Mahabharata is a world famous Indian epic, and its ChineseFull translation, about five million words, including long articlesHeroic epicThere are also a large number of legends as interlocutors, religious philosophy and code works.There are 100000 "Odes"（Stanza）, the content is equivalent to《Ramayana》Four times of that, known as encyclopedic epic, it is huge in scale and complex in content.Indian modern scholars believe that Mahabharata is a national epic of India, which contains“Collective unconsciousness”It can be called "the soul of India".
Mahabharata（Devanagari 、IASTMahābhārata）The existing book is compiled on the basis of an epic.Mahabharata is known as "200000 lines long poem". Before King Gesar was discovered, it was the longest epic in the world.
A total of 18 pieces, about 100000 songs (one song and two lines).It mainly describes the descendants of the Borneo peopleGenericityandThe two nationalities of Gulu revolve around the throneRight of inheritanceThe struggle reflects the Indian society in the era of disputes among countries.Epics contain rich folk legends, fables, myths and fairy tales, as well as a large number of religious, philosophical, political and ethical content.yesIndian LiteratureGreat impact.
background of times
Mahabharata was written from the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD, lasting 800 years.It has been created and recited orally for a long time, constantly expanding the content and accumulating layer by layer.It was written in the era when India transformed from a primitive tribal society to a national societythe VedasTemporalBrahmanismThe new Brahmanism (i.ehinduism）The era of.This epic is based on Indiathe various states or nationsDescribing against the background of the era of disputeBoradoTwo descendants ofRight of inheritanceThe various struggles launched eventually led to a great war.Although the result of the war was victory or defeat, it was a historical tragedy that almost all the soldiers on both sides died in the battlefield.
cultural heritage
Piyasa
The writing process of this epic is that the Indian ancients collected and preserved national thoughtscultural heritageA special way of.This epic itself claims: "The right law, interests, desires and liberation are here, elsewhere, here and elsewhere." In other words, the content of this epic covers everything in the world.Therefore, after this epic was written, it was honored as "the fifththe Vedas”That is to say, it is regarded as the "Holy Scripture".India's four oldest extant booksthe Vedas（《Rig Veda 》《Sama Veda 》《Yerouveda》And《Atharvaveda》）YesVedic Age Mahabharata is the "Holy Scripture" ofClassical timesThe "Holy Scripture" of "The Fifth Veda".Understand the epic Mahabharata, and then basically understand Hinduismtraditional culture。Therefore, Indian modern scholars believe that Mahabharata is a national epic of India, which contains“Collective unconsciousness”, can be called“Soul of India”。
Ideological connotation
The story written in the epic is not a general internal struggle of the royal family, but a struggle between two types of rulers who are obviously opposite, a struggle between the weak and the weak against the violent, the insulted and injured against the insulted and injured, the exile and persecution of the aristocrats who are close to the people and the arrogant and brutal aristocrats who occupy the throne.The keynote is to praiseYudhishtira The justice force represented byInvincibleThe evil force represented by.We will fight with justice, humility and kindness, but will never defeat greed, arrogance and cruelty.The invincible perversion is unpopular, and even some elders in the Gulu family sympathize and protectGenericityFamily.The epic shows the people's desire to unify the world by a more wise monarch rather than a tyrannical monarch in troubled times.
The philosophy of law runs through the epicideological system。"Law" is the structural order of the country and society, and it is also the responsibility of everyoneCode of Conduct。Law and illegality set the standards of right and wrong, good and evil.This idea is vividly expressed through epic stories, and the last surviving battle of the eldest son of the Bandu clan is interpreted as the embodiment and victory of law.
This work has been spread in various forms for a long timeSoutheast Asia, for localThe development of literatureHas an important impact.It has been translated into some major languages in modern India, English, French, German, Russian and evenJavanese。The full Chinese translation consists of six volumesJinkemuZhao GuohuaHuang BaoshengIt is the third complete translation in the world so far except for Sanskrit and English.
