Czechoslovakia(English: Czechoslovakia;Czech、Slovak: Č eskoslovensko) is a republic existing from October 28, 1918 to December 31, 1992, located inCentral EuropeWith an area of 127900 square kilometers and a population of 15638000 in 1989.
the First World WarafterAustro Hungarian EmpireThe Czech Republic and Slovakia were united and the Czechoslovak Republic was founded on October 28, 1918.In September 1938, representatives of Britain, France, Germany and ItalyMunichSigned《Munich Agreement》, the CzechoslovakSudetenlandCeded to Germany.March 1939Nazi Germany Occupation.On May 9, 1945, the Czech RepublicSoviet ArmyGet liberated with help.In February 1948, the Czechoslovak Communist Party came into power.Renamed successivelyCzechoslovak Socialist Republic(July 1960), Czechoslovak Federal Republic (March 1990), Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (April 1990).velvet revolution Later, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republics disintegrated and becameCzech RepublicandSlovakiaTwo independent countries.[1-2]
Czechoslovakia from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 18th centurycapitalismDevelopment.On November 1, 1781,Joseph II Promulgate and abolishSerfdomThe imperial edict promoted the rapid development of Bohemian capitalism.In June 1848, the people of Prague held an uprising, forcing the Austrian authorities to abolish the labor system.
1914-1918the First World Warperiod,Czech RepublicandSlovakiaSeeking to establish an independent and unified country.In 1918,Austro Hungarian EmpireCrash.Czechoslovakia became independent on October 28 of the same year and established the Czechoslovak Republic.In early 1919, in RussiaOctober RevolutionUnder the influence,Eastern EuropeThere was a wave of proletarian revolution.On June 16 of the same year,Slovak Soviet Republic stayPresovFounded in early July, it was suppressed by the bourgeois government and foreign intervention forces.In May 1921, the Czechoslovak Communist Party was founded.In 1933, the economic crisis sweeping the capitalist world hit Czechoslovakia, and the domestic labor movement rose.In 1938, Britain and FranceMunich ConferenceSell CzechoslovakiaSudetenlandCede toNazi Germany 。In March of the next year, Nazi Germany sent troops to occupy all the territory of Czechoslovakia and established in the Czech regionProtectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaSlovakia established a Slovak state protected by Nazi Germany[2], parts of Slovakia were ceded to Nazi Germany's alliesHungary(referred to as "highland area").Former President of CzechoslovakiaEdvard Bene to escapebritainorganizationgovernment-in-exile。The Czech Communist Party established the Central National Revolutionary Committee to carry out guerrilla resistance movements.
1939 Nazi Germany occupied Czechoslovakia
After World War II
In April 1945KosiceA national front coalition government led by the Czech Communist Party was established.On May 9 of the same yearSoviet UnionWith the help of Czechoslovakia, the whole territory of Czechoslovakia was liberated, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were merged again, and the territory of Hungary was ceded to Czechoslovakia again, butTrans CarpathiansWas ceded to the Soviet UnionUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 。In May 1946, the leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was foundedClement GottwaldThe coalition government is the prime minister, and Bernes is the president.The government confiscated the property of foreign capitalists and bureaucrats, issued decrees on nationalization of industries, banks and private insurance companies, and carried out land reform.In February 1948February Events, the National Socialist Party and other parties participating in the coalition government accepted themarshall planThe event ended with the victory of the Czech Communist Party.Subsequently, the Czech Communist Party completed the land reform, abolished the large land ownership, and eliminated the feudal remnants.On May 9 of the same year, the Constitution was adopted and the country was named the Czechoslovak Republic,GottwaldWas elected president.Czechoslovakia joined in 1949 and 1955 respectivelyMutual Economic Assistance CommitteeandWarsaw Treaty Organization。
From 1949 to 1960, Czechoslovakia successfully completed two five-year plans.In the 1950s, the average annual growth rate of domestic industry reached 10.9%, agricultural cooperation was basically realized, and agricultural mechanization was nearly completed.
