Government economy, is a kind of communication between enterprises and individualseconomic activityCorrespondingeconomic behavior, i.egovernmentPrincipalResource allocationAndMacroeconomic management。Among them, the governmentFinancial allocationAnd its provisionpublic serviceIn the governmenteconomic activityChina occupies the core position.Tracing back to the history of the government economy, the governmentFiscal revenue and expenditureThe prototype can satisfy the clan and tribe from the primitive societyPublic needsFrom the activities of sacrifice and defense, the formal government economy is the development of human society to the emergence of the country. With the government, the government economy comes into being.
governmenteconomic activityThe main body of is governments at all levels.That is, government in a narrow sense, that isState administration。The government ismarket economyCompared with enterprises and individuals, the behaviors of important subjects in operation are fundamentally different.EnterpriseIndividual economic behaviorThe pursuit of privacyprofitThe government economy aims to maximize the public interest.Government economic activities are an important condition for the balance of market supply and demand. If analyzed from the perspective of market players, the government is the largest buyer in the market. The total amount of government procurement, procurementcommodityandlabour servicesStructure of, rightMarket supply and demandIt has an important impact.
The object of government economy
The object of government economy is the participation partnational incomeOr GNPdistribution, andnational economyOperation progressmacro-control。The economic activities of enterprises and individuals are engaged in the production andsupply, and the government economy is based onFiscal revenue and expenditureAs the core, it is actually a kind of incomedistributionandredistribution, and macro management based on it.Government agencies do not directly create anyMaterial wealth, GovernmentrevenuePaid by enterprises and individualstax revenue, constitute the public provided by the expenditureserviceThe material foundation of the government and the strength of the government's macro-control ability largely depend on the amount of financial resources concentrated by the government.
Compared with enterprises, individuals and other microeconomicsbasisyesSocial public power。The reason why the government can impose compulsory, non site, fixed expropriationtax revenueThe reason why the government, as a public authority, holds the law and other coercive means to punish violators, so as to safeguard the social and public interests.
The purpose of government economy
The purpose of government economic activities is to meetSocial public needs。Through the discussion of relevant chapters in the textbook, we can see thatmarket economyUnder these conditions, the government's economic activities are aimed at solving problems that enterprises and individuals cannot or cannot effectively solveMarket defects, satisfiedSocial public needs, for enterprises and individualsProduction and operation activitiesThe purpose is fundamentally different.
Government Economics
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Government economy
Through the description of government economic activities, people can summarizeGovernment EconomicsThe basic meaning of.That is, government economics is specialized in the study of government as the main bodyResource allocationAnd its macro management laws.Any subject must have its own research object, and government economics is no exception.Research on government orientedResource allocationAnd its macro management makes government economics and other economic disciplines have a clear distinction.It is generally believed that Adam Smith in 1776《On the Wealth of Nations》Since then, government economics has gradually formed a relatively complete discipline system.Contemporary government economics has made great progress in both its disciplinary system and research methods.
Government EconomicsApplied EconomicsCategory, not only a theoretical summary of the government's economic activities, but also a strong practicality. It needs to study various problems existing in the government's economic operation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the government to formulate and implement economic policies, as well as the construction of rules and regulations.The political economy faced by different governmentsEnvironmental Science, as well as the economic and social development tasks undertaken by a government in different periods, there are huge differences.Therefore, in addition to adhering to the basic methodology of Marxist economics, the learning methods of government economics need to emphasize the following specific methods:
1. Method of combining theory with practice
The combination of theory and practice requires the study of government economics. On the one hand, the basic principles of government economics can be used to analyze various phenomena in the development of government economy and propose solutions to the existing problemsthinkingAnd methods to deepen the understanding and mastery of basic theories.On the other hand, through various government economic activities, further test the correctness of the theory to correct andDevelopment theory, implementation theoryinnovateTo achieve the combination of theory and practice at a higher level.
Empirical analysisAndnormative analysis It is a commonly used method for economic research and learning.The task of empirical economic analysis is to answer the question of "what is" in the economic operation, while the standardized economic analysis is to solve the question of "what should be" in the economic operation.