Inheritance mode
After Mahabharata was completed, it was handed down orally and in the form of transcripts.The materials used in the transcript are mainlyBirch barkandScallop leaf。The printed version of Mahabharata appeared in the 19th century.At the beginning of the 20th century, western scholars realized that Mahabharata had a great impact on researchIndian CultureOfAcademic value, once planned to compile the refined edition of Mahabharatathe First World WarBreak out and interrupt work.Since 1919, a group of Indian Sanskrit scholars have restarted this work, which lasted nearly half a century, and in 1966, they produced a fine proofread of the whole book Mahabharata.
Chinese translation
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Great Brahma Riding Goose
Mahabharata ChineseFull translationIt is based on this refined edition.This translation work was initiated by Zhao Guohua in the 1980s.Mahabharata consists of 18 chapters.JinkemuMr. Zhao Guohua and Xi Bizhuang translated the first four chapters of the book in 1986.But at that time, it was difficult to publish, because ordinary publishers did not dare to accept this long-standingPublication plan。Until the end of 1989,China Social Sciences PressFocusing on academic career, he accepted this publishing plan.When the translation of Mahabharata was restarted, Zhao Guohua broke out in 1991myocardial infarction，die young。Since then, this translation work has been carried out byHuang BaoshengAnd was listed as a key scientific research project in 1996.A total of eight Sanskrit scholars took part in the translation work before and after 10 years, and finally completed the translation of the whole book in 2003.
The translation of the book focuses onAcademic norm。The chapters, chapters and odes of the whole poem are marked with serial numbers.Necessary notes have been added to the translation.There are 18 poems in the whole poem. In front of each poem, an introduction is written to introduce the main content of each poem, make brief comments, and provide necessarycultural backgroundInformation or tips on problems worth studying.China Social Sciences Press also listed Mahabharata as a key book, carefully edited and printed, and officially published it in 2005.
Epic writer
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The author of the epic, according to Indian traditionPiyasa(Guangbo Immortal).It's from the fisherman's privet Xin before marriagebastard。Zhenxin later marriedBlessed King, gave birth to his son Qiwu, who died shortly after marriage, leaving two widows.The King of Blessing is in danger of cutting off his heirs.So, Zhenxin found Vayasa, who practiced asceticism in the forest, and asked him to carry on the generation instead of Qiwu, giving birth to a sonHolder country、GenericityAnd Viduro.Since then, Viyasa still lived in seclusion in the forest.He witnessed and participated in the whole process of the struggle between the hundred sons of the state and the five sons of Bandu.He wrote this epic poem after the five brothers of the Bandu clan ascended to heaven.But the legend of Viyasa has not been verified.
Year of completion
Mahabharata
The title of Mahabharata means "the story of the great Bharata".It was written between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD.Epics are the products accumulated and processed by many people during the centuries around the era.It has many different handsCopybookIt has been handed down.IndiaPuneThe refined version of the edition was collated according to all the manuscripts and published in the 1960s.In addition, there is also a school journal of South India Biography.
Book history
Mahabharata is gradually accumulated after a long timebe published in book formThe earliest evidence shows that 100000 pairs of copies have been collected in 533 ADAntithesis, there are 20 volumes.The earliest transcripts may date back to 200 AD, so they may have been compiled into 18 volumes from the 3rd to the 4th century, and only 18 volumes exist.
volume
Volume
chapter
content
one
The first chapter
1-19
Preface: The birth and growth of princes.
two
General Assembly
20-28
Life and games in the palace,GenericityThe family was exiled.
three
Forest
29-44
12 years of exile in the forest.
four
Pilata
45-48
A year spent in exile at the court of Pilata.
five
Mediation
49-59
Prepare for battle.
six
Vaishimo Chapter
60-64
The first stage of the war,bhishma He is the commander of the Gulu nationality.
seven
Drona
65-72
The second stage of the war,Drona Command the battle.
eight
Garna
seventy-three
The third stage of the war,Karna Command the battle.
nine
Shaliya
74-77
In the final stage of the war,Saleilles Command the battle.
ten
Night Attack
78-80
The remaining generals of the Gulu nationality, such as Masi, almost wiped out all of them at night.
