The control range shall be estimated at different distances and heights by Fresnel number Kawakami methodSound barrierThe noise reduction effect is determined by the field measurement results.The control range of the sound barrier is not only related to the length of the sound barrier, but also directly related to the height of the sound barrier.The higher the noise barrier is, the better the noise reduction effect is. However, the noise barrier cannot be infinitely high. The noise barrier is generally 2.5~3.5m high in design.In the economy, when there is scale economy constraint, market regulation mainly solves the marginal adjustment in the micro scope when the supply and demand relationship is close to equilibrium;The national plan adjustment mainly solves the non marginal adjustment of supply and demand in the medium and macro scope.
The shell surface of the electrolytic cell is broken and replaced in many functions of the multi-functional unitanodeIs one of the important functions.The shell beating mechanism and torsion drawing mechanism are the ones that perform and complete this function. Whether it is the early low position crown block, or the now imported German NOELL crown block or the French ECL crown block, these two mechanisms are arranged under the rotary table of the tool trolley of the electrolytic multi-function unit.The tools can be fixed by hanging from the top or hinged in the middle, but no matter what kind of electrolytic multi-function crown block, the tool balancing device is set without exception.
1. Use of balancing device
1.1 Function of balancing device
1) Change the hanging state of the tool to keep the tool vertical by adjusting the position of the middle bar of the balancing device
2) By adjusting the compression amount of the spring of the balancing device, the tool has a certain swing stiffness to limit the inertia swing amount of the tool when it runs on the crown block.
3) Absorb the lateral force on the shell beating mechanism during shell beating, limit the swing of the shell beating mechanism and prevent the bending deformation of the mechanism after the tool is subjected to the horizontal force.
1.2 Application occasions of balancing device
The electrolysis multi-function unit of our company adopts the tool fixing method of EC car. The shell beating mechanism and the torsion drawing mechanism are symmetrically hung under the cradle of the rotary table. The hanging point of the tool and the hinge point of the cradle are on the same plane, perpendicular to each other, forming a cross universal joint. The tool can swing freely in the X and Y directions.Two sets of spring balancing devices are installed between the shell beater and the rotary table, and the two mechanisms are connected by connecting rods.
2. Working principle of spring balancing device
2.1 Introduction to spring balancing device
The spring balancing device is mainly composed of spring frame, spring seat, central rod, shaft sleeve, spring, etc.The upper and lower spring seats of the spring are installed on the central rod, and are fixed by the shaft sleeves and nuts at both ends of the rod. The plates at both ends of the spring bracket are close to the spring seat, and the spring is compressed by four screws.The initial state of the spring is determined by the spring bracket, and the state of the mechanism is determined by the position of the shaft sleeve on the central rod.
2.2 Working principle
The spring balancing device controls the swing of the mechanism through the compression force of the spring.When the mechanism swings to one side, it is assumed that the central rod moves upward. At this time, the central rod pulls the lower spring seat to compress the spring, and the upper spring seat is close to the upper end plate of the spring frame to transmit the spring force to the spring frame;When the mechanism swings in the other direction, the center bar moves downward. At this time, the center bar pushes the upper spring seat to compress the spring, and the lower spring seat is close to the lower end plate of the spring support, transmitting the spring force to the spring support.Therefore, the spring balance device can bear the pressure in both directions and control the two-way swing of the mechanism. Two sets of balance spring devices can control the swing of the mechanism in all directions.
3. Control of spring force of balancing device
Force balance analysis of tools
When the tool is stationary, set the shell beating mechanism and the twisting and drawing mechanism to maintain a vertical state, and the initial state is determined by the position of the middle bar of the balancing device;When the unit or tool trolley is running, the tool swings due to inertia, which compresses the balance spring, and the spring force generated controls the swing of the tool by no more than 4 °;When the shell beating mechanism is beating the shell, the reaction force of the electrolytic cell shell surface makes the shell beating mechanism swing and its swing amount be controlled below 7 °.For the above three states, by directly observing the mechanism state during the operation of the electrolytic multi-function unit, it can be determined that the shell breaking state is the state that requires the greatest spring force of the balancing device, which can also be proved by calculation.Therefore, only the tool balance in the shelling state is analyzed.For convenience, the force balance diagram of tools during shelling can simplify the shelling mechanism and torsion drawing mechanism system of the electrolysis multi-function unit, and assume that:
a) When the shelling mechanism is shelling, the mechanism is regarded as a rigid member;
b) The gravity of the connecting rod is ignored;
c) Only consider the swing in the direction of shelling force
4. Adjustment of spring balancing device
After the spring balancing device is installed on the unit, the balancing device must be adjusted to ensure the initial state and working state of the tool.However, because the balancing device is installed in the high altitude, the spring force is also very large, if there is no reasonable adjustment method, it will not be able to complete the adjustment work.