3. The method of combining historical analysis with logical analysis
The combination of historical analysis and logical analysis requires a broad vision in the study of government economics, which can grasp the future development trend of government economy from the past and present, and make corresponding theoretical generalization.
economic phenomena
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stayModern market economyIn China, various economic phenomena with the government as the main body can be found everywhere.Government economic activities are not only related to the governmentRoute, guidelines, policy implementation,governmental functionsAnd involve enterprises and institutionsCompany, the vital interests of thousands of families and individuals.Under the open conditions, the economic activities of one government will also have an impact on the economy of other countries and regions.The government economy not onlypoliticianDiplomats and economists are concerned, and they are the focus of attention of all sectors, regions, units and sectors of society.
Modern government economic activities involving a country orRegional economyEvery field and level of social life is an indispensable part of the rational allocation of social resources, which is related to the interests of every member of society.Governments at all levels and their public servants need to fully understand the role of government economy inMarket systemTo grasp the economic operation law of the government, fulfill the government's responsibilities, carry out various public management activities, and strive to improveResource allocation efficiency, for the public interestservice。
Moral stipulation
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Develop socialismmarket economy, requiredMarket regulationThis "invisible hand" also needs the "visible hand" of the governmentmacro-control。As the main body of social and economic management, when the government intervenes in social and economic life through its functions, it also has a rule problem and how to comply with the rules.There are many outstanding contradictions in China's current economic life, such as market disorderLocal protectionismThe government's efficiency is low, in addition to the low degree of marketizationmarket mechanismIn addition to being imperfect, there are also some problems to be recognized and solved in government regulation. Especially under the historical conditions of China's accession to the WTO and China's economic integration into the international economy, it is more necessary to analyze and study from the perspective of economic ethics.This paper points out that some problems arising from government regulation are inseparable from strengthening the legal system and institutional construction (even these problems are also inseparablemoralityFunction).We must also strengthen moral norms and constraints.This is an important research field that China's business ethics must pay attention to.
Like other market subjects, the government, as the subject of management, has rules to follow.Only when there are rules to follow, can the government's regulation truly step into the track of standardization, scientificity and institutionalization, and can it be possible to complete the tasks left to the government by the market.Of course, the government is also flawed.There are imperfect markets and imperfect governments, and the reasons are both objective and subjective.This shows that government behavior can not be free from the constraints of the system.After China's entry into WTO, the government must manage the market in accordance with the law to ensure that the government power becomes a positive force rather than a destructive force in society.Here is just an overview of ethical conventions.
1、 To explore and follow the government's basic ethical concept of respecting the laws of market operationeconomic lawIt's economictask, alsoeconomic ethics The due meaning of.Government regulatedmoralityConstraints must first emphasize this point.
Government economy
staymarket economyMedium,Market regulationFirst sex, yesOptimize resource allocationThe foundation of."The market is the overall performance of the circulation field itself" ①, it is everythingeconomic relationsThe summary part of.These relationships focus onAggregate supplyAnd total demand, as well as the structural relationship between supply and demand, and all kinds of relationships in supply and demand are reflected by price changes, and are adjusted spontaneously, becoming a natural balancing mechanism in fluctuations.This "invisible hand" showsLaw of supply and demand、Law of valueandCompetition lawThe resultant force ofcommodityThe basic regulating function of the economy.Market regulationAlthough it is spontaneous, it is a basic regulation carried out naturallysocial productive forcesIf the basic social economy leaves the market regulation and develops another set, it will inevitably be divorced from reality, just as the nervous system is separated from the organic whole, there is no support and carrier for its existence.We've been doing this for more than 20 yearseconomic reformIs to establishSocialist market economy。The essence of China's entry into WTO is the generalization of market economy and the strengthening of market mechanism,market rulesUniversalization of.
Therefore, under the condition of market economy, the first question for government behavior is to respect the law of market development and strengthen social and economic rationality.Any decision that relies on "beating the head" and recklessness must be thoroughly reformed, which requires the government to change from unprovoked "regulation" to better“service”To serve well, we must operate according to the laws of market economy.This is an economic problem, a problem of the public policy level of the government, and also a new problem that the government needs to establisheconomic ethics idea.According to scholars' estimates,The third plenary session of the eleventh central committeeOver the past 20 years, major decisionsDirect economic lossAbout 400 - 500 billion yuan.According to the success rate of investment decision-making in the whole society of 70%, the annual loss caused by decision-making mistakes is 120 billion yuan. ⑦Therefore, this decision-making system is neither suitable for socialismmarket economyThe requirements of development are not suitable for the post WTOeconomic integrationRequirements.At present, there are three outstanding points: firstgovernmental functions"Offside" phenomenon is more prominent, too much interference in normal business activities, in charge of their own should not be in charge of bad things.Second, there is still a lack of scientific and rational analysis of the market, making decisions at random;Third, the sense of capital and responsibility is indifferent.To causeMajor economic lossesIt is rare to investigate the administrative responsibility of decision makers for the consequences of their actions.From the perspective of government behavior, only by respecting the law of market economy development can the government's planning and regulation be scientific and standardized, manage what it should manage, earnestly perform its functions and assume its responsibilities.At the same time, the government must be streamlined, efficient, honest and fair, and better adapt to the requirements of the market economy.This isChinaThe urgent requirements of the marketization process areThe government regulates the economyThe necessary ethical concept.