In 1960, Czechoslovakia adopted a new constitution and changed its name toCzechoslovak Socialist Republic。In January 1968,Alexander DubcekreplaceAntonin NovotiniAs the first secretary of the Czech Communist Party“Prague Spring”The economic and political reform movement.On August 20 of the same year, the Soviet Union sent troops to Czechoslovakia, ending the "Prague Spring".On October 16, the Soviet Union and the Czech Republic signed the Treaty on the Conditions for the Temporary Presence of Soviet Troops in Czechoslovakia.In April 1969,Gustav HusakHe served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Czech Communist Party, changed to General Secretary in 1971, and served as President and Commander in Chief of the armed forces in 1975.In December 1987, the Central Plenary Session of the Czech Communist Party was held, and Hu Sark resigned as General Secretary and remained President of the Republic.Milos Yakesh was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee.In November 1989, Czechoslovakia successfully launched“velvet revolution ”The Federal Parliament approved the amendment of the Constitution, canceled its provisions on the leadership role of the Czech Republic in society, and implemented a multi-party parliamentary democracy.In December of the same year, Husak was appointedMarian ChalfaTo form a new government.In the same month, Husak resigned as president and the federal parliament was electedVaclav Havel President.
Map of Czechoslovakia (1945-1992)
Eastern European upheaval
In March 1990, the Czechoslovak Federal Parliament decided to change the country's name to the Czechoslovak Federal Republic.In April, the country was renamed again as the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic.In the first national general election held in June, the Citizen Forum and the public anti violence organization obtained the majority of seats in the parliament and formed the federal government with them as the main body.The Federal Parliament formed after the election has passed a series of economic reform laws, which stipulate to change the current economic system and implement a market economy based on private ownership.In the local elections held in November, the Citizen Forum won the majority of seats in the Czech Republic, and the public anti violence organization and the Christian Democratic Movement won the majority of seats in Slovakia.
In the general election in June 1992,Citizens Democratic PartyThe two political parties, the Movement for Democracy in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, won respectively.On November 25 of the same year, after consultations, the leaders of the two republics decided to separate the Czech and Slovak Federal Republics, and the Federal Parliament passed the dissolution law, which stipulated that the two republics would become independent subject countries from January 1, 1993. The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were both successor countries of Czechoslovakia.Since then, the unified Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.Historical title“Velvet Divorce ”。After the split, the flag of the former Czechoslovakia was used by the Czech Republic.
Map of Czechoslovakia
division
Although the Czech and Slovak nationalities have similar languages and beliefs, their historical development is not completely the same.The Czech Republic has long been subordinate toHoly Roman EmpireandAustrian Empire The Slovak people were under the rule of the Hungarians for a long time.In 1526,Kingdom of HungaryBe defeated byOttoman Empire, the central part of which was occupied by the Turks,BratislavaAs the capital of Hungary for more than 250 years.After the second half of the 19th century, Slovakia becameAustro Hungarian EmpirePart of.In this process, the Hungarians still ruled Slovakia directly, and the latter even carried out Hungarian policies towards the former.After the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire in 1918, Slovak talents finally got rid of the hundreds of years of Hungarian rule and established the Czechoslovak Republic with the Czech people.However, when they were in the same country, Slovaks often felt unequal because of the dominance of the Czech people.In May 1918, Masarik, who later became the first president, guaranteed the autonomy of the Slovak nation in the Republic in the agreement signed between the United States and the Czech and Slovak nationals.However, after the establishment of the Republic, Slovakia was only a region of the country and did not have real political sovereignty.For example“Kosice Program”It clearly affirmed Slovakia's national identity and guaranteed its equal status in the future country.But in fact, Slovakia's autonomous status has been gradually weakened.Formally established in 1968federalismTo a large extent, it reflects the resistance of Slovak people.In addition, the economic development of the Czech Republic and Slovakia is unbalanced, and the gap is widening.After the upheaval, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the two federal entities, also had great differences in economic transition policies.[Note: Wan Shirong. The cause and impact of the disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic《International Studies》Magazines, 1993,] All these have greatly influenced the two peoples' recognition of a unified country.A Czech historian pointed out that the Czechs and Slovaks did not form a common Czechoslovakian consciousness among the vast majority of the people when they lived together in one country.