4.1 Adjustment of spring compression
When the spring balance device is in trial operation of the unit, the compression amount of the spring must be adjusted;Or after working for a period of time, the mechanical properties of the spring will change, so the compression amount of the spring needs to be adjusted.At this time, the center bar pulls the lower spring seat to compress the spring, and the spring seat is close to the upper end plate of the spring frame, transferring the spring force to the spring frame.
1) Loosen the fixing bolts of the upper and lower end plates of the balancing device, tighten the lower nuts of the center bar, push the spring seat through the shaft sleeve, and compress the spring to obtain the initial compression of the spring.
2) Tighten the fixing bolts of the upper and lower end plates of the balancing device, so that the spring force acts on the upper and lower end plates through the spring seat, and the state of the spring is the minimum working state.
4.2 Adjustment of tool position
After adjusting the compression amount of the spring, the tool can not be guaranteed to be in a plumb state, so the initial state of the mechanism should be adjusted.
4.3 Inspection of balancing device
After the adjustment of the tool balancing device is completed, it needs to be inspected in actual use to ensure that the state of the mechanism meets the technical requirements of the electrolytic multi-function unit.By adjusting the spring force of the balancing device and the position of the tool, the working state of the tool can be guaranteed, the performance of the tool can be exerted, and the service life of the shell beating mechanism and the twisting and drawing mechanism can be extended.
epilogue
Through the introduction of the use of the spring balance device, the analysis of the working principle and the force calculation of the spring force, the engineering technicians have a rational understanding of the correct use and design of the spring balance device, and adopt the correct method of adjusting the spring to ensure the normal work of the tool.It can provide a good reference for the crew who often use this device.[1]
Delimitation of control scope
Announce
edit
Since the 1990s, great achievements have been made in the construction of sewage drainage and treatment facilities in Beijing, and the construction of sewage treatment plants has also developed by leaps and bounds.The central city has successively built 10 secondary sewage treatment plants, including Fangzhuang, Gaobeidian, Jiuxianqiao, Beixiaohe, Qinghe, Xiaojiahe, Wujiacun, Lugouqiao, Xiaohongmen and Beiyuan, with a treatment capacity of 2.58 million m/d and a sewage treatment rate of 97% in the central city.According to the plan, Beijing needs to build and expand 43 sewage treatment plants (reclaimed water plants), including 13 in the central city and surrounding areas, and 30 in 11 new cities.During the implementation of the planned sewage treatment plant (reclaimed water plant), it is very difficult to select the site, which can easily cause social conflicts due to environmental pollution.Therefore, how to reasonably select the location of the sewage treatment plant;How to delimit reasonable protection distance;How to control the development and construction of surrounding land in planning practice;How to take measures to reduce environmental pollution has become a serious practical problem.
