Kingdom of Norway（norwegian: Kongeriket Norge or Kongeriket Noreg), Norway for short, Oslo as the capital, located in Northern Europescandinavian peninsulaWest, eastSweden, Northeast andFinlandandRussiaBordering, NantongDenmarkAcross the sea to the westNorwegian Weihai。The total area is 385000 square kilometers (includingSvalbard Islands, Jan Mayen Island and other dependencies), with a coastline of 28953 kilometers (including the fjord)[6]。Most areas have a temperate marine climate and are rich in oil and gas, water power, forests and fishery resources.The country is divided into one city and ten counties.As of February 2024, the total population of Norway is 5.55 million,[10]The official languages are Norwegian and Sami.Most people believe in Lutheran Christianity.
In the 9th century, Norway formed a unified kingdom.From the 9th century to the 11th century, the Kingdom of Norway entered its heyday.In the middle of the 14th century, it began to decline. In 1397, it was formed with Denmark and SwedenKalmar Union, by the Queen of DenmarkMargrete I Rule.In 1814, it was ceded to Sweden by Denmark.On June 7, 1905, he became independent from the Swiss Norwegian Alliance and elected the Prince of Denmark as the kingHakang VII。the First World WarPeriod neutral.the Second World WarChina was occupied by Germany.In May 1945, the German occupation forces announced their surrender and Norway was recovered.
Norway is a highly developed modern industrial country and one of the richest and most livable countries in the world.Since the discovery of a large amount of offshore oil and natural gas in the 1970s, the oil and gas industry has played a leading role in Norway's economy, and the offshore oil and gas exploration and production technology and equipment are world-class.Norway has a long history of shipbuilding and shipping industry. It is a major shipping country in the world and has world leading technology in marine engineering, special ships and equipment manufacturing.Norway also has unique advantages in environmental protection, information communication, chemical industry, metallurgy, medicine and other aspects, and has unique characteristics in finance, tourism, environmental protection, information and other service industries.[6]In 2022, Norwaygross domestic productNOK 5570.7 billion.
Norway's written history dates from the 8th century AD.Norway originally means "the road to the north", and the language used in Norway belongs toGermanic family of languagesThe Nordic branch of the Middle Kingdom.
The 8th century to the 11th century AD was the heyday of Norwegian navigation history, known as the "Viking Period", also known as the "Pirate Period" because of the rampant pirates.
At the end of the 9th century, it was known as "a beautiful man with long hair"Blonde KingHarald began to unify Norway and became the first king to unify Norway.
In the 14th century AD, the Black Death and other infectious diseases caused a sharp decline in the population of Norway and a great economic recession, which made it impossible to compete with the feudal lords of Denmark and Sweden.In the middle of the 14th century, Norway began to decline.In 1397, Norway, Denmark and Sweden formed the Kalmar Union, which was accepted by the Queen of DenmarkMargrete I Rule.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Denmark allied with France and started a war against Britain. Norway, as a subsidiary of Denmark, was also involved in the war.The British blockaded the Norwegian coast, and the main food, raw materials and other materials could not be transported in. In the three years from 1807 to 1809 alone, more than 70000 Norwegians starved to death.
At that time, Sweden joined the anti French alliance. After Napoleon's defeat, Sweden invaded Denmark. In 1814, Sweden forced Denmark to cede Norway to Sweden.On May 17 of the same year, in order to prevent Sweden from taking over, Norwegian Governor Christian Frederick held a constitutional assembly in Ezford, a small town 70 kilometers north of Oslo, and adopted the Norwegian Constitution. Since then, May 17 has become Norway's National Day.Later, due to the Swedish military intervention, in November of the same year, the Norwegian Parliament agreed that the King of Sweden was the King of Norway, and the Swiss Norwegian Alliance was formed.
On June 7, 1905, Norway held a referendum to terminate its alliance with Sweden, inviting Danish Prince Carl Darsky to become King of Norway and renamed him King Haakon VII.
During the First World War, Norway remained neutral;During World War II, Norway again demanded neutrality, but German troops captured Norway on April 9, 1940, and occupied Norway until May 8, 1945.
