 national key cultural relics protection units represented by, among others, the largest number of key revolutionary cultural relics in the country.
Content and subject
China's modern historical sites are like a string of winding pearls, connecting ancient and modern cultural relics and historical sites, inheriting the history and culture of the Chinese nation.However, under the strong influence of the trend of Chinese history since modern times, its content and theme are mainly focused on the main line of the Chinese nation being invaded, the nation rising up to resist, and the people carrying out the revolutionary struggle against imperialism and feudalism, which revolves around the historical main line of the Chinese revolutionary struggle.Site of the First CPC National Congress, Jinggangshan Revolutionary Memorial, Yan'an Revolutionary MemorialMuseum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Chongqing GeleshanRevolutionary Martyrs CemeteryThe Monument to the People's Heroes and other historical sites, with the historical facts of the modern revolutionary struggle led by the Communist Party of China as the main content, display magnificent chapters of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to strive for national independence and people's liberation, establish a new China, and obtain freedom and happiness.
After the founding of New China, a large number of revolutionary and construction sites were also left behind.In the 1970s, Premier Zhou Enlai proudly told international friends that "New China has two miracles, one isNanjing Yangtze River Bridge, one is Lin Countyred flag canal。”Lei Feng Memorial Hall, Iron ManWang JinxiMemorial HallKong FansenMemorial Hall, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and Linxian Red Flag Canal, such historical sites with the magnificent entrepreneurial history of New China as the main content, have publicized to us the brilliant achievements of our socialist construction, as well as the moving demeanor of a large number of heroes and models in the new era who work hard, love their jobs and respect their work, and make sincere contributions.
Widespread and regional distribution
Since the 1920s, the revolution has swept the land of China like a surging tide. Under such a background, a large number of modern historical sites are widely distributed. Like stars in the night sky, they are scattered on the land of 9.6 million square kilometers.At the same time, it is also affected by the development trend of modern history. The regional distribution of modern historical sites in China shows a relatively centralized feature.
Just as in modern times, since the invasion of foreign enemies first started in the southeast coastal areas of China, the national aggression and anti aggression struggle first started around the southeast coastal areas.Correspondingly, there are many modern historical sites left over from these places. The modern revolutionary struggle led by the Communist Party of China focuses on different regions at different stages of historical development, so there is a more obvious regional feature in its historical sites.For example, in the early days of the Communist Party of China, its activities were mainly concentrated in a few big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Changsha, Wuhan, and the founding conference was also held in Shanghai, so many of these old sites were reserved in these cities.After the failure of the Great Revolution in 1927, due to the influence of many factors and the national conditions, the Communist Party of China chose a revolutionary road of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing power by armed force. Therefore, the distribution of revolutionary activity relics basically followed the development of the revolutionary process, from the initial stage, most of them were concentrated in remote and backward mountainous areas and rural areas in the central and western regions, such as Jiangxi, Hunan, HubeiSichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and other provinces gradually moved to the eastern regions and big cities, such as Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin and Shanghai, until finally entering Beijing to win the national victory.
And inCounter-Japanese WarIn China, the Japanese army mainly occupied Northeast China, North ChinaEast ChinaAnd South China, the anti Japanese forces of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party are to the westNanheBased in the northwest region, the two sides have fought for 8 years. Therefore, there are more sites related to the Anti Japanese War left in the corresponding areas above.
In addition, it is also mainly influenced by the trend of historical development since modern times. The birthplace of a group of celebrities or outstanding figures in modern Chinese history is mainly concentrated in Hunan and Sichuan, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangsu and Zhejiang along the southeast coast, such asMao Zedong、Liu ShaoqiRen Bishioutstanding Communist military leaderThey are all from Hunan, Zhu De, Deng XiaopingCommunist military leaderChen Yi and others went out of Sichuan,Zhou EnlaiYe Jianying is from Guangdong, and Lu Xun is from Zhejiang.Of course, this phenomenon of the concentration of celebrities' native places has a great relationship with the relatively developed economy or rich cultural heritage of the above regions.
Various types
China's modern and contemporary historical sites are extremely rich in type composition, which can be divided into places where wars or major events took place, such as the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Memorial Site, the Yan'an Revolutionary Memorial Site and theFormer Site of Xi'an IncidentEtc;The site of important meetings, such as the site of the First Congress of the Communist Party of ChinaZunyi MeetingThe site of the meeting, the former site of the CPC Central Committee in Xibaipo, etc;Former office sites of various important institutions, such as the former headquarters of Nanchang Uprising on August 1, HongyanEighth Route Army OfficeFormer site, etc;The former residence or memorial hall of an outstanding person, such asMao Zedong's former ResidenceChairman Mao Memorial Hall, Zhu De's Former Residence, Zhou Enlai's Former Residence andDeng Xiaoping's Former ResidenceEtc;Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery, such asCemetery of Revolutionary Martyrs at Yuhuatai, Chongqing Geleshan Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery, etc;And various memorial halls, such as the Memorial Hall of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
History is made up of human activities.It is particularly worth mentioning that in the development of modern Chinese history, various kinds of outstanding talents and celebrities have emerged in large numbers, among which revolutionary leaders, outstanding politicians, militarists, thinkers, writers and revolutionary martyrs are the most striking. Famous people such as Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou EnlaiDeng Xiaoping, Song QinglingLu Xun, Mao DunLiu Hulan... These impressive names come together to form a brilliant starry sky. Their activities and deeds link the main line of modern historical development.Around this, in the historical sites of modern Chinese history, the former residences and memorials of celebrities or outstanding figures must occupy a considerable proportion.
Conform to the upsurge of red tourism, make full use of the rich resources of red tourism, give play to the educational function of revolutionary historical sites, and show the historical picture of the magnificent revolutionary struggle in modern China, which will inspire and encourage the broad masses of people to join inSocialist Modernization Drive , which is of positive and profound significance.Shaoshanchong in Hunan, Jinggangshan in Jiangxi, and HebeiXibaipo, even in the pastThe Long March of the Red ArmyOn the road, you can often see the scenes of tourists weaving and lingering. Most of these former red bases are beautiful and beautiful, and some are even more locatedNational Scenic AreaInside.Tourists are in the midst of green mountains and green waters, pursuing the relics of their ancestors. Fashion tourism and "red" revolutionary history traditional education and patriotism education have found the best combination point. Revolutionary historical sites are relying onred tourism The second classroom plays an important role in education.
