Republic of Singapore（English: Republic of SingaporeSoutheast Asiaisland country,An important transit port in the world and an aviation center connecting Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania.[34]be locatedMalay PeninsulaSouth endMalacca StraitThe entrance and exit consists of Singapore Island and 63 nearby islands, of which Singapore Island accounts for 88.5% of the national area.Singapore Island is about 50 kilometers from east to west and 26 kilometers from north to south,The land area is 735.2 square kilometers (2023).[37]
Singapore's political system isParliamentary republic, the capital isSingapore。[1]By 2022, Singapore has a total population of about 5.64 million, 4.07 million citizens and permanent residents, and about 74% of them are Chinese.The main ethnic groups are the Chinesemalay , Indian.[14]Singapore divides the country into five communities (administrative regions) in a way consistent with urban planning, named the Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest and Central Social Councils. In 2020, these five communities will be divided into 31 electoral districts, including 14 single electoral districts and 17 collective electoral districts.[14]
Singapore was called Temasek in ancient times, and it was also called Xinjiapo, Xingzhou or Xingdao, otherwise known as the Lion City.8th century genusShriverdieDynasty.Malaysia in the 18th and 19th centuriesJohore Empire Part of.In 1819, the Englishman Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore and signed a contract with the Sultan of Johor to set up a trading post.In 1824, it became a British colony.It was occupied by Japan in 1942.After Japan surrendered in 1945, Britain resumed colonial rule and was designated as a direct colony the following year.In 1959, it became an autonomous state.September 1963 andMalaya、Sabah、SarawakAnd jointly form the Federation of Malaysia.On August 9, 1965, it separated from Malaysia and established the Republic of Singapore;Became in September of the same yearMember States of the United Nations, joined in October of the same yearCommonwealth。[1]
Singapore isThe Four Little Dragons in Asiaone of,The urban infrastructure ranks first in the world.[20]In 2022, the GDP will be 643.5 billion Singapore dollars (about 467.18 billion US dollars), and the per capita GDP will be 114000 Singapore dollars (about 83000 US dollars).
The history of Singapore can be traced back to the 3rd century. At that time, there were aboriginal people living in Singapore. The earliest documents recorded that Singapore was a general of Soochow in the 3rd centuryKangtaiAuthored《Wu Shi Foreign Biography》, according to Singapore scholarsXu YunqiaoAccording to textual research, "Puluozhong" is the oldest name of Singapore Island, which means "the island at the end of the Malay Peninsula"（the ming dynastySingapore is called "Temasek") more than 1000 years ago.[4][13]In the 8th century, it belonged to the Sullivan Dynasty.[1]
In 1320, the Yuan Dynasty sent people to a place called "Longya Gate" to look for elephants, which may refer to Yaba Harbor.Around 1330, a Chinese named Wang Dayuan arrived, called the residence Pancur (meaning dragon head), and said that Chinese people had already lived here.Singapore was first called Temasek (or Sea City) in the "Ode to Java History" in 1365.The island of Singapore began to receive attention in the 14th century, when Bairamisura, prince from Srivosha, established the Sultanate of Malacca in the region.At the end of the 14th century, the Sanskrit name "Singaporean La" (Lion City) became a common name.[4]
In 1613, the Portuguese burned the stronghold at the mouth of the river.There was no historical data about Singapore in the next two centuries.[13]From the 18th century to the 19th century, the territory was MalaysiaJohore Empire Part of.[1]
British Period
Singapore has just opened a port before, and the Singapore River is the starting point of prosperity
Singapore's modern history began on January 29, 1819,BritisherRepresentative of Stamford RafflesBritish East India CompanyLanding in Singapore, signing a contract with Johor Sultan and starting to set up a new trading post.In 1824, two new treaties officially made Singapore a British territory, a British entrepot trade port in the Far East and a major military base in Southeast Asia.As a free port, Singapore has attracted immigrants from surrounding countries.Singapore has rapidly developed into a multi-ethnic business hub in Southeast Asia dominated by Chinese, including Malays, Indians and Europeans.[1][13]
In 1821, the first batch of Chinese sailing ships emigrated fromXiamenIt arrived in Singapore.By 1836, Singapore's overseas Chinese population had increased to 13749.In 1867, Singapore became a Straits colony under direct British rule.During the colonial period, the colonialists implemented the policy of "divide and rule" on the ethnic groups in Singapore.During the colonial period, all ethnic groups in Singapore had obvious economic and labor boundaries, and each lived in an independent space.The officials, garrisons and merchants were mainly British, and the Chinese, who accounted for the vast majority of the population, included rich businessmen, mainland farmers and laborers.Malays are usually fishermen and boatmen, and act as patrol police.From 1820 to 1840, Singapore developed rapidly as a port city.Suez CanalAfter its opening, it has greatly improved its international strategic position.From 1931 to 1947, the local born population began to surpass the immigrant population.
By the end of the 19th century, Singapore had achieved unprecedented prosperity, and its trade at that time had increased eight times.Economic development has also attracted migrants in the region.After World War I, Britain also built a naval base in SingaporeChurchillSingapore is also called "Gibraltar in the East".Unfortunately, there are no warships in this naval base.[13]
Japanese invasion period
In December 1941, Britain completely underestimated the fighting capacity of the Japanese army until the Japanese army unexpectedly attacked Singapore.From the Japanese occupation of Singapore in December 1942 to the surrender of Japan in 1945, it was the Japanese occupation period.
Because of the dense population of Chinese, Singapore is also the center of the anti Japanese movement of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia.founder of Amoy UniversityLed by the "Nanyang Overseas Chinese Relief Association for Refugees in the Motherland", it mobilized 8 million Chinese in Southeast Asia and raised a huge amount of foreign exchange equivalent to more than 400 million yuan to support China's anti Japanese war.
After more than three years of suffering, with the surrender of Japan, all Chinese living in Singapore are happy.According to incomplete statistics, about 20000 to 50000 Chinese were killed during the Japanese occupation for more than three years（Singapore Massacre）。After the war, the remains of the slain were found in many places.Singapore China General Chamber of CommerceUnable to allow these bones to be scattered in the wilderness, a rehabilitation committee was set up in the same year to take charge of exploration, excavation and burial.
The Singapore Peace Monument was inaugurated on February 15, 1967. Every year on February 15 (the day of the fall of the enemy), there will be a memorial service for civilians who died.[13]
Autonomous independence
Singapore Malaysia merger
The People's Action Party won 43 seats in Singapore's first general election
In September 1945, British troops returned to Singapore.[13]After the end of military control in March 1946, the Straits Colonies were dissolved.[4]Singapore became a British colony on April 1, 1946.[13]In postwar Singapore, the people demanded a voice in the government.On March 20, 1948, Singapore held its first election.At the end of 1953, Singapore amended the Constitution and enjoyed greater autonomy.[4]In 1955, Singapore held elections, and Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore. The Labor Front led by Marshallumno andMalaysian Chinese AssociationForm a coalition government.[13]
In 1959, Singapore further gained autonomy and became an autonomous state. The UK reserved the power of national defense, diplomacy, amending the Constitution, declaring a state of emergency and other powers.[1]The first general election was held in May of the same year.On June 5, the first government of the Singapore Autonomous State was sworn in,Lee Kuan YewServed as the first Prime Minister of Singapore.[13]
In May 1961, Prime Minister of MalayaDonggu Adu RamanAnnounced the intention to bring SingaporeMalaya、Brunei、SarawakandNorth Borneo Unite to form a federation.In this regard, Lee Kuan Yew decided to hold a referendum, and 71% of the people voted in favor.[13]
Singapore and Malaysia successfully merged in 1963, but separated two years later
Jointly formed with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak in September 1963Federation of Malaysia 。[1]But separated two years later.After the merger of Singapore and Malaysia, Singapore began to have conflicts with the federal government and had different views on the policy of governance.The first public conflict between the two governments occurred in December 1963.Lee Kuan Yew criticized Malaysia's annual budget for not giving enough budget to improve social conditions.The contradiction between the two economies heated up after the federal government asked Singapore to increase the tax paid to the central government from 40% to 60% in December 1964.In the same month, the federal government announced the closure of Singapore'sBank of ChinaBranch of.[1]
On August 9, 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia and became a sovereign, democratic and independent country.[13]He became a member of the United Nations in September of the same year and joined the Commonwealth in October of the same year.[1]On December 22 of the same year, Singapore became a republic, and Isaac became the first president.[13]
The Singapore government has adopted the national policy of introducing high-quality immigrants on a large scale in order to make up for the insufficient population due to the low fertility rate, balance the ethnic structure and develop high-tech industries.Since the 1970s, Singapore has continuously proposed plans to attract high-quality labor.In 1977, Singapore launched the foreign talent residence plan.[13]
In 1987, the government implemented a unified source of teaching, implemented a bilingual education policy with English as the educational medium and mother tongue as the second language, and merged Nanyang University, the only Chinese university, with the University of SingaporeNational University of Singapore。[13]
On November 28, 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee Kuan Yew, who had been in power since 1959, and became the second Prime Minister of Singapore.