In May 1945, the German occupation forces announced their surrender and Norway was recovered.In June 1945, the exiled King Haakon returned to Norway.
In 1947, Norway accepted“marshall plan”The national economy has gradually recovered.
Norway is located in the northwest corner of the European continent, in the west of Scandinavia, bordering the North Atlantic in the west and north, Russia, Finland and Sweden in the east, and Denmark across the sea in the south.The land area is 385000 square kilometers, including 324000 square kilometers of local area, 61000 square kilometers of Svalbard Islands and 377 square kilometers of Jan Mayen Island.Norway ranks sixth in Europe in terms of land area (only second to Russia, Ukraine, France, Spain and Sweden), with a coastline of 28953 kilometers (including fjords).[6]
Norway
topographic features
Topographic map of Norway
Norway is located inscandinavian peninsulaOn the peninsulaScandinavian MountainsIt runs through the whole territory of Norway, so in terms of terrain, Norway is mainly dominated by plateaus and mountains, and its area accounts for more than two-thirds of the whole territory.As one of the few large mountains in Europe, the Scandinavian Mountains are the highest peakGarch PeakAt an altitude of 2468m, due to the high latitude and the influence of warm current and rainfall, snow capped mountains and glaciers with ridges are formed.
Norwegian fjord landscape
Due to the cutting and erosion of ancient glaciers, the west coast of Norway has formed the most spectacular and unique fjord landscape in the world.[6]
climate
Norway is affected by the Atlantic Warm Current from the Gulf of Mexico, and its temperature is much higher than other regions at the same latitude. Most ports do not freeze in winter.Norway has abundant rainfall, with the national average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm.The average annual temperature in Oslo, the capital, is about 5.7 degrees Celsius, - 5 to 5 degrees Celsius in winter and 15 to 25 degrees Celsius in summer.The western region of Norway has a marine climate, cool and humid in summer, mild and snowy in winter;The eastern region has an inland climate because of the central mountains as a barrier.Norway is located in a high latitude, and the light time varies greatly with the seasons. The days are long in summer and the nights are short in winter.In the north of the Arctic Circle, there is no night in midsummer and no sun in winter.[6]
natural resources
Oil and gas
Norway is rich in oil and gas resources.According to the Norwegian Petroleum Administration, by the end of 2021, the estimated total reserves of crude oil and natural gas are 15.9 billion cubic meters (oil equivalent), 50% of which have been exploited.Norway is the twelfth largest oil producer and the third largest natural gas exporter in the world.In 2020, it will produce 227 million standard cubic meters of saleable oil equivalent and sell 112.3 billion standard cubic meters of natural gas.[6]
fishery resources
Norway's native coastline is about 28953 kilometers long (including fjords and bays), and the island coastline is about 71963 kilometers long.Norway has more than 6000 fishing boats, mainly fishing for cod, herring, mackerel, salmon, etc;There are thousands of aquaculture farms, 99% of which are salmon and trout, with an annual output of about 1.3 million tons.Aquaculture has replaced fishing as the pillar of Norwegian Weihai products export.In 2019, the total fishing volume of Norway's fishing industry was 2.47 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 7%, and the total output value was 21.2 billion kroner, a year-on-year increase of 1.5%;The total amount of aquaculture was 1.45 million tons, up 7.2%, with a total value of SEK 71.7 billion, up 5.9%.Among them, the total amount of salmon farming was 1.36 million tons, up 6.4% year on year, with a total value of 68 billion kroner, up 5.4% year on year.[6]
Forestry resources
Norway's forest coverage rate is 33.2%.By the end of 2019, the total forest stock was 978 million cubic meters, including 44% spruce, 31% pine and 25% broad-leaved forest.In 2020, 10240000 cubic meters will be cut down commercially, with an output value of about 3.86 billion kroner.[6]
Hydropower resources
Norway is rich in hydropower resources. There are about 4000 river systems in Norway, and about 214 billion kilowatt hours of hydropower resources can be developed every year, 62% of which have been developed.Due to natural protection and other reasons, about 50.7 billion kilowatt hours of hydropower resources are prohibited from development.In 2019, Norway's power generation was 134.9 billion kWh, a year-on-year decrease of 8.3%, including 126 billion kWh of hydropower, a year-on-year decrease of 9.8%, and hydropower accounted for 93.4% of the total power generation.In 2019, Norway realized 12.3 billion kilowatt hours of electricity export, a year-on-year decrease of 33.4%.[6]