The long-term sense of submission makes Slovaks particularly eager to be independent and have their own country.In 1939, Czechoslovakia was dismembered by Germany. Slovaks once established an "independent country", but this "independent country" is notoriousnaziOne created by using Slovak nationalismPuppet regime。World War IILater, Slovaks had to live in the same country with Czechs.After the social upheaval in the late 1980s, Slovaks and Czechs began to exercise state powerassignment problem Bargaining, hoping to become the subject of international law.Therefore, they advocated replacing the "Czechoslovak Republic" with the name "Czech Slovakia".After the parliamentary elections in June 1992, two political parties with different views on national structure and economic transformation won in the Czech Republic and Slovakia respectively.In the absence of agreement, the leaders of the two parties reached an agreement to dissolve the Federation.According to the Law on the Disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic passed by the Czechoslovak Parliament in November, Slovakia officially became independent from January 1, 1993, fulfilling its national dream for thousands of years.At that time, Slovaks generally believed that the main reason for the disintegration of Czechoslovakia was that the Czechs were unwilling to give Slovaks equal status.
AndFormer Soviet UnionandFormer YugoslaviaCompared with the two federalism countries, especiallyYugoslaviaIn contrast, the greatest feature of the disintegration of Czechoslovakia is peace.Although the formation and development of the Czech and Slovak nationalities are different, there seems to be no great resentment on the whole.Therefore, the breakup between Slovakia and the Czech Republic was gradually agreed in the agreement, not only without violent conflict, but also without extreme words and deeds of mutual slander.
Czechoslovakia has a temperate continental climate.From west to east, the continental climate gradually strengthened.The average annual precipitation is 600-800mm, and 1500mm in some mountainous areas.
terrain
The western half of Czechoslovakia is interlaced with basins, hills and highlands, and the border isSudeten , KrushneCzech ForestThe eastern half mainly belongs to the westCarpathian MountainsZone.
natural resources
The main rivers in Czechoslovakia areElbe Riverandthe danubeCan lead to the open sea.The forest area accounts for about 35% of the total area of the territory.The main mineral deposits are coal, uranium, iron, antimony, lead, etc.
Population and nationality
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Czechoslovakia has a total population of 15.638 million (1989), of whichCzechAbout 64%,SlovakAbout 30%, the restHungarian、German、PolackEtc.The official language isCzechandSlovak。
Czechoslovak residents trustCatholicismThe Czechoslovak krona is the official currency.
Politics
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National symbol
national flag
It is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 3:2.It is composed of blue, white and red.The left side is a blue isosceles triangle.On the right are two equal trapezoids, white on the top and red on the bottom.
The national anthem of Czechoslovakia is composed of the Czech patriotic song Where is My Home and the Slovak student patriotic song《Nad Tatrou sa blska 》The first paragraph is combined to represent the Czech and Slovak nationalities respectively.
The previous paragraph "Where is My Home" is the background music of the farce "No Anger, No Controversy" by the Czech playwright Josef Kajetan Tyre in 1834, composed by the Czech composer Francesc Jan Scrup.
The latter paragraph, "Shining Lights on Tatro Mountain", uses the melody of Slovak folk songs and is filled in by the Slovak poet Janke Matska.
On October 28, 1918, when the Republic was founded, it was established as the national anthem.
After the disintegration in 1993, the Czech national anthem and the Slovak national anthem were the two paragraphs.
Jan Straski(Agent): July 20, 1992 to December 31, 1992
Economics
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Czechoslovakia has developed industries, mainly producing machine tools, automobiles, power, chemical and metallurgical equipment and other machine manufacturing industries. In addition, there are steel, chemical, textile, food, wood processing and other sectors. It is famous for shoe making and beer brewing.
Czechoslovakia has a high degree of agricultural mechanization, planting wheat, barley, sugar beet, potato, flax, etc.Animal husbandry is dominated by raising pigs and cattle.
Czechoslovakia mainly imports fuel, industrial raw materials, machinery, daily necessities, etc., and mainly exports automobiles, machine tools, chemicals, consumer goods, etc.