On August 28, 1993, Singapore held its first popularly elected presidential election,Wang DingchangTo serve as the first democratically elected president.Nathan became the second elected president of Singapore on September 1, 1999.[4]
Singapore is located inMalay PeninsulaSouth endMalacca StraitEntrance and exit, north partitionJohor StraitAndMalaysiaAdjacent, south separatedSingapore StraitAndIndonesiaLook at each other.fromSingapore IslandAnd 63 nearby islands, of which Singapore Island accounts for 88.5% of the national area.Singapore Island is about 50 kilometers from east to west and 26 kilometers from north to south.In the 1960s, Singapore had a land area of 581.5 square kilometers. After years of reclamation, it has increased by 25%, with a land area of 733.2 square kilometers (2022).The government plans to reclaim another 100 square kilometers of land by 2030.Singapore belongs to the East 8 time zone. It has no daylight saving time and no time difference with Beijing.[1][11][14]
Singapore
topographic features
Singapore is low and flat, with an average elevation of 15 meters, the highest elevation of 163 meters, and a coastline of 193 kilometers.[1]
climate
SingaporeanTropical marine climate，[1]Controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone for years, it has a rainy climate in the equator. The annual and daily temperature differences are small, and the annual average temperature is between 23 and 35 ℃.December is the coldest month of the year. Affected by the northeast monsoon and the southward movement of the low-pressure belt, the average temperature is about 23-24 ℃.From June to September, the southwest wind is the driest.Singapore has abundant rainfall, with an average annual rainfall of about 2400mm. The rainy season is from November to March of the next year. Influenced by the humid monsoon, there is more rain, and the average daily relative humidity is between 65% and 90%.[11][14]
hydrology
Bayashi Reservoir is one of the earliest reservoirs built in Singapore
There are 32 main rivers in Singapore, and the longest river is the Kallang River.[18]
natural resources
The nature reserve in the central catchment area assumes the function of "green lung"
Singapore is short of resources, and its main industrial raw materials and daily necessities need to be imported.Some native flora is reserved on the island.Singapore has built 17 cisterns to store fresh water for citizens.Among them, the Central Catchment Nature Reserve is located in the geographical center of Singapore, covering an area of about 3000 hectares.About 23% of Singapore's territory belongs to forests or nature reserves, while urbanization has reduced the area of rainforest. Forests are mainly distributed in Bukit Tima Nature Reserve, three reserves, the western section and offshore islands.[11][14]
administrative division
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Map of Singapore
As a city-state, Singapore is not divided into provinces and cities. Instead, it divides the country into five communities (administrative regions) in a way consistent with urban planning, which are managed by the corresponding Community Development Council (hereinafter referred to as the Social Council).The five social councils are divided by region and named as Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest and Central Social Councils. In 2020, these five communities will be divided into 31 electoral districts, including 14 single electoral districts and 17 collective electoral districts.[14]
National symbol
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Country name
Singapore is a city country, originally meaning the Lion City.According to Malay historical records, around 1150,SumatraThe prince (Ban+Mu) of the Kingdom of Srivastava arrived at the island by boat and saw a black beast. The local people told him that it was a lion, so it was called the "Lion City".Singapore isSanskritThe homonym of "Lion City" is that local residents are deeply influenced by Indian culture and like to use Sanskrit as a place name.The lion is brave and vigorous, so it is natural to take it as a place name.In the past, most overseas Chinese called it "Xila", that isMalayThe meaning of "strait" is also called Xingzhou or Xingdao because of its small size.[3]
national flag
Singapore flag
Singapore flag It is composed of two equal horizontal rectangles, red at the top and white at the bottom. The ratio of length to width is 3:2.There is a white crescent and five white five pointed stars in the upper left corner.Red represents human equality, while white represents purity and virtue;The new moon symbolizes a country, and the five stars represent the country's idea of building democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality.The combination of the new moon and the five stars is close and orderly, symbolizing the spirit of solidarity and mutual assistance of the Singaporean people.[3]
national emblem
Singapore national emblem
Singapore national emblem It is composed of coat of arms, lion, tiger and other patterns.The red shield is inlaid with white crescent and five pointed stars, which have the same meaning as the national flag.On the left side of the red shield is a lion, which is the symbol of Singapore, which means "Lion City" in Malay;On the right is a tiger, symbolizing the historical connection between Singapore and Malaysia.Under the red shield are golden palm branches and leaves. On the blue ribbon at the bottom, it is written in Malay: "Go ahead, Singapore."[3]
Zhuojin Wandailan is the national flower of Singapore
Singapore's national flower is calledVanda Miss Joaquim OfOrchidIt is the national flower.Southeast Asia is commonly known as Orchid.Zhuojin Wandelian is cultivated by Ms. Zhuojin. The flowers are beautiful and dignified, with strong vitality. It symbolizes the temperament of Singaporeans and the spirit of hard work and determination.[3]
Population and nationality
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population
As of June 2020, Singapore has a total population of 5.6858 million, including 4.0442 million residents (including 3.5232 million citizens and 521000 permanent residents) and 1.6416 million non local residents.The total population growth rate is - 0.3%, the population density is 7810 people/km2, and the gender ratio is 957:1000.The median age is 41.5 years old, and the population aged 65 years and above accounts for 15.2%.The labor force population is 3.7139 million, accounting for 65.3% of the total population.Among them, the resident labor force is 2.3455 million, and the resident labor force above university level accounts for 39.1% of the total resident labor force.[14]
By 2022, Singapore has a total population of about 5.64 million, 4.07 million citizens and permanent residents, and about 74% of them are Chinese.
nation
Singapore is a country of immigrants.In the first half of the 19th century, immigrants from China, India, the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago entered Singapore.The Chinese have a high position in Singapore's economy and society, and their business performance is outstanding. There are large and influential chambers of commerce such as the "China General Chamber of Commerce".Most Singaporean Chinese have their ancestors from southern China, especially Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, of which 40% are Minnan people, followed by Chaoshan people, Guangfu people, Puxian people (Putian people), Hainan people, Fuzhou people, Hakka people, andBaBa 、nyonya Etc.
As of June 2019, among Singaporeans, Chinese accounted for 74.4%, Malay 13.4%, Indian 9.0% and other ethnic groups 3.2%.[11]
As of September 2020, 74.3% of Singaporeans are Chinese, 13.5% Malay, 9.0% Indian and 3.2% other nationalities.[14]
As of August 2021, about 74% of Singapore's population is Chinese, and the rest are Malays, Indians and other ethnic groups.[1]
Politics
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regime
The Constitution of Singapore stipulates that:Parliamentary republic。The President is the Head of State.[1]In 1992, the National Assembly issued the Bill on Electing a President by the People, which stipulated that the President would be elected by the people instead of by the Parliament from 1993, and the term of office would be changed from four years to six years.The President appointed the leader of the majority party of Parliament as Prime Minister;The President and Parliament jointly exercise legislative power.The President has the right to veto the government budget and the appointment of public sector posts;The implementation of internal security laws and religious harmony laws by the government can be reviewed;Have the right to investigate corruption cases.The President must first seek the advice of the Presidential Advisory Council when exercising the power of appointing major civil servants.[1]
party
There are more than 30 registered political parties in Singapore.Mainly:
Major political parties in Singapore
Name of political party
Party information
The People's Action Party
The ruling party.It was founded by Lee Kuan Yew and others in November 1954.Since 1959, it has maintained the position of the ruling party.Lee Kuan Yew was the Secretary General of the party for a long time, and Wu Chok Tong took over in 1991.In December 2004, Lee Hsien Loong succeeded Goh Chok Tong as Secretary General of the party.Current Party ChairmanWang Ruijie。
The Worker's Party
It was founded in November 1957.The influence has expanded in recent years.Since 1981, he has won several seats in the general election.Won 10 seats in the 2020 general election (one person resigned later).Current ChairmanLin Ruilian, Secretary GeneralBildanBi Danxing was the leader of the opposition party in the Congress.