administrative division
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Administrative divisions in Norway
In January 2020, Norway will re divide the national administrative region into 1 city and 10 counties.They are Oslo, the capital, and Agder, Innlandet, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Rogaland, Westfold and Telemark, Troms and Finnmark, TrondelagWestlandet, Viken.[6]
major city
Oslo
Oslo Scenery
capital of NorwayOsloIt is the largest city in Norway, located in Oslo Bay in the southeast of Norway, with an area of 454 square kilometers,The population is about 718000 (February 2024).[10]It is the seat of the Norwegian government and royal family, as well as the national political, economic, commercial, financial, industrial, transportation, scientific and cultural center.Oslo is the shipping and industrial center of Norway. It has car ferry connections with Germany and Denmark, and regular passenger ships with Britain and the United States.There are railway hubs in the east and west of Oslo, which connect electric trains with the east, north and west suburbs.Oslo Airport is one of the most important international airports in China, with routes to major cities in Europe and the world.
Bergen
Bergen scenery
Bergen is the second largest city in Norway. Located on the southwest coast of Norway, it is close to the Atlantic Ocean.Bergen, located between high mountains and fjords, is surrounded by seven high mountains, so it is called "the city of seven mountains".It covers an area of 445 square kilometers and has a population of 284000.Bergen Port is the largest port in Norway and one of the largest ports in Europe.The Institute of Oceanography in Bergen is the second largest research institute in Europe, and its marine aquaculture and maritime research are at the world's leading level.There are alleys paved with round stones, ancient medieval buildings, and open-air fish markets in the city, which are full of charming and simple charm.Bergen people are warm and friendly.In 2000, Bergen was selected as the "European Capital of Culture" by the United Nations.
Trondheim
Nedros Cathedral
Trondheim, the third largest city in Norway, is located in the central part of Norway, with an area of 322 square kilometers and a population of 205000. It is a famous education, science and technology and medical research center in Norway.The Norwegian University of Technology and the Norwegian Institute of Science and Industry are both located in this city.Trondheim is an important seaport, railway hub, trade and industrial shipping center in central Norway.Trondheim is the most magnificent church in Scandinavia——Nedros CathedralIn this place, all the kings of Norway were crowned here.
Stavanger
Stavanger Scenery
Stavanger is the fourth largest city in Norway, located in the southwest of Norway, with an area of 68 square kilometers and a population of 134000. It is a famous oil city in Norway.The headquarters of Statoil is located in this city.In the 19th century, Stavanger was the largest sardine canning processing base in Europe.After the 1970s, due to the development of the North Sea oil field, Stavanger became the maintenance and logistics support base for oil and gas field facilities and ships, and has now become Norway's famous "North Sea Oil Capital".In addition, the city has well preserved cultural relics and historic sites, and is the city with the most wooden structures in Europe.Stavanger's unique Norwegian Petroleum Museum and Canned Fish Museum are also very interesting.[6]
National symbol
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Country name
The Kingdom of Norway is called Norway for short.The term Norway appeared in the 9th century. It was transferred from Nolreweg, meaning "the road to the north" and "the northern waterway".Back and forth in ScandinaviapeninsulaThere are three main channels: East Roadthe Baltic, via West Roadthe north sea, the north road goes in and out along the north bank of the peninsula.At that time, the coastal area along the north route was called "Nolreweg area" according to the name of the route, which was toGermanicThe place name formed by the combination of Nolre (North) and Weg (Road).In English, replace the "Weg" in the second half with the "Way" in English and read it as "Norway".But in Norway, people still take Norge, which evolved from the ancient name, as the official national name.
national flag
Norwegian flag
Norwegian flagIt is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 11:8.The red flag is painted with a blue and white cross on the left side.Norway was once ruled by DenmarkDanish flagThe cross origin of is the same.Blue, white and red symbolize freedom and independence.It has two national flags, the swallow tail national flag for government agencies, and the horizontal rectangular national flag for other occasions.
