Stirico

Famous general of the Roman Empire

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

Late Roman Empire barbarian tribes A born commander whose father is Mercenary Captain, he joined the army when he was young. In about 385, he served as the emperor's personal commander, and in about 393, he served as the commander in chief of the infantry and cavalry, Theodosius I Before he died, his last words appointed him regent of the empire to assist the prince Horoliu, Flavius Augustus , but later he could only control the Western Empire and fought back during his tenure germanic people The invasion of the Rhine region. Defeated in 402 Goths , suppressed the uprising of the people of Norikum and Lethia, repulsed the Goths in 405 Su Weihui 、 Burgundian The joint invasion of Imperium Romanum A temporary situation of stability has emerged. In 408, the court said that Stiliko wanted to make his son Eastern Roman Empire Emperor, on August 23, he was Western Roman Empire The Emperor Honor was executed^[1] 。

Full Name: Stirico
Alias: Stilico， Flavius Stilico, the last Roman
Times: Imperium Romanum
one's native heath: Ravenna
date of birth: About 359

Date of death: August 23, 408
Key achievements: Assist the Emperor Honorius to maintain the rule of the Roman Empire
True name: Flavius Stilicho
Wife: Senina
Bloodline: Vandal and Roman mixed race

catalog

three summary

brief introduction

Announce

edit

Stirico and his wife and son

Flavius Stilicho (about 359-408) Western Roman Empire Regent, once assisted Roman emperor Theodosius I His son, Flavius Augustus Horolius. Western Rome One of the last great commanders. The son of a Roman mercenary captain, Vandal (father) and Roman (mother) mixed blood. 383 To the king of Persia Shapur III (Shapur III). about 385 years Ren Neibo (under the command of the emperor's soldiers). about 393 years He was promoted to commander in chief of both armies (commander in chief of the Roman army). Because of disagreement with Flavius Rufinus, they became political enemies. Before the death of Theodosius I, he and Ruffinus were appointed to assist the two princes respectively. After the death of Theodosius I, Stirico was appointed the commander of the army. When Visigoths In the Chief Alaric Under the leadership, they began to revolt and plunder Thrace During the war with Macedonia, Stiliko led his troops into Thessaly. However, when he was about to fight Alaric, Dong Roman emperor Akadius At the behest of Rufinus Stiliko Assign some people to go Constantinople 。 395 years On November 27, the troops transferred to Constantinople killed Ruffinus. 397 years Stryker led his troops into Greece, but Alaric refused to go to war, so he had to withdraw to Italy. In the same year, Africa count Gildor Betrayed Rome and prohibited African grain ships from sailing to Rome. Stirico made a decision at the moment Gaul And Spain. The next year, he sent Mascezel (also translated as Mascezel) to lead troops to Africa. In 398, Stryker's daughter Maria married the emperor Honoriu. In 400, Stirico became consul.

401 years Alaric and Visigoths Invasion of Italy , go straight to Milan. Titrico from Rhine The border and Britain mobilized troops. 402 years He and Goths Meet in Pollentia, Poland. Stiliko Although he failed to win completely, he took the Goths' camp（ Battle of Bologntia ）。 Then Alaric asked Etruria (Etruria) marched, but after negotiation, he agreed to withdraw from Italy. 403 years Alaric invaded Italy again and attacked Verona Stiliko fought again with Alaric and won. Alaric fled north. 405 years In the second half of the year, a large group germanic people , mainly Ostrogothic , led by the pagan Radagaisus Florence Attack. Stryker led his army to fight, forcing the Germans to retreat to Fiesole. Here, Stirico cut off the supply line of the Germans, and then carried out another massacre（ Battle of Fiessole ）。 Stiliko never forgets to annex Illyria （Illyricum）， 407 years Start implementing the plan. He closed Italian ports and barred East Roman fleets from entering and leaving. At the beginning of 408, Honoriu married another daughter of Stryker, Thermantia. Nevertheless, one court official said that Stryker wanted to make his son East Roman emperor 。 According to Horoliu's order Stiliko Behead^[2] 。

Life

Announce

edit

Imperial Commander

Stryker's ancestral home is Vandal , father in Valentinian I At that time, he was a barbarian cavalry officer in the imperial mercenary army. From his youth, Sticory took military as his career. His wit and bravery soon showed up on the battlefield, and his riding skills were especially admired by Eastern knights.