reference material
Dignitaries
People's Action PartyHe has been in power for a long time and his position is stable.Lee Kuan YewHe was the first Secretary General of the Party and the first Prime Minister of Singapore.Born in 1923 in Singapore, Guangdong ProvinceDapu County。He served as Prime Minister for a long time after independence in 1965, and handed the baton to the second Prime Minister in 1990Wu Zuodong。In 1993, Singapore held its first national presidential election after independence. The former Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary General of Singapore Workers' FederationWang DingchangWas elected the first elected president.In August 2004,Li XianlongIt is the third prime minister to succeed Goh Chok Tong as prime minister.After the general election in May 2006, he was re elected as Prime Minister.On September 11, 2015, the People's Action Party won the general election again, and Lee Hsien Loong took over the post of Prime Minister again.[1]
Shandaman: President.Born in February 1957, of Indian descent.Won the UKLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceBachelor of Economics,University of CambridgeMaster of Economics andHarvard UniversityMaster of Public Administration.He worked in the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Central Bank of Singapore in his early years.He was elected as a member of parliament in October 2001 and has served successively as Minister of Education, Minister of Finance, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Minister of Human Resources, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic and Social Coordination since 2002.In May 2019, he became the Minister of State Counsellor and Minister of Social Policy Coordination.In July 2023, he resigned from public office and withdrew from the Party, announcing his candidacy for Singapore's president.In September, he was elected the ninth president of Singapore.[28-30]
Huang Xunchai: Premier.Born on December 18, 1972, graduated from Hager Boys' School (now Danrong Jiadong Primary School), Danrong Jiadong Polytechnic School (now Danrong Jiadong Secondary School) and Victoria Junior College.He later won the Overseas Excellence Award of the Public Service Commission and went to the United States to studyUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Bachelor of Economics andUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor Master of Economics.In 2004, he was admitted to Harvard University for a master's degree in public administration.In 1997, he joined the Ministry of Trade and Industry as an economist and started his career as a civil servant.After the Ministry of Trade and Industry, he joined the Ministry of Finance.From 2005 to 2008, Huang Xunchai was appointed as the chief private secretary of Premier Li.In 2011, he was elected to the West Coast Assembly.In November 2012, he was appointed as the acting minister of the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth, and in May 2014, he became the minister of the department.In April 2022, formally elected as the leader of the fourth generation of leadership[40]。May 15, 2024, the fourth prime minister of Singapore[39]。
constitution
In September 1963, after Singapore was incorporated into Malaysia, the state constitution was promulgated.In December 1965, the state constitution was amended into the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, and stipulated that some provisions of the Malaysian Constitution were applicable to Singapore.
The Constitution stipulates that:Parliamentary republic。The President is the Head of State.In 1992, the National Assembly issued the Bill on Electing a President by the People, which stipulated that the President would be elected by the people instead of by the Parliament from 1993, and the term of office would be changed from four years to six years.The President appointed the leader of the majority party of Parliament as Prime Minister;The President and Parliament jointly exercise legislative power.The President has the right to veto the government budget and the appointment of public sector posts;The implementation of internal security laws and religious harmony laws by the government can be reviewed;Have the right to investigate corruption cases.The President must first seek the advice of the Presidential Advisory Council when exercising the power of appointing major civil servants.In February 2017, the Singapore Parliament passed a presidential election amendment bill to amend the system of democratically elected presidents and implement a reserved election mechanism. Under this mechanism, if any of the Chinese, Malay, Indian and other ethnic groups has not been represented as president after five presidential terms, the next presidential election will be reserved to the ethnic group candidates first.In September 2017, the former Speaker of the Malay National AssemblyHalimaAs the only qualified candidate, the candidate becomes the first president elected under the reserved presidential election system.In September 2023,Shandamanthe president elect.[1][37]
It has a unicameral system with a term of five years.The Congress may be dissolved in advance, and the general election shall be held within 3 months after the dissolution of the Congress.Members of Congress are divided into elected members, non constituency members and official members.The elected members are elected by citizens.Members of non constituencies shall be appointed from the non elected candidates of the opposition party with the highest voting rate, up to 12, so as to ensure that there are representatives of non ruling parties in the National Assembly.The members of the official committee are appointed by the President according to the recommendation of the special selection committee of the Congress for a term of two and a half years to reflect the opinions of independent and non party personages.The current Congress was elected on July 11, 2020, and now has 103 members.Among them, 92 are elected members, including 83 from the People's Action Party and 9 from the Workers' Party.In addition, there are 2 non constituency members and 9 government members.Current Speaker of CongressXie Jianping。[1][26-27]
government
Key members of the Singapore Cabinet
The current cabinet was formed on July 25, 2020, and reorganized twice on April 23, 2021 and June 6, 2022.The main cabinet members include the Prime MinisterLi XianlongVice Premier and Minister of FinanceHuang XunchaiVice Premier and Minister of Economic Policy CoordinationWang RuijieMinister of State Affairs and Minister of National Security CoordinationZhang Zhixian。
On May 15, 2024, the swearing in ceremony of the fourth Prime Minister of Singapore, Huang Xunchai, was held at the Singapore Presidential Palace.[39]
judicial
Singapore has the Supreme Court and the Attorney General's Office.The Supreme Court consists of the High Court and the Appeals Chamber.In 1994, the provision of appeal to the British Privy Council was abolished, and the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court was designated as the Court of Final Appeal.The justices of the Supreme Court shall be recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President.The Lord ChancellorMei Dashun, Attorney GeneralHuang Lusheng。[1]
mechanism
The Singapore government has 16 ministries, including the Ministry of Communications and Public Information, the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Human Resources, the Ministry of National Development, the Ministry of Social and Family Development, the Office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, and the Ministry of Transport.
In addition, Singapore has 65 statutory bodies, which are semi official management bodies with special functions established by legal procedures according to the laws passed by the Congress, and are under the charge of various government functional departments except the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.For example, nine statutory bodies under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, including the Science and Technology Research Bureau, the Economic Development Bureau, the Enterprise Development Bureau, JTC Group, the Singapore Tourism Authority, the Competition and Consumer Council, the Energy Market Bureau, the Hotel Licensing Authority, Sentosa Development Group, and one government business bureau of the Singapore Bureau of Statistics.[14]
Economics
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overview
It is a foreign trade driven economy, dominated by electronics, petrochemical, finance, shipping and service industries, and highly dependent on China, the United States, Japan, Europe and surrounding markets. The total amount of foreign trade is three times of GDP.The economy has been growing at a high speed for a long time, with an average annual GDP growth of 9% from 1960 to 1984.Received in 1997Asian financial crisisImpact, but not serious.Affected by the global economic slowdown in 2001, the economy showed a negative growth of 2%, falling into the most serious recession after independence.In order to stimulate economic development, the government proposed to "build a new Singapore", strive to transform into a knowledge-based economy, set up an economic restructuring committee, comprehensively review economic development policies, and actively negotiate and sign free trade agreements with major economies in the world.Received in 2008international financial crisis As a result, finance, trade, manufacturing, tourism and other industries were impacted.The Singapore government has taken active measures to strengthen financial market regulation, strive to maintain the stability of the financial market, improve investor confidence and reduce inflation, and launched a new round of economic stimulus policies.In 2010, the economy grew by 14.5%.In 2011European debt crisisNegative impact, economic growth slowed down again.The economic growth rate from 2012 to 2016 was between 1% and 2%.In February 2017, Singapore's "Economic Commission for the Future" released its economic development strategy for the next ten years, putting forward the goals of an average annual economic growth of 2% to 3%, achieving inclusive development, and building a country full of opportunities, and formulated seven development strategies, including deepening international ties, promoting and implementing the blueprint for industrial transformation, and building an interconnected city.The economic growth rate in 2017, 2018 and 2019 reached 3.5%, 3.2% and 0.8% respectively.In 2020COVID-19 epidemicImpact, economic recession 5.8%.In 2021, Singapore's economy will rebound strongly, with a year-on-year growth of 7.6%.In 2022, the GDP growth rate will fall back to 3.6%.The main economic data in 2023 are as follows:
GDP (2023): NZ $673.3 billion (about US $487.90 billion).
GDP per capita (2023): 114000 Singapore dollars (about 82000 US dollars).
GDP growth rate (2023): 1.1%.
Total trade in goods (2023): 1206 billion Singapore dollars (about 873.91 billion US dollars).
Total trade in services (2023): S $837.3 billion (about US $606.74 billion)
Currency: Singapore Dollar.
Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 1.38 Singapore dollars.[37]
As of December 31, 2020, Singapore's external debt amounted to S $2.21 trillion.Of which, the internal loan of foreign-funded companies was S $333.58 billion, accounting for 15.1%;Short term debt of S $1.5 trillion (of which S $1.22 trillion is cash and deposits), accounting for 67.8%;Long term debt of S $373.79 billion, accounting for 16.9%.The government has no external debt.The scale of domestic debt is 690.77 billion Singapore dollars.Of which, by term, the debt within one year is S $95.42 billion, accounting for 13.8%;Debt over one year is SGD 595.35 billion, accounting for 86.2%.By source, shares and bonds amounted to S $630.77 billion, accounting for 91.3%;Short term treasury bills amounted to S $60 billion, accounting for 8.7%.Government debt accounted for 147.3% of GDP in 2020.The government has no deferred debt repayment or debt restructuring.[14]
Agriculture
Singapore's agricultural land accounts for about 1% of the total land area, and its output value accounts for less than 0.1% of the national economyMalaysia, ChinaIndonesiaandAustraliaImported.[1]
In 2004, Singapore's vegetable output was about 1720 tons, reaching 21800 tons last year, an increase of nearly 27%.Last year, Singapore farms produced 438 million eggs, up 16% from 378 million ten years ago.Singapore's fish production increased from 5010 tons in 2004 to 5860 tons last year, an increase of 17%.
As of October 2014, Singapore has 50 vegetable farms, three egg farms, and 126 land and coastal fish farms.[15]
Industry
overview
Singapore's industries mainly include manufacturing and construction.Manufacturing products mainly include electronics, chemistry and chemical industry, biomedicine, precision machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, oil refining and other products.Singapore is the world's third largest oil refining center.[1]
electronics industry
The electronics industry is one of Singapore's traditional industries, with an output value of S $141.86 billion in 2020, accounting for 45.7% of the total output value of the manufacturing industry.The main products include: semiconductors, computer equipment, data storage equipment, telecommunications and consumer electronics products.[14]
petrochemical industries
Jurong Island has oil refining facilities and is one of the important chemical bases
Singapore is the world's third largest refining center and one of the oil trade hubs, as well as the pricing center of Asian petroleum products, with a daily crude oil processing capacity of more than 1.5 million barrels.In 2020, the output value of the chemical industry and refined oil industry will be S $40.97 billion and S $21.8 billion respectively, accounting for 13.2% and 7.0% of the total output value of the manufacturing industry respectively.Petrochemical enterprises mainly gather in Jurong Island Petrochemical Industrial Park.[14]
Precision engineering
In 2020, the output value of Singapore's precision engineering industry will be about S $42 billion.The main products include: semiconductor lead welding machine and ball welder, automatic horizontal plug-in machine, semiconductor and industrial equipment, etc.[14]
Biomedical industry
Biomedical industry is a strategic emerging industry that Singapore has focused on cultivating in recent years. In 2020, its output value will be 18.4 billion Singapore dollars, accounting for 5.9% of the total output value of the manufacturing industry, with 24400 employees.[14]
Maritime engineering industry
In 2020, the output value of the maritime engineering industry will be 13.26 billion Singapore dollars, accounting for 4.3% of the total value of the manufacturing industry, and 55300 people will be employed.Singapore's main marine engineering products include shipbuilding, oil drilling platforms, etc.[14]
Service industry
overview
Singapore's service industry, including financial services, retail and wholesale trade, hotel tourism, transportation and telecommunications, business services, is the leader of economic growth.[1]
Business service industry
In 2020, the output value of Singapore's commercial service industry will be SGD 59.97 billion, accounting for 12.8% of the total GDP.[14]
Wholesale and retail
In 2020, the output value of Singapore's wholesale and retail industry will be S $81.78 billion, accounting for 17.4% of the total GDP.[14]
Finance and insurance
Singapore is the world's second largest wealth management center (the asset management scale at the end of 2019 is 4 trillion Singapore dollars, about 2.91 trillion US dollars), the Asian dollar market center, and the world's third largest offshore RMB center.
In 2020, the GDP of Singapore's financial and insurance industry will be S $70.3 billion, accounting for 15.0% of the total GDP.According to the list of the HKMA, there are 207 banks, 1670 securities companies, 597 wealth management companies, 370 insurance companies and 429 payment companies. A total of 3273 financial institutions operate with certificates in Singapore.[14]
Transportation and warehousing
In 2020, the output value of Singapore's transportation and storage industry will be S $23.98 billion, accounting for 5.1% of the total GDP.[14]
Information and communication industry
In 2020, the output value of Singapore's information and communication industry will be S $22.86 billion, accounting for 4.9% of the total GDP.[14]
One of the main sources of foreign exchange.Tourists mainly come from China, ASEAN countries, Australia, India and Japan.The main attractions are: Binhai Baysentosa island Botanical Garden, Night Zoo, etc.[1]
In 2019, Singapore's tourism industry generated revenue of S $27.689 billion, up 2.8% over the previous year, which is one of the main sources of foreign exchange.There are 420 hotels, with an average occupancy rate of 84.7% and an average room price of S $215.6 per night.The number of visitors throughout the year was 19.11 million, an increase of 3.3%. The top five tourist sources were China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia and Australia in turn.Among them, there were 3.63 million Chinese tourists, an increase of 6.1%, accounting for 19% of the total number of foreign tourists. In the first three quarters of 2019, the consumption of Chinese tourists (excluding sightseeing, entertainment and gambling) accounted for 16.8% of Singapore's tourism revenue, making it the largest source country of Singapore's tourism revenue.[11]
In 2020, Singapore's tourism industry will be hit hard.The annual tourism revenue was only S $4.8 billion, down 82.6%.There are 410 hotels, with an average occupancy rate of 56.7% and an average room price of SGD 152 per night.The number of visitors throughout the year was 2.7 million, down 85.7%. Indonesia, China and Australia were the top three tourist sources in turn.Among them, 357000 Chinese tourists, a decrease of 90%, accounted for 13.2% of the total number of foreign tourists.In 2020, the consumption of Chinese tourists (excluding sightseeing, entertainment and gambling) will be 624 million Singapore dollars, accounting for 16.1% of Singapore's tourism revenue, making China the largest source country of Singapore's tourism revenue.[14]
Trade
overview
TradeIt is an important pillar of the national economy.In 2023, the total volume of foreign trade in goods will be about S $1206 billion (about US $873.91 billion), including exports of about S $638.4 billion (about US $462.61 billion) and imports of S $567.6 billion (about US $411.3 billion).The main import commodities are electronic vacuum tubes, crude oil, processed petroleum products, office and data processing machine parts, etc.The main export commodities are refined oil, electronic components, chemicals and industrial machinery.The main trading partners are China, Malaysia and the United States.[1][37]
Import and export volume
In 2020, Singapore's trade in goods reached S $969.11 billion, down 5.2%.Among them, the export volume was S $515.64 billion, down 3.2%;The import volume was S $453.47 billion, down 7.4%;The trade surplus was S $62.18 billion.[14]
Product classification
In 2020, Singapore's main non petroleum export commodities are: machinery and transport equipment (59.8%), chemical products (15.8%), and miscellaneous products (10.6%);The main import commodities are: machinery and transportation equipment (61.3%), chemical products (10.0%), miscellaneous products (9.9%), etc.[14]
investment
outbound investment
Promote the "regional economic development strategy" and vigorously invest overseas.By the end of 2022, the cumulative amount of foreign direct investment had reached S $1.95 trillion (about US $103 million), mainly in financial services and manufacturing.The main direct investment targets are China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia and the United Kingdom.[37]
Attract foreign capital
By the end of 2022, Singapore had attracted a total of S $2.62 trillion (about US $1.89 trillion) in overseas direct investment, mostly in financial services and manufacturing.The main source countries of direct investment are the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and China.[37]
price
According to UK《economist》Singapore ranked 4th in the 2020 Global Cost of Living Survey.Previously, Singapore ranked No. 1 for six consecutive years and was one of the cities with the highest cost of living.Singapore has a complete range of consumer goods, mainly relying on imports, and there are many Chinese goods.Most consumer goods are more expensive than China.[14]
Average prices of major basic necessities in Singapore (June 2021)
Basic daily necessities
average price
Rice (regular)
SGD 10/bag (5kg)
Common white bread
2.4 SGD/bag (600g)
Lean pork
S $15/kg
Pork streaks
SGD 16/kg
Pork ribs
SGD 20/kg
beef
S $28/kg
mutton
S $25/kg
chicken
6.5 yuan/kg
Regular milk
SGD3/L
egg
S $3 per 10 capsules
Edible oil
SGD 7/barrel (2L)
Banana
S $2.4/kg
watermelon
S $2.5/kg
orange
SGD 0.9/piece
Apple
1 SGD/piece
Carrot
SGD 2/kg
tomato
SGD 1.8/kg
Potato
SGD 1.6/kg
sucrose
SGD 1.5/1kg
Install instant coffee
SGD 6.8/200g
Bottled carbonated beverage
3.75 SGD/6 tins
Beer
S $14/6 tin
cigarette
13.06 SGD/20 pcs
reference material:[14]
Culture
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language
Statistics of the number of Singaporean Chinese in their ancestral places
MalayIt is the national language, English, Chinese, MalayTamilIt is the official language, and English is the administrative language.[1]
written words
Singapore officially uses the samesimplified Chinese character。However, from 1969 to 1979, it briefly had its own simplified standard of Chinese characters, and the folk characters were mainly simplified characters, but occasionally appearedthe original complex form of a simplified Chinese characterMixed use with simplified characters.The official language of Singapore is English, so official letters, business contacts and other business letters are usually in English.