Norway's national flag consists of an indigo cross with white edges and surrounding red.Since Norway was once ruled by Denmark, the cross on the national flag originates from the cross pattern of the Danish flag.Denmark was the first ChristiancrossCountries with national flags, and Nordic countries also use cross flags.Norway takes the Danish flag as the basic pattern, and combines the American Stars and Stripes with FranceTricolor flagThe blue cross was added to the white cross, so the national flag with three colors was born.Red, white and blue symbolize freedom and independence.
national emblem
Norwegian National Emblem
Norway's simple and clear national emblem is in the shape of a shield, with a gold standing on the red shieldlionWearing a crown and holding a silver axe with a gold handle.The golden lion is a symbol of strength, and the silver axe is the weapon of Saint Olaf, the protector of Norwegian freedom.At the top of the coat of arms is a golden crown inlaid with a ball and a cross.It first appeared on the flag and insignia of King Zuxianswarai, King of Hakam, in the 13th century.In the coat of arms, the male lion's forelimb clenches the battle axe, which is the personal symbol of the holy king since the 8th century.The crown on the head of the golden lion is simple in shape, reflecting the unique style of metal production in Scandinavia.Coat of armsThe crown on the top symbolizes the majesty and supreme power of the royal family.
population
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5.534 million (September 2023).The number of Chinese and overseas Chinese in Norway is about 10000, with more than half concentrated in Oslo and surrounding areas.There are about 2000 Chinese students studying in Norway.As of March 2021, the main population cities in Norway are Bergen (284000), Trondheim (205000) and Stavanger (134000).[6]Oslo has a population of about 704000 (June 2022).
Politics
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regime
Implemented in NorwayConstitutional monarchy。Since King Harald V took the throne on January 21, 1991, the king has mainly symbolic power and is the head of state.
constitution
The current constitution of Norway was adopted on May 17, 1814, and has been revised many times since.The Constitution provides for a constitutional monarchy.The king is head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces.
parliament
The highest legislative organ of the country has legislative power, financial supervision power and administrative supervision power.It has a unicameral system, consisting of 169 members.Parliamentary elections are held every four years under the proportional representation direct election system.The current parliament will be elected in September 2021, with 48 seats for the Labor Party, 36 seats for the Conservative Party, 28 seats for the Middle Party, 21 seats for the Progressive Party, 13 seats for the Socialist Left Party, 8 seats for the Red Party, 8 seats for the Liberal Party, 3 seats for the Green Environment Party, 3 seats for the Christian Democratic Party, and 1 seat for the Patient Concern Party.Speaker Masud Gharahkhani (Labour Party).
In addition, Norway also has the Sami Parliament, which is an independent democratically elected body of the Sami minority and is responsible for managing all affairs related to the Sami people. It is also an advisory body of the government, but has no legislative power.The institution was established in 1989 and has 39 representatives with a term of office of four years. The general election was held at the same time as the national parliamentary election.[6]
government
The current government was formed on October 14, 2021 and reorganized in October 2023.At present, there are 20 cabinet members, including 12 from the Labour Party and 8 from the Middle Party.The main cabinet members include: Prime Minister Jonas Gahr St ø re (Labor Party), Finance Minister Trygve Slagsvold Vedum (Middle Party), Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide (Labor Party).