Relevant domestic specifications
On《Code for urban drainage engineering planning》In the section of "Sewage Treatment and Utilization" in GB50318-2000, it is specified in 7.3.1 that "the location of urban sewage treatment plant should be selected to keep a certain health protection distance from the urban planned residence and public facilities".7.3.3 It is specified that "a certain width of protection distance shall be set around the sewage treatment plant to reduce the adverse impact on the surrounding environment".The protection distance is not quantified in the above specifications.In the article description, it is proposed that there are many factors affecting the health protection distance between urban sewage treatment plants and planned residential and public facilities. In addition to the dominant wind direction of the sewage treatment plants in the upstream and downstream of the river and in the summer of the city, it is also related to the process adopted by the sewage treatment plants, whether the plant site is a planned new site or a built in area, and the degree of pollution. The relationship is complex,It is difficult to quantify, so there is no specific provision in the specification.Published by China Building Industry Press in 1986《Water Supply and Drainage Design Manual》(Volume 5) Urban drainage and the trial teaching materials for urban planning students in colleges and universities published by China Building Industry Press in 1992《Urban water supply and drainage》(The second edition) stipulates that "the plant site shall be kept at a distance of more than 300m from urban public buildings and residential areas".In view of the lack of mature and referential indicators for adoption《Code for design of outdoor drainage》There is no quantification.After studying with experts from relevant environmental protection departments, it is believed that the quantification of distance should be based on the specific conditions of the planned city. After environmental assessment, it can be appropriately larger if conditions permit.2. Characteristics of gaseous pollutants in the sewage treatment plant and gaseous pollutants endangering the sewage treatment plantVolatile organic compoundsAnd hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia and other odor substances;Frequently occurring areas: mud storage tankSludge thickenerSludge dewatering room, inlet pump room and grating room.The diffusion of odor has a serious impact on the indoor and outdoor air environment, directly affecting people's health and work efficiency, and affecting the lives of surrounding residents.
Normal urban sewage has a moldy odor. The water stays in the sewer for a long time, and the sewer system cannot compensate enough dissolved oxygen. The sewage may undergo anaerobic reaction, producing hydrogen sulfide and other odor gases.Each treatment unit of the sewage treatment plant will produce odor, such as inlet grilleAerated Grit Chambers , sludge thickener, sludge storage tank and other processes, but the odor in the inlet part (grid room) and sludge treatment part (thickener, digestion tank, dehydration machine room) is particularly serious.The sewage is decomposed in the long-distance transportation process, and the generated malodorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan will be released in large quantities between the grids;In addition, the organic component in the grid slag is as high as 85%, and a small number of grid slag can also produce strong odor in a larger space after corruption.Sludge treatment is also a unit with serious odor. Due to the long hydraulic retention time of sludge treatmentanaerobic fermentationA large number of odorant substances will be produced, which are the problems that domestic sewage treatment plants generally need to solve urgently.
Environmental quality standards and health protection distance calculation
Based on the analysis of environmental impact assessment reports of sewage treatment plants in cities and towns of Beijing, the sanitary protection distance of sewage treatment plants is related to the atmospheric environment impact during the operation period of sewage treatment plants.If the concentration of harmful gas discharged from the sewage treatment plant exceeds the allowable concentration limit of the residential area, a health protection distance shall be set between the production unit where the discharge source is located and the residential area.
The analogy investigation of the subjective feelings of the affected people can also be used as the main basis for evaluating the odor pollution degree to determine the protection distance of odor pollution.Odor is a multi-component low concentration gas mixture, with tens to hundreds of components, and there are both synergistic and antagonistic effects among the components.Odor intensity is classified based on the odor threshold. Odor pollution mainly affects the environment by affecting people's olfaction.Due to individual physiological and psychological conditions, age, gender, occupation, habits and other factors, the sensitivity, aversion and tolerance to odor are also different.The impact of odor is also related to the nature of pollution sources, atmospheric conditions, and the location and distance from pollution sources.Odor itself may not be toxic, but it will make people feel unhappy. Long term exposure to odor pollution will affect the life of residents, reduce work efficiency, and even cause nausea, vomiting, and even some diseases.Internationally, odor intensity is usually divided into 6 levels according to the olfactory discrimination standard.If it is really necessary to build sensitive buildings, the conclusion of whether it is suitable for construction should be drawn through environmental impact assessment.
Construction control area (phased building control area).300~500 of the boundary of the sewage treatment plant will be set as the control area of sensitive buildings to control the approval of residential and public facilities.Cooperate with relevant departments to arrange the construction of the sewage treatment plant in advance, and implement the approval of sensitive buildings in the control area after the implementation of the sewage treatment plant.
Reference Elements and Examples of WWTP Site Selection
Reference Elements for WWTP Site Selection
The following factors shall be taken into consideration when selecting the site of sewage treatment plant:
(1) Spacing with current sensitive buildings.