custom
Singapore is a multi-ethnic city country dominated by Chinese.Chinesemalay , Indian and other ethnic groups have different customs, but they live in harmony and unity with each other.Chinese people have strict traditional education, strong ethical and moral values, attach importance to ancestral homes, and retain the habit of celebrating Chinese traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid Autumn Festival.Malays have strong religious thoughts, customs and habits are closely related to religion, and Muslim law and Sudanese system maintain life and unity;As a religious taboo, Malays do not eat pork, do not drink alcoholic drinks, and treat people with their right hands;The head of a child is regarded as sacred and cannot be touched by others except the parents of the elders.The Indian people live a simple life, and their culture is closely related to religion. They are very particular about temple buildings. Most Indian families have altars or prayer rooms;Indians regard cattle as divine animals, do not eat beef, and cannot give gifts made of cow leather.[14]
festival
The legal holidays in Singapore are 11 days.Singapore implements a five-day work week, with Saturdays and Sundays as rest days.[1][11]
Major festivals
Festival name
date
New Year's Day
January 1st
Dabaosen Festival
Between January and February of the Tamil calendar
Chinese New Year
Same as Chinese Spring Festival
Easter
Sunday after the full moon on March 21
Tamil New Year
4. Between May
labor day
May 1st
Vesak Day
Full moon in May
National Day
August 9th
Hazhi Festival
September 12th
Thimithi
10. Between November
Eid al Fitr
When the new moon appears in October of the Islamic calendar
Singapore advocates the spirit of mutual tolerance and tolerance between religions and ethnic groups, implements the policy of religious freedom, and recognizes Singapore as a multi religious country.Singapore is indeed a melting pot of multi religions. There are all kinds of religious buildings here. Many historic temples have been listed as national monuments, and there are different celebrations every year.The religious beliefs of Singaporeans includeBuddhism、Taoism、Islamism、hinduism、ChristianityEtc.Buddhism is the largest religion in China, with believers in Buddhism accounting for 33.19% of the population, Christianity 18.81%, Islam 14.04%, Taoism 9.96%, Hinduism 4.96%, other religions 0.59%, and non religious believers 18.45% (2015 data).[11]
military
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The Singapore Armed Forces was formed in 1965.The president is commander in chief of the armed forces.The system of compulsory military service is implemented, and the service period is 2-3 years.The Singapore army mainly trains abroad.Formed with Britain, Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia in 1971“Five countries joint defense”。Attach importance to national defense education.It is committed to building the third generation "intelligent" military.The defense budget in 2023 is about NZ $18 billion (about US $13 billion).[1][37]
In 2019/2020, Singapore's total military strength will be about 72500, with about 250000 reservists and 108000 paramilitaries.[11]
traffic
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Singapore has developed transportation and convenient facilities.It is an important transit port in the world and an aviation center connecting Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania.[1]
Railway
high-speed railway
In February 2013, Singapore and Malaysia reached a preliminary agreement to build a Kuala Lumpur Singapore high-speed railway, starting from Kuala Lumpur and ending at Jurong East Station in Singapore.On July 19, 2016, Singapore and Malaysia signed a memorandum of understanding, marking thatSingapore Malaysia high-speed railwayThe project was officially launched.The Singapore Malaysia high-speed railway is planned to be 350 kilometers long (335 kilometers in Malaysia, mainly elevated sections; 15 kilometers in Singapore, mainly underground tunnels). It is a standard double track double track electrified passenger dedicated line, with a designed maximum speed of 350 kilometers per hour. The full journey of the direct train takes about 90 minutes, and the estimated total investment is more than 15 billion dollars (about 5 billion dollars in Singapore).In 2018,MahadiAfter becoming Prime Minister, he announced that he would postpone the Singapore Malaysia high-speed railway plan.In September 2018, the two countries reached an agreement that the construction of Singapore Malaysia high-speed railway will be postponed for two years.In May 2020, the two countries agreed to extend the project to December 31, 2020, and the two sides will continue to negotiate project changes and plans.Singapore said this would be the last extension of the project.On January 1, 2021, Singapore and Malaysia announced their decision to cancel the plan to build a high-speed railway between the two countries.[11][25]
rail transit
Singapore System Map
Singapore Metro has 6 lines, namely East West Line (Green Line), North South Line (Red Line), Northeast Line (Purple Line), Ring Line (Orange Line), Urban Line (Blue Line) and Tangdong Line (Brown Line).They cross each other, connecting the main traffic routes and leading to the main tourist attractions.The operation time of subway is generally from 5:30 a.m. to early morning, and the operation time is usually extended during festivals.[12]
Singapore has developed rail transit, with a total length of 232.6 km by 2024.Among them, MRT is 203.8 km long with 134 stations (no double counting for metro transfer stations), and LRT is 28.8 km long with 43 stations.The Singapore side of Xinrou Metro will start construction in January 2021, and is expected to be open to traffic in December 2026. After completion, it will be connected to Wulan North, Singapore, and Bukit Chaka, Singapore. The whole journey will take only 6 minutes.The Singapore Metro is built by the Land Transport Authority and is a profitable company, SMRT andNew MRT(SBS Transit) to provide franchise rights.[14]
highway
15% of Singapore's land area is used for road construction, forming a road network with 10 expressways as the main line.By the end of 2019, Singapore's total road mileage was 3520 kilometers, including 164 kilometers of expressways, accounting for 4.7%.In order to alleviate road congestion, the Singapore government implemented the vehicle quota and vehicle ownership permit bidding system, and began to implement electronic toll collection (ERP) in 1998, with a total of 78 electronic toll gates.[14]
By the end of 2019, there were 973000 motor vehicles.Since 2011, the number of motor vehicles has remained around 960000.By the end of 2020, the number of motor vehicles is 974000.Singapore's road traffic rules are different from those of China. The cockpit of motor vehicles is located on the right side, and vehicles drive on the left.[11][14]
water transport
Keppel Port, Singapore
Singapore is the busiest port in the world and one of the major entrepot hubs in Asia. It is the world's largest fuel supply port and the second largest cargo port.There are more than 200 routes connecting more than 600 ports in the world.In 2023, SIPG will handle 94.8 million TEUs, an increase of 4.3% over 2022.Among them, the container terminal in Singapore handled 38.8 million TEUs, 4.8% more than that in 2022.[37]
According to the Singapore Maritime and Port Authority, as of the end of 2014,Singapore PortContainer throughput increased by 4% to 33.9 million TEU, ranking second in the world.From the perspective of fuel sales, Singapore is still the world's first refueling port. In 2014, the total volume of fuel sold reached 42.4 million metric tons, and the number of ships arriving at the port reached a record 2.37 billion metric tons.[5]
In 2019, the freight volume of Singapore Port was 626 million tons, and the container throughput was 37.2 million TEUs, accounting for 5% of the global container throughput.[11]In 2020, Singapore's ports will handle 590 million tons of cargo and 36.9 million TEUs of containers.[1]
air transport
Singapore mainly includesSingapore AirlinesAnd its subsidiariesShengan Airlines。Singapore Changi Airport It has been rated as the world's best airport for many consecutive years. In 2019, 382000 flights took off and landed, with 68.3 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo.Affected by the epidemic, in 2020, the number of flights taking off and landing will be 125000, the passenger volume will be 11.8 million, and the freight volume will be 1.54 million tons.In 2021, the number of flights taking off and landing will be 109000, the passenger volume will be reduced to 3050000, and the cargo volume will be increased to 1.947 million tons.In 2022, it will receive 32.2 million passengers, equivalent to 47.2% before the COVID-19 epidemic;The number of taking off and landing flights reached 219000, 57.2% of that before the epidemic.In 2023, Changi Airport will take off and land 328000 flights, complete 58.9 million passenger throughput and 1.74 million metric tons of air cargo throughput.[37]
Since its operation in 1981, Changi Airport has won more than 560 "Best Airport" awardsSkytraxThe customer satisfaction survey conducted by Changi Airport ranked first, which was the eighth consecutive year that Changi Airport won the first place.In 2020, affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, the number of flights at Changi Airport will decline sharply.[14]
Singapore Parliament, March 19, 2018 local timethree readingsThe Aviation (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act was passed, allowing the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to implement a new airport passenger capacity management plan to prevent airlines from abusing the time period allocated by the authorities for flights to take off and land, so as to ensure that passengers take off and land on time, otherwise they will face a fine of up to 100000 Singapore dollars.[2]
Sociology
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education
The Chinese Museum is a historic building of Nanyang Technological University
Singapore attaches great importance to education. Every child needs to receive more than 10 years of regular education (6 years in primary school and 4 years in secondary school).Singapore's education system emphasizes literacy, numeracy, bilingualism, physical education, moral education, innovation and independent thinking.The bilingual policy requires students to learn both English and their mother tongue.The government promotes "information technology education" to help students master computer knowledge.The majority of schools are public, including 186 primary schools, 152 secondary schools, 22 junior colleges and 8 polytechnics, andNational University of Singapore、Nanyang University of Technology、University of ManagementAnd the University of Science and Technology DesignSingapore Polytechnic UniversityandXinyue University of Social Sciences6 public universities.In 2018, 97.3% of people over 15 years old were able to read and write.In fiscal year 2020, the education budget is 13.28 billion Singapore dollars, accounting for 15.9% of the total budget expenditure and 2.8% of GDP.The university tuition in Singapore is generally S $7650-15300 per year for majors, S $11000-24000 per year for law majors, S $23000-46000 per year for medical majors, and S $500-700 per month for living expenses.[14]
science and technology
Singapore attaches great importance to scientific and technological development to enhance the overall competitiveness of the country.Scientific and technological innovation is an important part of the seven strategies formulated by the Singapore Future Economic Commission at the beginning of 2017.Singapore ranks first in the world in terms of scientific and technological innovation capabilities and innovative achievements in many fields, including biomedicine, environment and water technology, interaction and digital media technology, with a total of 36000 scientific researchers.The Science and Technology Research Bureau (A * STAR) under the Ministry of Trade and Industry is mainly responsible for promoting scientific research in Singapore, cultivating knowledge-based talents and improving Singapore's scientific and technological level.