The main government departments in Norway include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, the Ministry of Government Management Reform and Religious Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Health and Nursing, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and Research, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, the Ministry of Transport and Communications, childrenMinistry of Equal Rights and Social Integration, etc.[7]
judicial
The courts exercise their functions independently and are divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, six high courts, and 64 district and municipal courts of first instance.In addition, there are labor dispute courts, social security courts, land certification courts, etc.The Supreme Court has one Chief Justice (President) and 19 Justices, Chief Justice (President) Toril Marie Ø ie (female, appointed in 2016).The procuratorial system performs its functions independently and is divided into three levels: the Procurator General's Office, local procuratorial organs (including 10 regional procuratorates, the National Bureau of Economic and Environmental Crime Investigation and Prosecution, the National Procuratorate for Organized and Major Crimes), and police procuratorial organs (located in 12 police districts, the National Bureau of Crime Investigation, and the Police Security Bureau).The Procurator General, J ø rn Sigurd Maurud (appointed in 2019), is the top leader of the procuratorial system. The Ministry of Justice is responsible for the administrative affairs of the office.
party
There are more than 20 registered political parties in China, mainly including:
party
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Labour Party
The ruling party was founded in 1887.The largest party in Parliament.It advocates a welfare society to achieve full employment, sustainable development, fair distribution and strengthen social welfare.There are about 49000 Party members.President Jonas Gal Steller.
Centre Party
The ruling party was founded in 1920.Represent the interests of farmers and family farmers and oppose joining the EU.There are about 20000 Party members.President Trugefer Slogswal Weidum.
Conservative Party
The largest opposition party was established in 1884.Represent the interests of the monopoly capital of finance, shipping and industry and commerce, emphasize free market competition, and support the accession to the EU.There are about 30000 Party members.President Erna Solberg (female).
Progress Party
The opposition party was established in 1973.He advocates tax reduction, optimizing elderly care services, tightening immigration policies and strengthening social integration, and opposes joining the EU.There are about 16000 Party members.President Sylvi Listhaug (female).
Socialist Left Party
The opposition party was established in 1975.Pursue the social democratic line and oppose joining the EU.It advocates social equity, poverty reduction and green transformation.There are about 16000 Party members.Kirsti Bergst ø, chairman (female).
The Red Party
The opposition party was established in 2007.The Communist Party was formed by the merger of the Red Electoral Union and the Workers' Communist Party.The ultimate goal is to create a classless society, advocate a welfare society, increase taxes on the rich, solve social inequality, and oppose joining the EU.There are about 14000 Party members.Chairman Marie Sneve Martinussen (female).
Liberal Party
The opposition party was founded in 1884.Represent the interests of the middle and small bourgeoisie, advocate social equity, tax reduction, job creation, attach importance to education and environmental issues, and support EU accession.There are about 7200 Party members.Chairman Guri Melby (female).
The Green Party
The opposition party was established in 1988.Advocate green environmental protection and social equity.Support EU accession.There are about 12000 Party members.Arild Hermstad, Chairman.
Christian Democratic Party
The opposition party was founded in 1933.He advocates upholding traditional Christian ethics, supports providing assistance to developing countries, and opposes joining the EU.There are about 16000 Party members.Chairman Olaug Vervik Bollestad (female).
Patient Focus
The opposition party was established in 2021.Advocate the expansion of the hospital in Arta, Troms and Finmark.Chairman Irene Ojala (female).
Other political parties: Norwegian Communist Party, etc.
Dignitaries
Current Prime Minister Jonas Gale Steller
Current King:Harald V , born in 1937.After Germany invaded Norway in April 1940, she emigrated to the United States with her mother and two sisters and returned home after the war.In 1955, he entered the Norwegian Military Academy.From 1960 to 1962, he studied at Oxford University in England, and received an honorary doctorate degree from York University in 1984.In 1977, he was awarded the rank of General of Land, Sea and Air.He was appointed Crown Prince in September 1957 and ascended the throne on January 21, 1991.He visited China as Crown Prince in April 1985.In October 1997, she paid a state visit to China with Queen Songya.In August 2008, she came to China with Queen Song Ya to attend the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games and watch the games.In October 2018, she paid a state visit to China with Queen Song Ya.