383 He has become the Imperial cavalry officer and was appointed by the emperor Imperium Romanum His envoy went to Persia to ratify an important treaty. Because he had completed his task perfectly and maintained the honor of the empire, the emperor Theodosius I asked him to marry his beloved niece and stepdaughter Senina.

385 years He was appointed head of the Royal Guards. During the period of 385-392, he also served as the military commander of Thrace. 393 years He rose to the position of chief commander of the Roman army. stay 394 years In the civil war of the 19th century, Stryker served as the commander in chief of Theodosius I's army, whose main forces were held by their own flags Goths , Arabs and Iberian And so on. The army led by him Cold River Campaign Successfully defeated the political enemies of Theodosius I Apogast With his puppet emperor Eugenius, the empire was reunified.

Shortly thereafter, Theodosius I died of illness（ 395 years January 17), before he died, he entrusted Stilicho to take care of his sons and assist the government. According to the historical records at that time, the emperor's entrustment was not confirmed by official edicts, nor did he give Stirico any special title. But Stirico claimed that he had the right to be the king's two sons, the Western Augustus Horolius and the eastern Augustus Alcadius served as regents of the eastern and western parts of the empire in their infancy. However, he could only control the western part of the empire, and the real power of the eastern part was held by the commander of the Roman Guards, Gaul In the hands of Rufinus (Theodosius I once entrusted him as the adviser of Alcadius).

As a barbarian, Stiliko could become a powerful person in the political life of the empire Imperium Romanum A phenomenon peculiar to the declining period. From the beginning of the third century AD to the end of the Western Roman Empire in the second half of the fifth century AD, the empire has been experiencing a comprehensive collapse of politics, culture, economy and morality. The barbarization of the imperial army and the empire itself was one of the important signs of the political crisis in this period. At that time, the autocratic government attempted to ease the deepening social crisis since the third century with open coercive means: to suppress domestic slaves and Li Nong Uprising, resistance to barbarian invasion, and try to maintain Political stability To safeguard the interests of the slave owners. However, in order to achieve these goals, it is no longer possible to rely solely on the power of the empire itself Polarization The trend of the elimination of the free civilian class and the prevalence of the slave peasant system made the qualified sources of soldiers in the empire less and less. Therefore, more and more rulers employed barbarians in all types of armies of the empire. Barbarian soldiers not only have more suitable qualities as soldiers because of their boldness, but also are more reliable politically because they have no direct relationship with the oppressed people in the empire. By the end of the fourth century, less than a quarter of the Roman soldiers born in the empire had been in the army, and many barbarians were senior officers. It was under such special conditions that Stryker got on board with his military talents Imperium Romanum He also achieved the highest position that the barbarians could not reach before him.

East West Opposition

The talent and reputation of Stirico and his military achievements naturally aroused the envy of Rufinus. Since Rufinus held the actual power of East Rome and controlled Alcadius, the confrontation and dispute between Stilicho and him also led to the final division of the empire（ 395 years ）。 This division must have serious consequences for the political situation of the empire.

When Stilicho successfully defeated the germanic people After the invasion of, in the eastern part of the empire Alaric Leaded Visigoths Take advantage of the favorable period of empire division to launch attacks on the empire. They entered without any obstruction Thrace , across the Macedonian plain and Saizeriya The plain, directly to the foothills of Oeda, was affected by slaves and Li Nong Welcome and support from. At that time, the Ilulikum region, located in the northeast of the Adriatic Sea and including several provinces, was often contested by East and West Rome. Stirrick Excuse resistance Goths , led the army to Thesalia, and announced that he would resume command of the Eastern Roman army (Stilicho was nominally the commander in chief of the entire Roman army), in an attempt to seize all Ilurikum by this opportunity.

After a long confrontation with the Goths, Stryker frustrated Alaric and planned to continue his pursuit. But then he received East Roman emperor Alcadius brought back the Eastern Roman army Constantinople This order was issued under the arbitrary interference of Rufinus with the emperor. There was no apparent dissent from Styrico, so he won the favor of the Eastern Roman army. Under his plan, the Eastern Roman army led by a Goth 395 years On November 27, he returned to Constantinople and killed Rufinus at the welcoming ceremony. All the property of Rufinus was confiscated, but his military command fell to Eutropius, the eunuch of East Rome. Styrico did not achieve the goal of recapturing the military power of East Rome and annexing all the Ilurikum.