The first volume also talks aboutZhen Qun WangHolding a snake sacrifice explains the motivation, why we want to eliminate all snakes and why there are still snakes.This story is an independent story, probably fromthe Vedas。
Main plot
On a warm spring day, eight immortal brothers in the sky took their beautiful wives down to the world to play.On a green lawn, a beautifulCowWith smallcalfEating grass.Cows haveDamaskLike fur and charming posture.A woman was attracted by the cow. She asked the immortals to take the cow away. Her husband knew that it was the cow of Jiyu Immortal, and persuaded her to give up the idea, but she refused.Finally, with the help of their brothers, they stole the cow and calf.
Jiyu Immortal is a powerful immortal.When he came back, he found that the cow was missing. Using his magic, he soon knew who was the thief of the cow.He cursed that all the eight immortal brothers would be mortal.Jiyu Immortal and Curse are very effective and can certainly become reality.The eight immortal brothers were very regretful, and together they asked for forgiveness from the Immortal.At their entreaties, the Immortal Alleviated the curse: all seven brothers must go to the world once, but the mastermind of stealing cattle will stay in the world.
Eight immortal brothersGo and askGanges goddessAs their mother, they negotiated that the first seven children of the Ganges goddess would be thrown into the Ganges, so that they could wash away their sins and resurrect as gods.The Ganges goddess was moved by their sincerity. She agreed to their request and turned into a beautiful woman to the world.Her beautiful face and graceful posture make her a king on earthBlessed KingOf love.
Before marriage, they made an agreement;The King of Blessing was not allowed to ask her about her origin or interfere with her behavior. The infatuated King of Blessing agreed.They got married and lived happily. Every year, they gave birth to a beautiful child. But every time, the mother threw the child into the Ganges River and returned to her husband with a smile on her face.The king was shocked, but he had to endure it silently because of his engagement before marriage. This continued for seven years, and the eighth year gave birth to his eighth child——Bhishma At that time, the King of Blessing could not bear it, and finally wanted to stop his wife.The husband broke the contract, and the immortal's curse came true.The Ganges goddess explained the reason to her husband and took her little son away.The son was sent to Daxian to learn all kinds of knowledge and skills. When he grew up, he returned to the King of Blessing and became a brave, knowledgeable and kind person.The king made him his prince.
After the loss of his beloved wife, the King of Blessed Body was unhappy for more than ten years and never married again.Once, he saw a fisherman's woman with big eyes and thin waist, who looked like flowers and jade, and who was full of fragrance.He asked the woman to marry him.But the woman's father proposed that his daughter's son should inherit the throne.The King of Blessed Body has made the son of Ganges Goddess the crown prince, and cannot promise.He began to be depressed again.When the prince knew the reason, he swore to the fisherman that he would give up his position as the prince and never marry, so as to ensure that the descendants of the fisherman's daughter would sit firmly on the throne.Tianshi changed its name from now onbhishma , which means "the person who made the terrible oath".The fisherwoman finally married the King of Fortune, and they gave birth to two sons, Huachuan and Qiwu.Hua Chuan died early.Qiwu has two sons, one namedHolder country, one isGenericity。Zhiguo is blind, but he hasInvincibleThe head of the 100 sons.The general degree is goodYudhishtira The five sons led by him are all outstanding in martial arts.
The hundred sons who held the country and the five sons of Bandu had competition and contradiction since they were young, and began to fight for the throne when they grew up.In order to monopolize the country, Nandi often wants to murder Jianzhan brothers.Once he built a paintedGumLet the five Jianzhan brothers live in our house. When they lived in the house, they sent someone to set fire to it. The gum house was most likely to catch fire, and it burned out all at once.Fortunately, someone reported that Jianzhan brothers had run away from the tunnel they had dug first.
The Jianzhan brothers escaped the forest.At a wedding party for neighboring princesses, one of Jianzhan's brothers shot an arrow into the eye of a distant spinning fish, and he could marry the beautiful Black Princess.Because my motherAzhounaIn addition, the five brothers really loved the Black Princess, so the Black Princess became the common wife of the five sons.