(2) The distance from the planning sensitive land.
(3) Land ownership.
(4) The current situation of the land for the sewage treatment plant.
(5) Examination and approval of land for sewage treatment plant and surrounding construction projects.
An example of site selection for a sewage treatment plant in Beijing
300m around the boundary of the sewage treatment plant is a restricted area for sensitive buildings, strictly limiting the development and construction of residential and public facilities.The planned residential and public building land in the north, west and east within 300~500m of the boundary of the WWTP is listed as the building control area to control the approval of residential and public facilities, arrange the construction of the WWTP in advance, and implement the approval of sensitive buildings in the control area after the implementation of the WWTP.The limit standard is generally equivalent to the odor intensity of 2.5~3.5. If the odor intensity exceeds the range, it is considered that odor pollution occurs and measures need to be taken.According to the smell statistics, a strong smell (level 4) is felt within 30m downwind of the WWTP, and it is easy to feel the smell (level 2~3) within 30~100m, the smell is weak (level 1~2) at 200m, and the smell is not smelled beyond 300m.
Main conclusions and delimitation of planning control scope
In conclusion, the theoretical calculation and analogy results show that a certain protection distance must be set for the sewage treatment plant, and it is generally believed that the health protection distance of the odor pollution source of the sewage treatment plant can be set as 300m.In order to minimize the impact of odor pollution on the surrounding environment, the construction unit should plant trees at the plant boundary, and set around the sewage treatment area and sludge treatment area in the plant areaThe Green BeltThere should also be enough greening in the plant area, and the greening area should not be less than 30% of the plant area.Plants resistant to harmful gases can be selected for the green isolation belt.
As the WWTP is prone to have environmental impact on surrounding sensitive buildings (mainly residential and public buildings), the impact range is determined to be 300m according to the above conclusions.In order to facilitate the construction of the sewage treatment plant, the surrounding area of the planned sewage treatment plant is divided into two levels: 0~300m and 300~500m restricted areas (restricted areas for sensitive buildings).According to the above analysis, the protection distance of the sewage treatment plant can be set as 300m.300m around the boundary of the sewage treatment plant will be set as the restricted construction area for sensitive buildings to restrict the development and construction of residential and public facilities.Within 300m, such as[2]
Effective control range
Announce
edit
For a long time, people have regarded the national mandatory planning adjustment as the only reasonable form of socialist planned economy.After the reform and opening up, while breaking through this rigid understanding, there was a tendency to exaggerate the role of market regulation, which was reflected in the goal design and policy implementation of economic reform.This kind of bias includes two situations: one is to theoretically exaggerate the actual effective control range of market regulation, saying that it is the only effective form of rational allocation and utilization of resources;Second, it is necessary to break away from the reality of the unbalanced development of China's economic structure and cancel part of it too quickly in the market-oriented reformMandatory plan。In practical work, the two are often combined.The total demand is out of control, the industrial structure is further out of balance, and the phenomenon of "official turnover" is serious, so we have to focus on governance and rectification, which are ultimately related to the above theoretical bias.Many people at home and abroad still regard governance and rectification as stagnation and retrogression of reform. To eliminate these misunderstandings, it also needs theoretical clarification.
The proposition that market regulation and plan regulation have different effective control ranges is a relatively basic and abstract theoretical stipulation about the regulation mechanism of the socialized reproduction process.It should reveal the different economic operating conditions necessary for the two different mechanisms to function respectively.When solving major theoretical problems such as the combination of market regulation and planned regulation, their internal relationship with the form of ownership, and the transformation of the economic operation system, grasping these simplest categories will help the theoretical thinking to further rise to more complex and specific provisions.