2、 To make up forMarket defectsEthical responsibility for the government The market is not in chargemoralityOrganization of.
Government economy
The compensatory function of the government is also an ethical responsibility.of course,government interventionThe scope and extent of the economy is closely related to the development of the market.JustChinaAt present, because the market is not mature enough and the market operation has yet to be standardized, the government may intervene in relatively many things. Even things that should have been done by the market, sometimes have to be temporarily undertaken by the government. After the market has developed to a certain degree, it will be transferred to the market to undertake.Therefore, even after joining the wTo, the government has to play a special role according to China's national conditions on the premise of abiding by its international rules.
Under the condition of market economy, market resource allocation plays a fundamental role in solving the problems of what to produce, how to produce and for whomSocial productsTo meet people's needs.The government is committed to making up for the defects of the market itself and solvingMarket Failure Question.Specifically, under the general market economy conditions, the five major areas of government activities are to use fiscal and monetary policies to achieve stable economic growth;Provided through public financepublic goods To meet social public needstax revenue、subsidy、transfer payment And other means to slow down societydistributionUnfair contradiction;utilizetaxes, subsidies and other measures to eliminate marketexternal economyNegative effect.Restore the efficiency and vitality of the market;By enacting laws and regulations to restrict monopoly,Protect competition, MaintenanceMarket economy systemThe foundation of.As far as China is concerned, the government is also responsible for improving state-owned enterprises and strengthening themsocialist systemThe function of economic foundation;stayeconomic globalizationThe government is also responsible for protecting and developing the national economy and defendingNational economic securityFunction of.As for how these two functions can play better and effectively in the new situation, it needs to be carefully studied.These objectively required functions should be recognized by the people who assume the functions, consciously and creatively perform them, and constantly improve them.
At present, the government is making upMarket defectsAspectserviceOn the other hand, it should be emphasized that the government should standardize the market order, the behavior of enterprises and intermediary organizations, and guideconsumptionThe.For example,Market law, anti-monopoly law, anti unfair competition law, etc. to create equal competitionEnvironmental Science, restriction and restraintVicious competitionAnd monopoly behavior;Another example is to use quality law and contract law to protect famous and high-quality products and crack downFake and inferior productsAnd various illegal businesses;The top priority is to guide all regions and economic entities in China to stop running their own affairs and killing each other.We should break the situation of regional, departmental and market segmentation as soon as possible and curbLocal protectionismSo that the whole country can form a unified standard as soon as possibleMarket system。Moreover, the government should focus on solving the relationship between justice and efficiency, and adjustdistributionThe problem of wide disparity of interests in the field, and the problem of ensuring the minimum living standard, especially the establishment ofsocial security system, employment, medical carecompulsory educationCreate good humanitiesEnvironmental Science、ecological environmentEtc.Because it is difficult for operators to take into account the overall interests of the market alone, especially the protection of natural resources, ecological balance, maintenance of public health and public securityEnvironmental ScienceMaintenance, etc.In order to overcome and make up for the blindness and short-term nature of the market, the government must start from the development of the whole society and formulate long-term development plans and annual development plans according to the requirements of science and technology as the guidance of the whole economy.
These functions and responsibilities are problems that the government should and must solve.If the government function is "absent", it will directly affect the fate of economic development and social stability.At present, China'sEconomic system reformIt is developing in depth, and many deep-seated contradictions need to be solved urgently, such as employment, fairness in distribution, market order, etc. Although the government has played a strong role in macro-control and accumulated a lot of experience, there are still some things that should be managed by the government in the market operation, but they are not managed well.The reason is that some government officials have not yet adapted to the operational requirements of the market economy, and their control ability needs to be improved;Some are due to the lack of sense of responsibility.Practice has proved that,socialist market economyToday, there is an urgent need for a strong and scientific decision-making government to guide and regulate, and a government with a strong sense of ethical responsibility to guide.