The Black Princess is a powerful country.With such support, the five Jianzhan brothers returned home again.The king gave them half the land, but it was desolate.Another bad idea came to mind. He asked Brother Bandu to play with himRoll diceOf gambling.The condition is that the loser must be exiled for 12 years, and the 12th year cannot be recognized. Otherwise, another 12 years of exile will be added.The Bandu brothers were forced to agree, but they lost. They had to live in exile in the forest.In the 13th year, they dressed up and went to work in the palace of a country.A year later, they sent envoys back to ask for the return of half of their land.
The enemy refusedYudhishtira Five brothers' request.At last war broke out between the two sides.Both invincible and hard fought have contacted many countries as their supportersIndian subcontinentAlmost all the countries in the world took part in the war——Kurukshetra War 。
The war lasted for 18 days, and countless people were killed and wounded. 99 brothers were killed, but only one escaped.He ducked into aIn the lake, breathe with a reed tube.But it was discovered by the five Jianzhan brothers.They humiliated him with words, forcing him to rise from the lake and fight with them.He was outnumbered and killed.
The invincible soldiers were determined to avenge the invincible. They attacked the camp of the five brothers at night and killed all the sleeping soldiers.Fortunately, the five brothers were not there at that time and were able to escape.After Jianzhan returned to China and became king, they felt guilty when they thought that the killing of brothers and families had brought such a serious disaster to the people.Soon, they gave the throne to their grandson and took their wife, Black Princess, tothe himalayasI'm going to practice Buddhism.Finally they all went to heaven.
The above is the central story of the epic, accounting for only half of the whole poem.Around the central story, a large number of mythological traditions andfable story。If you interrupt《Naro Biography》Write about the ancient king Naro, who was teased by evil gods, lost his land, and then separated from his wife in exile. Finally, he experienced hardships and dangers, and his husband and wife reunited to recover their land;According to the Biography of Savideli, the ancient woman Savideli won the favor of King Yanmo and brought her husband back from the dead with her loyalty and wisdom.Except this kindLiterarinessIn addition, the epic also contains a large number of theoretical insertion elements such as religion, philosophy, politics and ethics. The most famous is the long poem of religious philosophy, the Bhagavad Song, which has long beenhinduismBe canonized.Because of this comprehensive feature, Mahabharata can be said to be an encyclopedic work with the heroic epic as the core.
Longest poem
For a long time, western scholars have always believed that Mahabharata is the "longest" epic in the world.The 1993 edition of the New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics states: "Mahabharata is the longest poem in the world, with about 100000 copies of its refined version《Eliat》And《Odyssey》They add up to nearly seven times. "According to the statistics of western scholars, only singing thisgrand narrative The core part (the dialogue part of the two main characters), calculated as singing a "Song" every minute (a group of couplets is a Song), is to sing continuously for 25 days and nights.
Narrative structure
itsNarrative structureLike a group of huge buildings, the halls are connected, the courtyards are overlapped, the corridors are surrounded, and the paths are interconnected.Those innumerable "interruptions" are independent and related to each other, and often have their own narrators, interlocutors and even their own listeners;There are 300 to 400 storytellers in it alone.In this way, not only the story is embedded in the story, but also the dialogue is embedded in the dialogue, which makes the story clues intertwined and the plot development fascinating.Of course, the so-called "longest" statement seems to haveinaccurateHas.In Chinathe zang or tibetan peopleThe epic poem "Gesar", which has been circulating for a long time among the people, is much larger than "Mahabharata" in scale, and is performed by Sangzhu, a famous Tibetan singer who is being published in successionLibrettoFor example: an average of 400 pages of Tibetan libretto in a volume is 45 volumes, and this is just the whole of his singingInventoryAbout two thirds of.These folk singers' ability to remember and sing such super stories is both awe inspiring and amazing.