Market regulation and national planning regulation are the products of production socialization under certain social and historical conditions.When the balance between the total social product and the total social demand in structure and quantity can be achieved only through the division of labor between departments and within enterprises, and the exchange of products and services can be achieved, the materialized total social labor and the proportional distribution of live labor among labor organizations become the key mechanism to ensure the realization of social expanded reproduction and the rational use of resources,Market regulation and national planning regulation are to perform this function, which is the general scope of their role.It should be emphasized that market regulation and planned regulation have different practical capabilities and reliability - effective control range - in the implementation of the above functions at the three levels of micro enterprises, meso industrial sectors and macro national economy.This is determined by the nature of the two regulatory mechanisms themselves.If the application of the regulation mode goes beyond its effective control range to "misplaced use", it will cause out of control, resulting in disorder and shock of economic operation, and eventually force the economic system to spontaneously implement forced balance in the way of large-scale destruction of productivity.
The basic conclusions are as follows: in most cases, especially with the constraints of economies of scale, market regulation mainly solves the marginal adjustment in the micro scope when the supply and demand relationship is close to equilibrium;The national plan adjustment mainly solves the non marginal adjustment of supply and demand in the medium and macro scope.Among them, the mandatory adjustment of the national plan mainly solves the structural adjustment under the condition that the bottleneck departments and the total supply and demand relationship are far from equilibrium;The guiding adjustment of the national plan mainly addresses the medium range adjustment under the condition that the supply and demand relationship deviates from the equilibrium.The combination between them mainly depends onNational economic systemThe overall composition ofPrimary stage of socialismThe development level of productivity.The supply and demand mentioned here are in the "three states" of approaching, moderately deviating and far from equilibrium, which are relatively speaking, and must be based on the approximate balance between the annual actual total supply and total demand.Then it is possible to use indicators such as the difference in medium-term inventory and the difference in planned and unplanned price differences to distinguish "three states".Otherwise, the "three states" will change frequently, and a large number of uncertainties make the measurement impossible.It should also be pointed out that the above classification of "three states" is not absolute.Even if the supply and demand relationship of some commodities is not close to equilibrium, under certain conditions, market regulation is still an effective means to make their supply and demand tend to be balanced.If you have the ability to organize group financing or large-scale imports and introduce a large number of foreign capital, bottleneck departments are not necessarily uselessMandatory planAdjust.Under certain international political and economic conditions, some bottleneck departments can be relieved by participating in the international division of labor.
Effective control range of market regulation
The meaning of market regulation is that producers and consumers of a commodity, including productive consumption, adjust their respective output rates and purchase rates according to the price changes spontaneously determined by market supply and demand, so as to balance supply and demand.The effective control range of market regulation is mainly marginal change.When the gap between supply and demand is small, such as within 20%, and the market price only fluctuates marginally around value, the seller and buyer have the ability to respond quickly. The elasticity of supply and demand is relatively large, and both parties can quickly adjust to achieve balance.Market marginal adjustment includes the adjustment of the microstructure of developed products, that is, the balance between the output proportion of products of different varieties, models and specifications in the same kind of goods and the microstructure of demand, which is adjusted according to the corresponding price marginal fluctuations.The characteristics of micro market regulation are: the control signals are mainly single and clear price changes;The signal is transmitted quickly and accurately between the parties directly and horizontally;The decision-maker of control is the party itself, and the power of regulation comes directly from the economic interests of the party. Individual regulation is active, timely and efficient, but overall regulation is decentralized and blind.
For example, when prices rise at the margin, if a producer has idle production capacity and reserves in his hands, he can work overtime to rapidly increase output within the margin.If the price is still more stable than the cost, as long as he can obtain the production factors needed to increase input and improve technology from the society, he can further increase production through small-scale reconstruction or expansion within the scope of existing enterprises.The increment of the above marginal change is a continuous and separable variable, which belongs to the effective control range of the producer.Transform backward enterprises with advanced enterprises or acquire and improve them through mergers, alliances or contracting among existing enterprisesEconomies of scaleSuch means as increasing supply also fall within this scope.If the price continues to be higher than the cost, the market regulation may be out of control when the expected capital profit rate is good and the producers decide to invest in new plants.Not only is the supply elasticity relatively reduced due to the long time lag in infrastructure construction, but the supply and demand relationship will change during infrastructure construction.The more important reason is that the construction of new plants may have certain requirements for economies of scale, thus changing the input and output increment from a continuous separable marginal quantity to a discontinuous discrete variable.On the one hand, this change may make the input more vulnerable to the constraints of resource shortage and greatly reduce the supply elasticity;On the other hand, the sudden increase of supply after the new plant is put into operation may exceed the marginal increase of market demand.Under the condition of perfect competition, the seller includes many producers, and the sum of their respective marginal increments is uncertain, but the range is small and easy to adjust, because the buyer also has a similar situation.However, if many producers build new factories to expand supply, it may cause serious shortage of inputs or a large number of overproductions, or both.Beyond the range of marginal adjustment, simple market adjustment may cause moderate or serious imbalance between supply and demand at the micro, meso and macro levels.