In December 2020, Singapore launched the "Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2025 Plan" (RIE2025), which plans to invest S $25 billion in five years, an increase of 30% over the previous five years, to strengthen scientific and technological innovation and research and development capabilities. Key areas of support include advanced manufacturing technology, biomedicine, digital economy, as well as scientific research institutions, enterprises and personnel training.[14]
In 2022, Singapore ranked 13th in the overall ranking of the International Science and Technology Innovation Center, and ranked among the top three in the Asia Pacific urban industry sustainability index.[23-24]
medical care
National University Hospital of Singapore (Cancer Center)
Singapore citizens enjoy good basic medical services.By the end of 2020, Singapore has 19 general hospitals, 9 community hospitals, 1 psychiatric hospital, 1107 dental clinics and 259 pharmacies, with a total of 31000 beds and 87000 medical staff.According to the World Bank, Singapore's national recurrent medical and health expenditure accounted for 4.46% of GDP in 2018. According to PPP, the per capita recurrent medical and health expenditure was 2823.64 dollars.
In 2020, life expectancy in Singapore will be 83.9 years.In Singapore, the peak of dengue fever is from June to October every year, with tens of thousands of infections every year.
Singapore's medical security system is a savings fund type, which mainly meets citizens' medical needs through government subsidies and mandatory savings accumulation. Its core content is the "3M" plan, namely, the health care savings plan (Medisave), the health insurance dual plan (Medifield) and the health care fund plan (Medifund).[14]
media
Television media
On the spot of "Ten o'clock News" on Channel 8 of New Media
It started broadcasting in 1963 and began broadcasting color programs in 1974.The Singapore Television Agency owns and operates two channels, one broadcasting Chinese programs and the other broadcasting English programs, which are broadcast 24 hours a day.Twelve private television companies operate two channels, one mainly serving Malay and Indian residents, and the other mainly broadcasting sports and literary and artistic programs.In 1995, the cable TV network was launched, and users can receive TV programs from more than 30 channels and more than 10 countries.In 1995, satellite TV was launched, with 3.87 million users.In May 2001, Channel U and Channel I were officially launched.[14]
Broadcast media
It was launched in 1936 and broadcast in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil since January 1959.There are 15 bands, with 1307 hours of broadcasting every week.Radio Singapore owns and operates 12 domestic radio stations and 3 international radio stations.[14]
Newspaper media
By the end of 2020, there were 15 newspapers and periodicals in Singapore, one of which was free of charge, with 1.2 million copies distributed every day.Major Chinese newspapers include:《Lianhe Morning Post》And《Xinming Daily》Etc;Major English newspapers include:《Straits Times》《Business Times》Xinbao and《Today's Daily》；The Malay language and Tamil language published the Daily News and Tamil Voice respectively.[14]
Network media
Singapore's online media include New Media, Straits Times, Lianhe Morning Post, Asia News, 8 Horizons, etc.[14]
People's livelihood
In 2023, the per capita GDP will be 114000 Singapore dollars (about 82000 US dollars).The government has built public housing groups in a unified way, and the housing ownership rate of residents has reached 91%.The average life expectancy is 83.0 years old, the literacy rate is 97.5% (above 15 years old), 24 doctors per 10000 people, and 110 private cars per 1000 people.[1][37]
public security
Singapore's social security situation is generally good, and it is one of the countries with the lowest crime rate in the world.There are no anti government armed groups in Singapore.Singaporean law stipulates that private persons are not allowed to hold guns.In 2020, Singapore's crime rate will be 658 per 100000 people, 42 more than in 2019.There were 307 violent crimes and property crimes in the whole year, double the number in 2019.In recent years, the rate of commercial crime has also increased.In 2016, the cooperation between the Singapore police and the Indonesian police thwarted the terrorist attack plot of Islamic extremists planning to bombard the coastal bay area of Singapore. The risk of infiltration of Islamic extremist forces and the use of Singapore by extremists has increased.The Singaporean government and people are highly vigilant about this. According to domestic laws, they have arrested and expelled some people suspected of Islamic extremist terrorist activities, and strengthened anti-terrorism propaganda and drills in the whole society.In 2021, a 16-year-old Indian teenager who planned to launch a terrorist attack on two churches in March was found and arrested by the authorities in advance.So far, there have been no terrorist attacks or kidnappings directly against Chinese enterprises or citizens.[14]
telecom
By the end of 2019, there were 1905800 fixed telephone users and 9076700 mobile phone users in Singapore, including 7425600 4G users.12.3093 million broadband users, including 10.8112 million wireless broadband users.[11]
By the end of 2020, Singapore had 1.892 million fixed telephone users and 8.428 million mobile phone users, including 7.658 million 4G users.11.366 million broadband users, including 9.849 million wireless broadband users.
In terms of 5G business, on April 29, 2020, the Information and Communication Media Development Authority (IMDA) issued a temporary license to the telecom operators - the joint venture consisting of New Telecom, Star and First Link (M1), and formally issued a 5G network business license on June 24 after these telecom operators completed the regulatory procedures,The above telecom operators will launch national independent 5G networks from January 2021.TPG Telecom also applied for and was awarded the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum band covering a specific range to provide a 5G regional network.Under the business license, New Telecom, Star and First Link have been awarded the spectrum segment to provide regional networks.New Telecom will cooperate withEricsson(Ericsson) Negotiate to build a 5G network core, and choose Star River and the first general ruleNOKIA(Nokia) is the supplier, but Xinghe and First Link also discussHuaweiandZTE(ZTE) and other network elements.TPG Telecom will use Huawei's advanced network equipment to build a local 5G network service in Singapore.It is planned to provide 5G network coverage for at least half of Singapore by the end of 2022, and cover about 95% of Singapore by the end of 2025.[14]
power
Singapore's power generation is dominated by thermal power, with natural gas accounting for 95.6%, oil accounting for 0.35% and other energy sources accounting for 4.03%.By the end of March 2020, the total installed capacity is 12582 MW.In 2020, the total annual power generation will be 53.07 billion kWh.[14]
fertility rate
On February 28, 2024 local time, it was reported that Singapore's fertility rate continued to decline. The total fertility rate in 2023 was initially estimated to be 0.97, falling below 1.0 for the first time over the years.Minister of the Prime Minister's Office and Second Minister of the Ministry of Finance and National Development of SingaporeBritannieOn February 28, it was said in the National Assembly that 26500 new couples got married last year and 30500 new residents were born.On the whole, the average annual total number of marriages and the number of newborns of residents in the past five years are lower than before.[35]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore, and Lee Kuan Yew welcomed him at the airport
Singapore isNon Aligned MovementWhile pursuing a peaceful, neutral and non aligned foreign policy, the member states of.Singapore inaseanChina plays an important role and is one of the five sponsors of the organization.So far, Singapore has established diplomatic relations with more than 180 countries.The main diplomatic ideas are: based on ASEAN, committed to maintaining ASEAN solidarity and cooperation, and promoting ASEAN to play a greater role in regional affairs;Face Asia and focus on developing relations with Asian countries, especially China, Japan, South Korea, India and other important countries;Pursue the principle of "great power balance" and advocate the establishment of a strategic balance pattern among the United States, China, Japan and Russia in the Asia Pacific region;Highlight economic diplomacy and actively promote trade and investment liberalization.The initiative was establishedASEM, East Asia Latin America Forum and other trans continental cooperation mechanisms.[11]
Based on ASEAN, we are committed to maintaining ASEAN solidarity and cooperation and promoting ASEAN to play a greater role in regional affairs;Attach great importance to developing relations with China, the United States, Japan, South Korea and Australia;We have highlighted economic diplomacy, actively promoted trade and investment liberalization, and signed bilateral free trade agreements with many countries.Joined《Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement》(RCEP) and《Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement》(CPTPP), the same asNew Zealand、ChileInitiate《Digital Economy Partnership Agreement》（DEPA）。The initiative has established trans continental cooperation mechanisms such as the Asia Europe Meeting and the East Asia Latin America Forum.Actively promote the signing of the Asia Regional Intergovernmental Anti Piracy Cooperation Agreement (ReCAAP), and the information sharing center established under the agreement was officially established in November 2006.It has established diplomatic relations with 193 countries.