This epic takes the battle of the Borneo people as the main story line, and inserts various myths, legends, fablesreligious doctrine, philosophy, politicslawAnd ethics.These interludes account for about half of the whole poem.For example, the famous Hindu religious philosophy classic "Bhagavad Song" is one of the narratives.This epic uses dialogueNarrative mode, and the story in the story.This open frame narrative structure also provides convenience for various interludes.In this way, Mahabharata finally became an "encyclopedic" epic with the hero legend as the core.
Contents
The epic is written in Sanskrit and adopts dialogue style. There are 100000 verses in total (each verse is a double line verse). The modern refined version is more than 80000 verses.The whole poem is divided into 18 chapters: the First Chapter, the General Assembly Chapter, the Forest Chapter, the Pila Chapter, the War Preparation Chapter, the Vishma Chapter, the Drona Chapter, the Garna Chapter, the Shaliya Chapter, the Night Attack Chapter, the Women Chapter, the Peace Chapter, the Teachings Chapter, the Horse Sacrifice Chapter, the Forest House Chapter, the Pestle Battle Chapter, the Faraway Chapter, and the Ascension Chapter。One is attached at the end《Kholi lineage》Sometimes, as the 19th book, it is actually another independent work.The whole poem takes the Indian society in the era of disputes among different countries as the background, and describes the struggle between the Bulu and Pandu ethnic groups, descendants of the Borneo ethnic group, for royal power.
Research
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Brahman Immortal
The epic Mahabharata was written from the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD, with a total of 100000 verses (stanzas), which is Homer's epic《Iliad》And《Odyssey》8 times of the total, melting philosophy, religionlaw, politics and ethics, which is defined by Indian Sanskrit scholar Suktankar as "IndianCollective unconsciousnessOur past has been extended to the present past ".
"Law, profit, desire and liberation,BoradoMale cattle.Here, elsewhere, here and elsewhere. "The epic once proudly declared: "It wants to sum up all human wisdom." The host of the Chinese version of Mahabharata projectInstitute of Foreign Literature, Chinese Academy of Social SciencesresearcherHuang BaoshengThe author believes that the life of Mahabharata has continued and has influenced the habits of the whole nationMode of thinking、Ethics。Western scholars have long agreed that if you cannot understand this epic, "you cannot understandIndian Culture”。
fight
In India from the sixth century BC to the fourth century AD, there were many small countries with disputes. The monarchs and ministers fought each other to seek the way of annexation."The war period of all countries is often an era of wisdom." Huang Baosheng compared the Indian period to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of China: "Complex struggles arisehero。Through epics or songs, human beings summarize historical experience and accumulate wisdom. "
Although the author of Mahabharata is marked as“Piyasa”It is not a work written by one person.In fact, we can't even say whether the "author" really exists.He is a character in the epic, who witnessed and participated in the whole process of the war as an elder.Experts imagine that at the beginning, Mahabharata was just an epic describing the war of the Borneo ethnic groups.The bloody battle between the Gulu and Pandu for land is its main line.In the long 800 years, the spread and gain of the Bard poets of all dynasties have added many wise observations to it, making it gradually become an encyclopedic work.
The background of the war deepened the poet's pain and anxiety, and also made this work glow with a different light."It is an inherent tradition of India to exhaustively think about the meaning of human beings and all living things except human beings. This effort is admirable," said Ge Weijun, one of the translators of Mahabharata.
likeancient GreekIn the epic, each side of the battle has the help of the gods. The battle took place within the Borado ethnic group, and the gods and men are also mixed.The heroes on both sides of the war are God andLuochaThe incarnation of, acting in a human way.Therefore, in the eyes of Indians, this war is more like a war between gods and demons. It is God who entrusts himself to represent the justice of the Bandu clan and annihilates the Gulu clan, which is mostly reincarnated by evil Raksha.But in the eyes of modern people, it is more like a battleideologyAll the battles that took place in God's world are just an extension of the human battle.
dilemma
Every nation has imagined that they had a period of golden years, free from food and clothing, equality and happiness.Later, with the decline of the legal system and the disputes, the golden age never came back.Mahabharata locates the occurrence time of the main plot between the era of dichotomy and the era of struggle."The epic divides the era into the era of perfection, the era of three divisions, the era of two divisions, and the era of struggle. The so-called" three divisions "means that the proportion of justice is only three fourths. By the age of two divisions, justice is only half." Huang Baosheng said that the era is going to an endless struggle, "so they are fighting, justice and injustice are fighting."