3、 Taking safeguarding social public interests as the starting point and destination of government behavior
Government actionmacro-controlAs the subject of power, it represents the public interest and will.Safeguarding social public interests is the first priority of the governmentmoralityrequirement.Because China is in the economic systemTransition period, somegovernmental functionsDistortion has occurred, which has brought chaos to economic life and directly harmed the interests of the country and citizens.In some places and departments, there are tensions or contradictions between the interests of individuals and departments, the interests of the people and the overall interests of the country.Local protectionismThe "three chaos" phenomenon brought about by the interests of departments is a prominent problem that has been tried to solve in recent years but has not been cured.
Local protectionismyesTransition periodThe performance of the deformed functions of local governments.Out of the sight of the placeinterest(Mainly with those who eat in separate kitchenfinancial system In addition to the need of some local officials to create "political achievements", especially the direct connection with corruption (power money transaction), some local governments do not implement the unified laws and regulations of the country and do not maintain the unified marketorder, but committed to protecting local illegal operations.Such as openly or secretly protecting the manufacture of fake and shoddy products, and even supporting and protecting the drugs and food that are explicitly prohibited by the state and are related to people's life and health;aboutenvironment pollution. The operation of destroying resources is not stopped, but is protected by every means, so that water pollution and air pollution are repeatedly prohibited, and many small factories that should be closed are transferred underground;The local operators are punished by the judicial department but the local authorities refuse to implement it. Some judicial authorities intentionally misjudge the contract law, making it difficult to implement the contract law, and even try to shield local people from fraud against outsiders;In order to protect local new products, it is not allowed to go out of towncommodityEnter, or forcibly sell local new products, or even worse,officialLaw enforcement officials collude with mafia forces to protect prostitutionarm control issue, smuggling, false tax receipts and other illegal economic activities.The prevalence of such local protectionism is the cause of the current market disorder in China, which has seriously damaged the marketEnvironmental Science, which hinders fairness, openness, unity and competitionMarket systemThe establishment of has become a major public hazard.In this regard, some local officials not only did not investigate and deal with it, but anti traffickers thought it was an effective measure to develop the local economy.There are not only problems of understanding, but also problems of interests.
Local protectionismThe essence of its existence and development is that it is related to the personal interests of some government officials, oreconomic interestOr seek so-called "achievements".As representatives of public interests and will, they are required to represent the fundamental needs of the peopleinterest, the overall interests of the country, but their behavior is contrary.
In addition to local protectionism, there are also departmental interests.someadministrative organbyAdministrative monopolyAnd seek to maximize the interests of the industry, the department and the Group, rather than the welfare of the people.This is the important reason why the "Three Disorders" phenomenon has not been banned for many times.The "Three Disorders" first caused enterprises andconsumptionThe burden is heavier and the cost is higher,benefitDown.Some enterprises try to remarryconsumptionOr directly damage the interests of consumers, distorteconomic relations。Secondly, it led to lax law enforcementorderChaoseconomic leversFailure and decline in credit awareness.In order to "generate income", the illegal management is deliberately ignored. As a result, the sales of qualified new products may not be smooth, and unqualified low-quality products will run rampant. It is difficult to overcome the unhealthy trend in the industry.This kind of group corruption is the soil of official corruption, resulting ingovernmental functionsIt is seriously distorted, which not only makes it difficult to perform its duties, but also fundamentally violates the interests of the people.
4、 To buildcredit economyThe Social Credit Ethics System Based on WTO as the Focus of the Government's Work
socialist market economyIt is a legal economy based on stable credit relationship, stable and reliableSocial credit systemyesmarket economyOne of the important basic conditions for effective operation.However, the current situation is compatible with the socialist market economySocial credit systemIt has just appeared in China and is still in its infancy.The enterprise credit system has not been established,Personal credit systemMore backward,Government creditIt is also challenged. The credit problem has increasingly become the "bottleneck" that hinders the marketization process of the national economy, and has become a very prominent problem in the rule of law and rule of virtue.