diplomatic relations
Relations with China
Xi Jinping visited Singapore to "lay the foundation for future development"
China and Singapore signed the Mutual Establishment Agreement on June 14, 1980Business Representative OfficeIn September of the next year, the commercial representative offices of the two countries officially opened.The two countries officially established diplomatic relations on October 3, 1990.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the two countries have achieved remarkable results in mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields, signed the "Memorandum of Understanding on Economic Cooperation and Promotion of Trade and Investment", and established a bilateral economic and trade consultation mechanism.The two sides also signed the "Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investment", the "Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion", the "Maritime Transport Agreement", the "Agreement on Cooperation in Posts and Telecommunications", and established the China Singapore Investment Promotion Committee.In October 2008, China and Singapore signed the China Singapore Free Trade Area Agreement, which came into force in January 2009. Singapore became the first ASEAN country to sign a comprehensive free trade area agreement with China.In October 2019, during the 15th meeting of the Joint Committee for China Singapore Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC),Han ZhengThe Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of SingaporeWang RuijieAnd jointly announced the entry into force of the Protocol on Upgrading the China Singapore Free Trade Agreement on the 16th of the same month.On November 7, 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping paid a state visit to Singapore, and the two sides issued a joint statement announcing the establishment of an "all-round partnership to keep pace with the times".In September 2016, President Xi Jinping met in HangzhouG20 Hangzhou SummitPrime Minister of SingaporeLi Xianlong。In September 2016, Premier Li Keqiang was in LaosVientianeMet with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore who attended the East Asia Summit.On June 27, 2017, Premier of the State CouncilLi KeqiangstayDalian International Conference Center Meet and attend the summer of 2017 in ChinaDavos ForumDeputy Prime Minister of SingaporeShandaman。On July 6, 2017, President Xi Jinping was in GermanyhamburgerMeeting with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore.In April 2018, President Xi Jinping was in Hainan ProvinceBoao State GuesthouseMeet and attend in ChinaBoao Forum for AsiaLee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore, Vice Prime Minister of Singapore during the yearZhang ZhixianShandaman also visited China respectively.In September 2018, Vice Premier Han Zheng visited Singapore; in November, Premier Li KeqiangWang QishanThe Vice Chairman visited Singapore.In April 2019, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited China and attendedThe Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation；In May, the President of SingaporeHalimaVisit China to attendConference on Dialogue among Asian Civilizations；In May, Wang Ruijie, Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, visited China;In June, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's CongressJi BingxuanInvited to visit Singapore;In July, State Councilor and Foreign MinisterWang Yiin ThailandBangkokAttended the China ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting and met with the Foreign Minister of SingaporeVivien ；In September, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Chongqing Municipal Party CommitteeChen MinerVisiting Singapore upon invitation;In October, Vice Premier Han Zheng met with Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Wang Ruijie in Chongqing and co chaired the 15th meeting of the China Singapore Joint Committee for Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC);Affected by the epidemic in 2020, exchanges between China and Singapore were limited. In February, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi attended the China ASEAN Special Foreign Ministers' Meeting on COVID-19 in Vientiane, Laos, and met with Singapore's Foreign Minister Vivin.In February 2020, Vice Premier Han Zheng and Deputy Prime Minister Wang Ruijie of Singapore had a telephone conversation on the COVID-19 epidemic.In January, March and April, State Councilor Wang Yi and Minister of Foreign Affairs had three telephone conversations with Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivin on cooperation in coping with the COVID-19 epidemic.[11]
From March 27 to April 1, 2023, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong paid an official visit to China and attended the opening ceremony of the Boao Forum for Asia 2023 Annual Conference. President Xi Jinping met with him and announced that the bilateral relations would be upgraded to "a forward-looking partnership with all-round high quality".
China New Zealand has four bilateral cooperation mechanisms at the vice premier level, namely, the Joint Committee for Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC), which involves cooperation between the two countries in various fields, and the coordination board of three intergovernmental cooperation projects, namely, Suzhou Industrial Park, Tianjin Eco City and (Chongqing) Strategic Connectivity Demonstration Project.[21]
Singapore is China's fifth largest trading partner among ASEAN countries, and China has been Singapore's largest trading partner for 11 consecutive years since 2013.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Singapore will be US $108.39 billion, down 2.6% year on year.Among them, China's export volume was 76.96 billion US dollars, down 1.1% year on year;The import volume was 31.43 billion US dollars, down 6.0% year on year.From January to March 2024, the bilateral trade volume between China and New Zealand was US $27.52 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 2.5%, of which the export volume of China was US $19.74 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 7.2%, and the import volume was US $7.77 billion, a year-on-year increase of 12%.
Singapore has been China's largest source of new investment for 11 consecutive years since 2013.In April 2022, Singapore surpassed Japan for the first time and became the largest source country of accumulated foreign investment in China.By the end of 2023, Singapore had invested 141.23 billion dollars in China and China had invested 89.63 billion dollars in Singapore.[38]
On December 7, 2023, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore said that he would strengthen exchanges with Chinese personnel through the 30 day mutual visa exemption arrangement.[31]
On February 9, 2024, according to CCTV news, the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Singapore on Mutual Exemption of Visa for Ordinary Passport Holders officially came into force.According to the agreement, ordinary passport holders of China and Singapore can enter the other country without visa for no more than 30 days.[33]
Relations with the United States
On April 4, 1966, Singapore established diplomatic relations with the United States and attached importance to its relations with the United States.U.S.AIt has long been Singapore's largest service trade partner and foreign investment country.American banks have more than 30 branches in Singapore.In November 2000, Singapore and the United States announced the start of bilateral free trade agreement negotiations. After nearly two years of negotiations and consultations, a substantive agreement was announced in November 2002.On May 6, 2003, President Bush of the United States and Prime Minister of SingaporeWu ZuodongSign bilateral free trade agreements.This is the first time that President Bush has signed a bilateral free trade agreement since he obtained the "TPA" in the summer of 2002. It is also the largest free trade agreement signed by the United States since the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is also the first free trade agreement signed between the United States and Asian countries.The agreement was passed by the United States Congress in July 2003 and signed by President Bush. It came into force in January 2004.[11]
Relations with Japan
On April 26, 1966, Singapore and Japan established diplomatic relations and had close relations with Japan.JapanIt is the third largest trading partner of Singapore.In terms of imports, Japan is Singapore's largest importer.At the same time, Japan is the main source of Singapore's foreign investment, focusing on the chemical and electronic industries.[11]
Relations with Malaysia
On September 1, 1965, Singapore and Malaysia established diplomatic relations, and Singapore attached importance toMalaysiaTraditional relationship.Singapore is the sixth largest foreign investor in Malaysia, second only toU.S.A、Japan、Taiwan、FranceandAustralia。[11]
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scenic spot
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Universal Studios Singapore
Universal Studios Singaporebe seatedsentosa island It has the Universal Studios theme park in Southeast Asia, the world's largest marine biological park, casino, various entertainment performances and six star hotels with different styles.The Cinema contains seven theme areas, namely Hollywood, New York, Science Fiction City, Ancient Egypt, Lost World, Far Kingdom and Madagascar, all of which are wonderful amusement projects designed based on Hollywood blockbuster movies.These include: the ultimate battle of the Transformers 3D duel, Shrek 4D cinema, Madagascar: wooden box rafting, Jurassic river exploration, etc.