In fact, the golden age in the ideal is just a far away place beyond our reach. Realistic human beings will understand that they are always in the midst of the right law and struggle, but "sometimes the right law dominates, sometimes the struggle dominates"."Horse drawn carriages become cars, still vehicles, bows and arrows become missiles, still weapons. When you think about it, modern society is still like this, and basic human nature and social inequality still exist. The problems, contradictions and tragedies that occurred at that time have not been solved." Huang Baoshenginterjectional theoryThe Mahabharata makes him feel that many problems still exist in modern society. The Mahabharata interprets them and tells people how to use wisdom to deal with difficulties. "
Mahabharata warns people to abide by the Dharma and abide by morality.Huang Baosheng, the Great God of IndiaVishnu Incarnation ofDark skyAs one of the figures embodying its core ideas, "from the operational level, the dark sky represents a kind of correct law in real life. The so-called law iscivil lifeThe rule of justice in.This is the morality that everyone should abide by. "
Department of Oriental Language and Culture, School of Foreign Languages, Peking UniversityprofessorLiu AnwuThe right law can be interpreted as "the duty of God"."In society, a man's bounden duty as a son is to honor his parents, and his bounden duty as a soldier is to fight. Everyone has a variety of identities, and has a variety of bounden duties. The bounden duty and the right law are binding on each member."
One of the five brothers of Dangpandu family, proficientArcheryPowerful and intelligentAzhounaWhen he was about to fight with the general of the Gulu nationality, he wavered.This is an intra clan war. He sees his cousin on the other side of the camp."When I see my own people, dark sky! I am eager to fight here. My limbs are heavy, my mouth is dry, and I am trembling all over,PubescenceStraight up... What benefits can you get from killing your own people in war?I don't want to win, dark sky!I don't long for kingdom and happiness. "At this time, in Ah Zhou's sad eyes, Dark Sky, in order to enlighten him《Bhagavad Song》It explains hisPhilosophical thought。The Bhagavad Song later becamehinduismThe classic ofIndian philosophyAn important chapter of.Huang Baosheng believes that the core idea it advocates is to engage in action in life, but not stick to the results of action.
Almost allClassical timesTheir heroes are all characterized by tragedy, and the plight of multiple bounden duties makes them fall into contradictions and pain that they cannot extricate themselves from.Garna, commander of the Gulu army, is the mother of the five brothers of the Pandu tribeKunti OfbastardHowever, he was abandoned when he was young, and his status as the son of the coachman made him low and poor, until one day he was crowned the Angka King by the eldest son of the Dulu nationality in the school yard.When he finally learned his life experience one day, he had already stood in the camp hostile to his brothers - "The son of the holding state (the Gulu nationality) let me enjoy everything at will and always respect me, how can I not repay?... Now is the time for people who rely on the son of the holding state to repay, and I should devote my life to repay." Garner kept his promise to fight for the holding state,He also kept his promise that he would only fight with Azhouna. He died under Azhouna's arrow in order to "protect the benevolence of good people".
Vow
In an era when there is no agreement on paper, promises are often very bigbinding force。"Ancient IndianMoral beliefIt is very strong and will never violate the oath.This is the right law, the highest ideal that must be pursued. "For example, Guo Liangyun said that there was a hero named Vishma in the epic. In order to satisfy his father's wishes, he vowed never to be a king and never to marry and have children: "Vishma means' great vows'".