Effective control scope of national mandatory plan
The national mandatory plan adjustment means that on the basis of ownership by the whole people, the state directly stipulates the tasks and indicators of each link in the enterprise reproduction process through annual and medium-term plans, and directly stipulates the total amount of social investment credit and consumption, including labor employment and wage indicators and their distribution in various departments and enterprises;The means of production are uniformly allocated by the national material department. The national finance collects and disburses all funds and infrastructure investment of enterprises, and takes charge of profits and losses. The state directly adjusts the comprehensive balance of the national economy mainly through the control of financial distribution and physical indicators.
The characteristics of national mandatory plan regulation are as follows: the main control signal is the quantity and quality of physical objects - large, specific, complex, difficult to coordinate, and price information is only a statistical tool of physical information, often not reflecting the value or even lower than the cost;Information must be transmitted up and down through government departments at all levels - long feedback delay and large distortion;The parties have no decision-making power, and the decision-makers are the third party, that is, the competent departments of governments at all levels, especially the central government and the central competent departments - the decision-making is highly centralized, forward-looking, holistic and mandatory, and can make significant adjustments to the control objects in a relatively short time, but the parties do not have relatively independent economic interests and financial and economic accounting,Passively and compulsorily obey the control of the state plan, with low economic benefits and out of control marginal adjustment.
National mandatory plan adjustment cannot adapt toNatural environmental conditionsThe regulation and control requirements of agricultural production, which are severely constrained and lack of uniform production process standards, cannot be adaptedIntensive operationRequirements.With the further development of industrialization, the increasing complexity of production technology, division of labor and product types has brought many insurmountable difficulties to the national mandatory plan adjustment.Such an economic operating system must be reformed.
However, the national mandatory plan adjustment is still an effective means to quickly adjust the structural imbalance of bottleneck sectors.The existence of bottleneck sectors is a serious difficulty that developing countries often face in the process of independent industrialization.Under the condition that the total supply and demand are roughly balanced, if the important sectors related to the national economy and people's livelihood have the following situations, they will become bottleneck sectors: supply continues to be less than demand, the gap is large, and far from equilibrium (for example, nearly 50% or more);Constrained by economies of scale and resource shortage, the price supply elasticity is small, because it is a basic necessity for production or consumption, the price demand elasticity and substitution elasticity are small;As a result, other relevant departments have shortages or surpluses, and the national economy has to take these departments with the largest supply gap as the quasi organization of "short-term balance" for a long time, which seriously hinders the development of the national economy.
The one-time deregulation of planned price control in bottleneck sectors of means of production can not make the distorted price level adjust in place at one step, but often causes greater and continuous "reverse distortion", that is, the price changes from below value to above value and remains high, and its deviation from value is much greater than the former.The prices of subsequent processing and commodities from relevant departments will also rise one after another.The more the products of bottleneck sectors are the basic products of the upstream sectors of the national economy, the greater the proportion of the value of these basic products in the corresponding final product value composition, the stronger the chain reaction, and become an important factor of inflation.The bottleneck sector must undergo structural adjustment. In the face of such a large gap, the positive effect of market marginal adjustment is close to zero.