The Emperor of East Rome and his favorite officials watched the barbarian commander with fear and jealousy, and they repeatedly sent assassins to try to kill him. The Senate of Constantinople also issued a decree declaring Bustiricho the enemy of the country and confiscating him in the East Roman Province A huge fortune in. The relationship between Stirico and the Eastern Roman government deteriorated. He is 397 years Chun led his army into Greece again and surrounded Ellis Visigoths But failed to force the latter to comply. At this time, East Rome was powerless to resist Alaric In order to appease him and lead him to the West, after secret negotiations, Alaric was announced to be appointed Governor of Ilukum. Although only the eastern region of Ilukum was in the sphere of influence of the East Rome at that time, the East Rome government granted Alaric a false title, but this article gained the advantage against Stirico politically.

Pacify Africa

At the same time, Stirico achieved success in suppressing African rebellions. In the past, each time East and West Rome split, the five African provinces were included in the jurisdiction of West Rome, while Africa itself maintained great independence. 397 years , Governor of Africa moors Gildor He betrayed Honorus at the instigation of East Rome. Stirico pretended to abide by the tradition of the Republic and sued Gildo to the court. The Senate unanimously voted to declare Gildor the enemy of the country. However, Rome's food depended on Africa, and the declaration of war was clearly a signal of famine. At this critical moment, Stirico was in time Gaul The large amount of food in Spain and Rome made the Roman residents and army get sufficient food supply during the whole African war. Stirico himself needs to stay in Italy in case Alaric The invasion of. So he chose a suitable person to take refuge in persecution Western Rome Masizel, the brother of Gildo at the court, led 5000 Gaul troops to Africa. Masizel's march was smooth and the rebellion was pacified. But on the way home, the general accidentally drowned in the river. It is said that Steckoli, who witnessed the incident at that time, deliberately delayed the rescue of Massizel, thereby reducing himself to one competitor.

While celebrating the victory of the African war, Maria, the daughter of Stryker, married the emperor Horoliu. In 400, Stryker became Western Rome Of Consul This gives him a higher prestige. Whenever Stryker wins, his imperial poet Claudian They became very active. from 395 years reach 404 years He wrote many poems and praised the outstanding achievements of Stirico in defending the throne of Western Rome with various praise words. His poetry is about studying this period Imperium Romanum Very important materials about political life and Stryker's personal life^[1] 。

Barbarian war

The barbarization of the Roman army and the empire itself, as well as this important social and political phenomenon, cannot but be reflected in the upper ranks of the imperial ruling class. Roman Senate At the end of the empire, the struggle between the Roman faction and the barbarian faction gradually formed. Their main disagreement is whether to use barbarians as military allies. In the struggle for power and profit, the two parties supported their respective representatives according to this standard. From the perspective of his origin and the policy standards he adopted, he certainly belonged to the barbarian faction, that is, he advocated using the military power of the barbarians to suppress people's uprisings. Struggle with the Eastern Roman government, and ensure border security by means of barbarism. In the military operations at the beginning of the fifth century, especially his Alaric The most obvious performance is in the alliance of.

401 years , led by Alaric, who received the title of Governor of Ilulikum from the Eastern Roman government Visigoths Moving westward, he entered Italy through Bannonia, ravaged its northeast, and directly threatened the presence of Emperor Honorius Milan Horoliu's terrified courtiers advised him to flee to Gaul. Stirico opposed this action, because it was tantamount to giving up Italy to the barbarians. but Roman Legion Almost Goths It was impossible to gather together to defend Italy, so Stiliko had to garrison at the border of the Rhine River Gaul Even the troops of the British side wall quickly returned and tried to persuade some barbarian cavalry as his loyal allies to serve the emperor. In addition, Stiliko There is also a large number of Alanians in Italy Hun A mercenary army composed of Vandals and Goths, as well as some temporarily recruited troops. 402 years On April 6, in Polynesia, Stryker attacked the Goths while they were piously celebrating Easter. He was defeated Alaric The infantry of Alaric captured his wife, but most of Alaric's cavalry were not lost. Before long, Stiliko and Alaric signed a peace treaty and a covenant. Western Rome The government declared Alaric as governor of Ilulikum, and Alaric promised to give up Eastern Roman Empire Service, and 403 years He withdrew from Italy and occupied Ilulikum.