"It is a kind of primitive ethos and heroic spirit that we must honor our vows," said Huang Baosheng.The ancient Indians believed that violating the oath would damage the merit.Thirty six years after the victory of the war, Pandu Wuzi followed the dark sky to heaven, and Ah Zhouna fell on the snow mountain, explaining with determination: "Ah Zhouna said, 'I will destroy all the enemies in one day.' ButHe did not have.achieve.The proud warrior is now on the ground... Those who want to achieve prosperity should do what they say. "
"But how to realize his promise is very complicated. Because the society itself is very complicated, some of them are legitimate in their performance, which is actually unreasonable." Huang Baosheng introduced that in the epic "Peace", there is not only one "Wang Fa", but also one "Critical Law"."For example, if the just party is in a weak position, and one-sided emphasis on the right law, justice cannot defeat evil. The Law of Crisis says that when justice is in a critical situation, it cannot act according to rules dogmatically. At this time, it is necessary to use wisdom."
Justice and injustice are only completely clear in theory, but in reality, they are far from a clear boundary.For example, in Pandu people, they can't defeat the commander of Gulu peopleDrona At that time, the eldest son of the Bandu clan, who represents the true Dharma, Jianzhan took the dark opinion and gave up the fight to Drona, who lied that his son Mashi was dead.
"The greatness of Mahabharata lies in its insight into the complexity of human life and the cruelty and complexity of society, which cannot be solved by rules," Huang Baosheng said:“social needs Laws also need wisdom to deal with different situations. "
a spell
The ancient Indians really believed that morality could produce some extraordinary power.In Mahabharata, some people who have undergone ascetic practiceBrahmanImmortals even have the power to surpass gods."The Brahman Immortal will curse some people because they have done something inappropriate. This is an early witchcraft thought. People believe that they can achieve certain goals through their own will and desire." Huang Baosheng regards it as a stage of historical development.
The biggest curse in Mahabharata occurred after the war, holding the king and queenGandhari After the loss of all his sons, Gandhili cursed the black sky and said that in 36 years, the black sky's family would suffer the same tragic fate.36 years later, the curse came true, and a scuffle within the Black Sky family was finally destroyed."Her curse is reasonable. Dark Sky should be responsible for this disaster. Even your own family will get such retribution."
"From the description of the book, curses are not made rashly. They are often punished if things are not done correctly. In a sense, curses have a warning effect and can play the role of punishing the evil and promoting the good." Huang Baosheng believes that curses also gradually become a kind of curse in the booksymbolizeTechnique: "Through symbolicDescriptionKarma.This is the simple thought of retribution in ancient India, not only because of the past, but also because of the present. "This concept of karma, as summarized by Ge Weijun, "has always restricted the moral and ethical life of Indian society for thousands of years."
Warfare
The war between Borneo and Borneo lasted for 18 days. Soldiers and soldiers of the two ethnic groups were all killed and wounded in the war. Women were like wandering souls looking for and splicing their husbands' bodies on the battlefield. Despair filled the sky.The cruel atmosphere at the end of the war was permeated with the poet's compassion: "The women mourned for the destruction of the Gulu nationality, and the loud cry shocked all living beings. The cry sounded like the burning of all living beings at the end of the era, and all living beings also felt that it might be the time of world destruction."
The poets who reported Mahabharata felt that war was inevitable in that era."In front of the right law or obligation, one should sacrifice his life and forget to die to fight, regardless of the consequences." Even so, Liu Anwu still believes that Mahabharata also has a strong anti war ideology: "War always causes great damage to society. In a country with a strong religious atmosphere, people always have to use the idea of compassion to fight against the idea of war."
Liu Anwu's point of view is that in Mahabharata, there is also the idea of restricting war, which is exactly what Chinese classics lack (note that this is only limited to literary works, which does not mean that ancient China lacked the idea of restricting war, and similar constraints widely existed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period).《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》The war is always full of deceit, so we will be amused when we see the battle in the epic: "The two sides of the war have reached an agreement that they will not fight at night, and the rules of cavalry versus cavalry, infantry versus infantry, and cavalry versus cavalry are strictly stipulated. Horsemen cannot fight infantry, and cavalry cannot charge infantry."
The crisis of war cannot be eliminated once the struggle for power exists.Anti war, always the weakvictimThe desire of."When war cannot be stopped, it must be restrainedDestructive power。This is a valuable thought in Mahabharata. "Liu AnwuSaid that this kind of thinking is still very desirable today, someinternational covenantIs to prevent blind revenge.