Possible options for structural adjustment include: (1) increasing supply on a large scale, and investing a large amount of funds and materials to build new plants.When a single enterprise cannot afford it, it needs group financing, or large-scale introduction of foreign capital and imports.If these conditions are not met, it must be adjusted by the national mandatory plan (to be solved by the key investment of the national organization).(2) Compulsory lower demand and implement price control and material rationing system.If the society does not have the economic strength to make large-scale investment in several bottleneck sectors at the same time in a certain period of time, the only choice is to distinguish priorities. In order to ensure the investment in key bottleneck sectors, the growth of other bottleneck sectors must be postponed, and the latter must be subject to planned control for a limited period of time.Plan control includes two aspects: (a) price control, fixed price floating ceiling, that is, to lower the market price of goods in short supply;(b) At the same time, quota control shall be applied to the buyer's demand.(For the structural imbalance of supply exceeding demand, price control is shown as follows:) Fixed lower limit of price fluctuation, that is, relative price increase;(b) At the same time, the supply of the seller shall be subject to quota system.(3) The two should be used together. On the one hand, we should invest heavily in infrastructure construction, and on the other hand, we should control prices and quotas.With the increase of supply after the new plant is put into operation, the regulation will be gradually relaxed until the supply and demand are close to equilibrium.If there is no natural monopoly caused by economies of scale in such sectors, once supply and demand are close to equilibrium, market regulation under the guiding plan should replace the mandatory plan regulation in a timely manner.The above options (1) can be called active mandatory plan adjustment;Option 2 () is negative mandatory plan adjustment;Option (3) is a combination of the two.Active regulation of bottleneck sectors, whether raw materials, equipment and means of livelihood of workers during the infrastructure construction period or raw materials, energy, transportation, etc. required after production, will increase the demand for relevant sectors in a sudden way, stimulating the development of these sectors;However, in the case of backward economy and insufficient supply, the scope of the above "multiplier effect" is very limited.It is more likely to cause a large supply gap in these relevant departments, which will become a new bottleneck department, so that the coverage of ministries under the state's mandatory plan regulation (especially the negative regulation departments) will continue to expand.Properly reducing the growth rate of the national economy will help alleviate this kind of "bottleneck multiplier effect".However, because of being surrounded by imperialism for a long time, in order to survive, it is difficult for the backward agricultural countries to gradually accumulate funds for coordinated development in the order of agriculture, light industry and heavy industry in the process of socialist preliminary industrialization, and they must give priority to the development of heavy industry as soon as possible.At least at this stage, the above trend is inevitable.The so-called Stalin model of national mandatory planning system has its profound socio-economic and historical roots.
Just as simple market regulation will go against itself, so will simple mandatory plan regulation.If market regulation is excluded for a long time, the marginal changes between supply and demand cannot be corrected in time through the market mechanism, which will inevitably lead to new structural imbalances over time.Moreover, if the decision-making process of the mandatory plan lacks science and democracy, its mistakes will cause much more damage to the national economy than the sum of the marginal decision-making mistakes of many enterprises.
The negative adjustment of the national mandatory plan of the bottleneck sector is relative to the positive adjustment of the mandatory plan;Compared with the market regulation of bottleneck sectors, the negative plan regulation has its positive significance.It should be pointed out that this kind of negative mandatory plan adjustment is an economic behavior that the country has to take to consciously violate the law of value.The main role of price control is not as a form of value, but as its distribution function.If the buyer is a consumer, the rationing system under price control is conducive to the fair distribution of basic necessities of life;If the buyer is a producer, this kind of regulation is conducive to ensuring the supply of key enterprises with high economic benefits.This is better than opening prices and letting officials "exploit the high" reverse distortion "prices to exploit consumers greedily.Under the condition that the country's material resources and financial resources are very limited, the passive mandatory regulation of some bottleneck sectors is the premise of active regulation of other bottleneck sectors.In the face of the bottleneck sectors that have emerged, both positive and negative mandatory adjustments are necessary for the overall balance and stable development.Countries with different social systems have adopted similar forms of state control when bottleneck sectors appear.
It should be pointed out that the distribution function of price control also has a negative effect.The low price supply of regulated goods is actually the subsidy of the state to the buyer, which is prone to waste on the use of goods in short supply.The supply sector that really needs the support of the state is the bottleneck.If the "dislocation subsidy" goes on for a long time, it will aggravate the structural imbalance of bottleneck departments. The shorter the short-term line, the longer the long-term line.The bottleneck departments under control require the national finance to ease them with a large amount of investment as soon as possible, but in fact, negative control tends to solidify for a long time.Their situation is getting worse day by day, and the secondary bottleneck sector under control is rising to the top, which will lead to stagnation and regression of the entire national economy.