Universal Studios Singapore
sentosa
Sentosa(It means calm and serene). It is the most charming resort island in Singapore. Covering an area of 500 hectares, it has a variety of entertainment facilities and leisure areas, and is known as the gem of joy.On the south bank of the island, there is a beach with a length of more than 2 kilometers. To the west, there are Shiroso Fort, two golf courses and seven hotels left by the British troops of World War II.These includeResorts World Sentosa Universal Studios Singapore, Butterfly House, Dolphin World, Insect Kingdom, etc.
Sentosa
Clarke Quay
Clarke QuayPositionSingapore RiverIn the past, it was a busy cargo unloading and trading center. Under the renovation plan, all of it has been turned into restaurants and bars.The original 60 warehouses and stores have developed into 200 stores, restaurants, bars and entertainment venues.Barge wharfAt the downstream of Kela Wharf, the old warehouse has been transformed. There are at least 35 bars and restaurants with different styles, and it is also one of the most attractive entertainment places along the river in the urban area.
Clarke Quay
Singapore Jinsha Entertainment City
Located in the baySingapore Jinsha Entertainment CityThere are casinosopera house、Museum of Arts and Sciences, conference center and exhibition facilities, retailers and diversified restaurants, a total of 6 architectural series.There are 2561 rooms in the hotel with 55 floors.What crowns the hotel with glory is Jinsha Hanging Garden on the 57th floor. This one hectare aerial oasis will gather verdant shade, elegant gardens, and even an endless swimming pool.
Singapore Jinsha Entertainment City
Singapore Botanical Garden
Singapore Botanical GardenLocated in Kerenni Road, covering an area of 74 hectares, it is famous for researching and collecting tropical plants and gardening flowers.There are more than 20000 kinds of exotic subtropical and tropical flowers and precious trees in the park, which can be divided into tropical and subtropical evergreen trees, aquatic plants, parasitic plants and desert plants.The Botanical Garden also has a flower bed and research institute specialized in growing huji flowers. There are more than 400 pure species and more than 2000 mating huji flowers in it, with a total of more than 60000 plants, mainly includingmoth orchid、Paphiopedilum、dendrobiumThe colorful "Orchid Family" is dazzling.
Singapore Botanical Garden
Merlion Park
Every year, tourists from all over the world make a special trip to the cityMerlion ParkAndMerlionTake photos.The design inspiration of Merlion statue comes from《Sejarah Melayu 》Records.In the 14th century, an Indonesian prince arrived here by boat. As soon as he landed, he saw a magical beast. His attendants told him that it was a lion.He named the island Lion City.As for the fish tail shape of the statue, swimming in the waves not only represents the characteristics of Singapore from a fishing port to a commercial port, but also symbolizes the hard-working generations who came from the south to make a living.
Merlion Park
Singapore Jurong Bird Park
Singapore Bird Park is located in Wanli in the north, covering an area of 17 hectares.There are more than 400 kinds of birds in the park, about 3500 of which 29 kinds are threatened.The park extensively collects birds from all over the world, including red cranes from Spain, turkeys from Guinea, colorful starlings, and Antarctic penguins from snow and ice.One of the highlights of the Bird Park is eight large birdhouses simulating different habitats around the world, including African rainforests, South American wetlands, rice fields in Southeast Asia, and dry eucalyptus forests in Australia.These birdhouses also allow visitors to enter and experience the immersive experience.Tourists can also watch a variety of bird performances and feeding time to understand the enthusiasm of birds.There is also a land and water park specially designed for children here, so children can enjoy themselves.[36]
Singapore Jurong Bird Park
Singapore Zoo
Singapore ZooLocated in Wanli, it covers an area of 28 hectares and includes 315 kinds of mammals, birds and reptiles, with a total number of nearly 2530.The "open concept" here gives tourists the opportunity to be in a colorful world of animals and plants.The zoo displays rare birds and animals from all over the world, including polar bears, long nosed monkeysGolden MonkeyComodo Dragon, East Africalion, rhinocerosThe white tigerAnd the world's largest gregarious ape.Visitors can also enjoy the wonderful programs presented to tourists by animals of different species and birds.
Singapore Zoo
Singapore Foya Temple
Singapore Foya Templebe seatedChinatownShuoer Street, five stories high, is built in the style of a Buddhist temple in the Tang Dynasty.The first floor is the gate, bell tower, drum tower, Guanyin Hall and Bailong Hall.The second floor is Alanro Sutra Pavilion and Exhibition Hall, Manjusri Hall, and the mezzanine floor is Lianxin Tea House, Dizang Hall, Dharma Hall, Jieguang Hall, and the Memorial Hall of the Elders and Virtues of Zhushan.The third floor is the Hall of Samantabhadra, Longhua Academy - Buddhist Cultural Relics Museum.The fourth floor is the Lingguang Hall and the Buddhist Tooth Relic Pagoda.On the top floor of the fifth floor, there are Wanfo Pavilion, the wheel store of the Great Light Sutra mantra, the Wanfu Light Lamp and the Huji Garden.
Singapore Foya Temple
museum
Singapore has four national museums.National Museum of SingaporeMainly to showHistory of SingaporeMainly, the museum integrates modern technology into historical exhibits and conveys historical information through vision, hearing and touch.Museum of Asian CivilizationIt is divided into two halls, which are located at the former site of Daonan School“Baba Nyonya ”The exhibition hall with the theme of life and civilization is located in the second hall of Queen's Square. In addition to the exhibition hall of Chinese civilization, it also displays cultural heritage with the theme of Southeast Asia and other places.Singapore Art MuseumIt specializes in collecting and displaying modern art works from Singapore and Southeast Asia in the 20th century.
National Museum of Singapore
delicious food
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delicious food
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Chicken Satay
Spicy chickenSatayIt is a famous Malay food in Singapore. After being grilled with charcoal, chicken kebabs are served with rice balls, sliced fresh cucumbers and onions. It is a delicious Malay snack.Dipped with elaborately prepared yellow pear peanut butter, it is delicious and one of the favorite foods of locals and tourists.[6]
Chicken Satay
Chicken Rice, Hainan Style
Chicken Rice, Hainan StyleIt is the food of early immigrants in Singapore.How to do it is simple: fresh and juicy white cut chicken with oily yellow chicken rice, with soy sauce or soy sauce, special chili sauce and ginger.Every part of cooking Hainan chicken rice must be meticulous in order to make delicious food, which is the choice of Singapore cuisine.[6]
Chicken Rice, Hainan Style
Curry fish head
Curry fish headIt is one of the most representative cuisine with Singapore flavor. This spicy Indian cuisine mainly consists of a large piece of grouper head or red snapper head, which is served in a large bowl of hot curry soup. The soup is spicy and fragrant, and the fish head is fresh and delicious.[6]
Curry fish head
Laksa
Laksa It is a typical Nianga or Native Chinese dish.The soup is mainly made of coconut milk, spices and peppers. It is fragrant and spicy, with coarse rice noodles, and shrimp clams. It is one of the characteristics of Singapore.[6]
Laksa
Rice with coconut milk
Rice with coconut milkAlthough it is a traditional Malay delicacy, it is also a popular breakfast choice.Coconut rice is named after its cooking methodCoconut milkCook some riceVanilla leafIt is slightly seasoned to give the rice a pungent fragrance.This classic food can be divided into two types, the traditional Malay style with river fish, nuts, cucumbers and eggs.The other is Chinese style, with rich side dishes including fried chicken leg, chicken sausage, fish cake, and lunch meat.[6]
Rice with coconut milk
Honorary title
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In October 2018, the 17th "Global Urban Competitiveness Ranking" was released, and Singapore ranked sixth.
In November 2018, GaWC released the 2018 list of world-class cities, and Singapore ranked firstFirst tier cities in the worldNo. 8.[7]
On July 11, 2019, the Xinhua Baltic International Shipping Center Development Index was released, and Singapore ranked first in the world.
On November 12, 2019, Singapore ranked third in the "Top 20 of the Nine Competitive Forces of Global Urban Economy in 2019".[8]
On November 12, 2019, Singapore ranked first among the top 20 global sustainable competitiveness companies in 2019.[16]
On December 26, 2019, Singapore ranked eighth on the 2019 Global 500 Cities List.[17]