Stiliko is beating Goths In the same year (402) Norikum And the people of Lethia. 405 years , one by Ostrogothic Led by Rada Gaisus Vandal 、 Su Weihui , Burgundians, Arans and other barbarians (with 200000 soldiers and 400000 family members and slaves) migrated southward from the Baltic Sea coast to Italy. The door of the empire was opened again by the barbarians, and the weak emperor retreated ravenna 。 Italy's defense is completely entrusted to Stiliko However, the weak empire has no ability to restore the old defense of the Danube River. Stiliko once again abandoned most of the northern provinces, recalled the border guards, forced people to extort new taxes, lured fugitive soldiers back into the army by various means, and gave freedom to all slaves willing to join the army. After a lot of efforts, an army of about 30000 to 30000 people was assembled. In addition, Stiliko also obtained about 30000 barbarian troops living in the Rhine region and some who opposed Ladagasus Goths Help for. In this way, a total of about 70000 barbarians as the main component of the army were finally combined. Using this army, Stiliko On August 23, he defeated Rada Gaisus in Fiesole and carried out a massacre. He built a triumphal arch in Rome to show his victory.

However, the withdrawal of the Rhine Corps is for the purpose of Vandal The massive invasion of Gaul , providing convenience; And stay in The Alps and the danube The remaining troops of Ladagasus also took the opportunity to march towards Gaul. In order to prevent barbarians from entering Italy, Stilicho adopted the method of using barbarians to control barbarians; He tried to make people live in Rhine The Alamanni people in the area remain passive and neutral, and make the best fighters there Franks He became an enthusiastic ally of the Empire and fought fiercely with the Vandals. As a result, the flames of war spread from the Rhine embankment to 17 provinces of Gaul.

At the same time, the troops stationed on the British side wall rebelled in 407. The army of a usurper named Constantine crossed the sea into Gaul, reached the lower reaches of the Rodanus River, and soon marched to Norikum 。 Stiliko To his old friend Alaric He asked for help to defeat Constantine by promising the latter 4000 pounds of gold as his military aid.

Dead body and broken country

By this time, Queen Maria had died. Stiliko In 408, he married Termanya, one of his daughters, to the emperor Honoriu. But this marriage could not save his ruling crisis. His policy of getting close to barbarians, especially his relationship with Alaric The senate attacked the alliance of. His popularity declined rapidly. In Ravenna's court, a plot was plotted by the Romanists against the barbarians, that is, against Stilico. Rumors that Stiliko wanted to raise his son Euclius to the throne were spread. There was a mutiny against Stiliko in the army. Although the mutiny was secretly suppressed by Stiliko, Honoriu still suspects Stiliko wants to usurp the throne.

In May 408, the political situation in East Rome changed, emperor When Arcadius died, the seven year old son Theodosius II succeeded to the throne and the empress Aelia Eudoxia was regent. Emperor Honorius wanted to take the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as his own, Stiliko He opposed this plan, but this behavior not only intensified the contradiction between the monarch and his subjects, but also allowed the eunuch Olympius to find an opportunity to frame him. In order to dispel the emperor's suspicion, he went to Ravenna and was immediately imprisoned under the order of Emperor Honoriu. 408 years On August 23, Stiliko was executed, and his son was also killed soon. The army set off a wave of anti barbarism, which led to the betrayal of 30000 brave barbarian soldiers under the influence of Stiliko. They all went to Alaric I went there. At the same time, the emperor refused to acknowledge the gold that Stryker had promised Alaric. So Alaric re entered Italy as an ally and friend of Stilico, and ran across the north and south of Italy without any hindrance. On the morning of August 24, 410, with the help of slaves, the ancient capital of the empire, Eternal City —— Rome , was captured for the first time^[1] 。

summary

Announce

edit

Stiliko 's life, yes Imperium Romanum A typical example of barbarization of the army and the empire itself in the last years. After Stilico, people of barbarian origin continued to hold senior positions in the empire. The empire once stabilized the domestic political situation and guaranteed the security of the border by relying on these barbarian officers and mercenaries. But this has buried a bigger crisis; He made the opposition between the people defending the empire and attacking the empire almost disappear, and the social crisis caused by the decadent production relations finally made the Roman Empire unable to escape the fate of destruction.

Since his successful mission to Persia in 383 AD, flexibility and determination have become the adjective used by contemporaries to refer to Styria. The poet Claudian believes that he is "the last shield of the Roman Empire". Although he is actually the highest authority in the Western Roman Empire, he has never been full of his own pockets. Even those who oppose him have to admit his virtue. After he was wrongly killed, Alaric, who had been defeated many times by him, captured Rome. As a barbarian invasion, the scale was not large, but the people they feared no longer existed.^[3]

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001