Then, can the "dual track" price adjustment of commodities in bottleneck sectors reverse the trend of "stagger subsidy solidification"? It is the distribution proportion of total social labor in various sectors that ultimately determines the price proportion of various commodities in the national economylabour productivityAnd increase new production capacityTotal social laborThe two forms of quantity, the resulting relative increase in the output of sectoral products, is a direct sign of the change in the distribution proportion of total social labor.If the price adjustment and price setting are not based on the change of the distribution proportion of the total social labor volume, that is, not based on the relative growth of the output of goods in short supply in the price adjustment and price setting departments, it will inevitably lead to the return of price comparison and economic shocks.As mentioned above, under certain conditions, the price can be liberalized once to stimulate investment and improve labor productivity, that is, the price can be adjusted first and the output can be increased later;However, for the above bottleneck sectors, not only should they be "adjusted first and then released", but also the pace and extent of price adjustment should be based on the pace and extent of the relative growth of input and output, that is, the relative growth of output is in the first place, and the price adjustment is in the second place.The implementation of the "dual track" price system for commodities in bottleneck sectors is not an appropriate form to solve the problem.Because of the small supply elasticity, the unplanned price absorbed a large number of planned products, which destroyed the active distribution function of the planned price, and became a hotbed for cultivating "official turnover".It is doubtful how much profit enterprises in bottleneck sectors will get back from unplanned prices, and how much of it will be used for expanded reproduction, but its harmful effects are obvious to all.The "dual track system" in bottleneck departments is in a hurry for transition. It cannot be said that it is not the product of exaggerating the tendency of the market role. It can be considered to replace the "dual track system" with the adjustment method of "step by step increase and price adjustment" to solve the "dislocation subsidy" and conversion to market price of the production means bottle and demand departments.The general approaches are as follows: (1) On the basis of dynamic balance, the country forecasts the total increment of inputs and outputs needed to fill the supply gap.According to the actual possibility of national financial and material resources, forecast the conversion period and the annual input and output increment.It also predicts the price level and the overall increase rate when supply and demand are close to equilibrium, and determines the annual increase rate of price according to the annual output increment.)2 Cancel the "dual track system", and take the weighted average of the existing planned price and unplanned price, and the comprehensive average price as the starting point for unified price adjustment.The products of all bottleneck departments are uniformly distributed within the plan, and the distribution range is gradually expanded with the increase of output.3) State and enterprise two-way contracting.National package investment and its increment and annual price increase;The output and its increment specified in the national plan of the enterprise package.The above operations should be carried out under the condition that the total supply and demand are roughly balanced, and full consideration should be given to the changes in the annual general price level.In this way, the step by step price adjustment will approach the value in a more stable and near linear way.The price adjustment is premised on the increase of the unified quota, which helps subsequent processing enterprises to improve productivity and absorb part of the cost of price increase.The above is only a rough idea. The prediction of price and output needs further study.
The above discussion is mainly about the adjustment of national mandatory plans in the medium range.In the macro adjustment of aggregate supply and demand, if the aggregate demand exceeds the national economyProduction possibility boundaryIt is necessary to use mandatory adjustment to push the expanded total demand not only back into the production possibility boundary, but also continue to push it down into the optimal production possibility boundary.The resulting limited buyer market not only creates favorable conditions for the active mandatory regulation of bottleneck departments, but also is necessary for market marginal regulation. On the basis of market regulation, the national guiding plan regulation can play a positive role.The reason why the mandatory plan is used to adjust and compress the total demand is that the aggregate relationship is far from equilibrium, which is a structural adjustment. Fine adjustment or medium adjustment does not play a major role.It can be predicted that in the period of gradual adjustment of the economic structure, for a long time, the total amount of investment is mainly non productive projects and national and local key construction investment projects, and the total amount of wages, even the total scale of credit, the amount of money issued and other major indicators that are likely to cause imbalance in the total amount structure are controlled, thus adjusting the basic proportion of social accumulation and consumption,It will have to continue to rely mainly on national mandatory plans for adjustment.[3]