Credit is a kind ofeconomic relations。Credit is the general term for lending activities.staycommodity productionandcurrency circulationUnder the condition ofcommodityCredit sales andMoney lendingThe form ofeconomic relationsIs a special form of value movement with repayment as the condition.Borrowing capitalSports form is the basic form of credit.There are three types of credit:Deferred paymentandAdvance paymentTo buy and sell goodsCommercial credit；The second is that the banks will concentrate on idlenessMonetary capitalAnd social hot money, lending to industry and commercecapitalistOfbank credit；Third, companies, stores and banks to individualsconsumptionInstallment sales andConsumer loansThe consumer credit of.Credit is not uniqueEconomic category, but inCommodity currencyThe relationship exists and develops to a certain extent, and then credit comes into being.Due to China's decades of planned economic system, social resources are mainly allocated by the government, and enterprises are not independentEconomic entityThe gap between enterprises cannot establish a real credit relationship.In a sense, crediteconomic relationsAnd the degree of system establishment is an important reference for whether China's system is completely transformed.The history of economic development of human society is, in essence, the history of the establishment and development of credit economy.The more developed the market economy is, the more it requires the development of the credit economy, and the credit economy inevitably requires the corresponding ethical concepts and standards to serve this.Only in this way can we maintain the normal operation of the market economy and faceeconomic globalizationTrend.It can be seen that the credit we usually talk about has two meanings: one is the meaning of economy, the other is the connotation of ethics.economic significance The credit on the Internet reflects the objective inevitability of the facts, that is, the question of "what is", which must be explored by economics.Ethics analyzes and evaluates from the perspective of value, and solves the problem of "should"."As some norms and norms," should "is not only the inevitable requirement of economic life, but also plays a role in guiding and regulating economic life. At the same time, it is also a powerful human power, a driving force of economic activities, and an indispensable resource.
As mentioned above, because our countryMarket economy systemBeing established as an economic relationshipnationalThe credit system has not been established yet. In addition, there is a certain degree of credit deficiency in the behavior of the government, enterprises and individuals. To a certain extent, there has been a credit ethics crisis.Due to the lack of this ethical concept andpsychologyGuarantee, the lack of "self-discipline" of economic activities, therefore, directly caused the chaos of market order.For example, the distrust between manufacturers due to default on debts;The existence of a large number of bad and doubtful debts leads to the phenomenon of "borrowing" by investors;Fake and inferior productsDelugeconsumptionThose who dare not spend freely;The serious distortion of statistics in many departments has caused the distortion of economic information in different areas, and the government is unable to regulate the economy.Market economy is legal economy, credit economy and moral economy.Building societycreditSystem, includingcredit system And the system, including the credit ethics that is suitable for the credit economy, has become the premise and guarantee for the healthy operation of the market economy.On this issue, the government is still at the core.Therefore, the government should first become a model of being trustworthy and trustworthy, especially in terms of intervention and regulation of economic activities, reflecting the image of the government.At the same time, through policy guidance and regulation, establish andsocialist market economyAppropriate national credit system.The 520 "contract abiding and trustworthy" enterprises in the country recently announced take enterprises as the entry point, aiming to clean up the marketCredit orderEstablish and improve the social credit system, which marks the official launch of China's enterprise credit project.
At present, the biggest problem affecting the image and credibility of the Chinese government is that a small number of people in the government use their functions to engage in economic corruption, which has led to the growth and spread of corruption at all levels of society and the failure of government decrees,Social credit systemA crisis has occurred.Some officials use their power to trade power and money, which makes corruption grow and spread among some officials, even worse.The losses caused by corruption are not only reflected in economic credit, but also affect the political situation, the Party's image andGovernment creditQuestion.Establish and improve socialismMarket economy system, correction and specificationgovernmental functionsWe must be determined to eliminate this cancer.
The quality of government staff is an important condition for correctly performing official duties, exercising functions according to law, improving work efficiency, and mastering the market economySocial credit systemImportant conditions and guarantees of.Therefore, governments at all levels shouldinternational economy Rules, transformations, specificationsgovernmental functions；Establish a strong sense of the rule of law, credit, and service, and fundamentally change old ideas.For government cadres at all levelseducationIt must be regular and institutionalized.On the one hand, conduct professional ethics education to improve the consciousness of serving the people.In the new situation, we should combine new contradictions and new problems to explorecivil servantmoralityAt the same time, we should learn from foreign advanced managementexperience。On the other hand, leading cadres at all levels should strengthen professional learning, understand and abide by the law, be familiar with policies and rules, correctly grasp the boundaries, improve their ability and efficiency, and make government management more consistent withOperation of market economyWe should give full play to the due credit in the establishment of the national credit system and the social credit ethics system.