Current Prime Minister:Jonas Gal Steller, born in 1960.Graduated from the Paris Institute of Political Science in History and Socioeconomics.Since 1989, he has successively served as the Special Adviser to the Prime Minister's Office, the Director General of the International Department of the Prime Minister's Office, the representative of the Norwegian delegation in Geneva, the Director General of the General Office of the Director General of the World Health Organization, and the Secretary of State and Director General of the General Office of the Prime Minister's Office.From 2005 to 2012, he served as Foreign Minister.Minister of Health and Nursing from 2012 to 2013.He has been the Chairman of the Labor Party since 2014.He will become Prime Minister on October 14, 2021.
Economics
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overview
Norway is a highly developed modern industrial country and one of the richest countries in the world.Norway's continental shelf is rich in oil and gas resources, and the oil and gas industry plays a leading role in the economy. In addition, Norway is also rich in fishery, forest and water resources.Norway has a long history of shipbuilding and shipping industry. It is a major shipping country in the world and has world leading technology in marine engineering, ship and equipment manufacturing.Norway also has unique advantages in environmental protection, information communication, chemical industry, metallurgy, medicine, etc.
Norway is a developed country with modern industry.In the 1970s, the economy developed rapidly. In the 1980s, there were ups and downs. In the early 1990s, due to the cancellation of the oil production quota, the income increased sharply.The Petroleum Fund was established in 1990 and renamed "Government Pension Fund - Global" (i.e. Sovereign Wealth Fund) in 2006.Supported by the huge oil and gas export earnings, Norway's economy has been in good condition in recent years, with the unemployment rate and inflation rate maintaining at a low level.The financial crisis in 2008 and the oil price decline crisis in 2014 briefly impacted Norway's economy, but both recovered stability and regained continuous growth in a relatively short time.After the outbreak of COVID-19, the epidemic situation in Norway was generally controllable, social fundamentals were stable, and the economy recovered quickly.The main economic indicators in 2023 are as follows:
GDP: NOK 5128.6 billion
Per capita GDP: 925000 NOK
GDP growth rate (at constant prices): 0.5%;Mainland economy (excluding offshore industries such as oil and gas) grew by 0.7%
Unemployment rate: 3.8% (February 2024)
Market value of sovereign wealth funds: NOK 17.41 trillion (April 2024)[10]
According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2019 of the World Economic Forum, Norway ranks 16th among 141 countries and regions with the most competitiveness in the world.According to the Business Environment Report 2020 issued by the World Bank, Norway ranks ninth among 190 countries and regions.Since 2001, Norway has been ranked among the best countries in the world for living by the United Nations Development Programme.After the outbreak of COVID-19, Norway's epidemic situation was generally controllable, social fundamentals were stable, and the economy recovered quickly.
Norway's market economy is relatively developed, its macroeconomic environment has been stable and good for a long time, and its people are rich.As a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Norway, in accordance with the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement signed between EFTA and the EU, has free access to the EU market for all goods except agricultural products.The Norwegian government is relatively honest and clean, with less corruption.It is easier to start a company in Norway, and the registration fee is lower.
In 2021, Norway's GDP will be about 481.9 billion US dollars, the per capita GDP will be about 88000 US dollars, the GDP growth rate will be 3.9%, and the unemployment rate will be 4.3%. The market value of sovereign wealth funds will be about 1.2 trillion US dollars (by the end of 2021).As of April 30, 2021, the international rating agency Standard&Poor's rated Norway as "AAA/A-1+", with a stable outlook.[6]
Industry
Offshore oil and gas, chemical industry, shipping, hydropower, metallurgy, etc. are particularly developed.Important aluminum and magnesium producing and exporting countries in Europe, and most ferrosilicon products are for export.The world's third largest natural gas exporter, the eighth largest crude oil exporter, and the ninth largest shipping country.In 2023, the total output of oil and gas will be about 221 million cubic meters, and the export value will be about 1.9 trillion Norwegian kroner, accounting for 79.5% of the total export value of goods nationwide.[1][10]
maritime affairs
Norway is a maritime power with a history of more than 150 years as a ship producer, especially in the production of special ships (such as oil, natural gas, chemicals, automobiles, ro ro ships) and deepwater ships.According to the data from the relevant department of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry (Invest Norway), the number of direct employment in Norway's maritime industry exceeds 100000, and the industrial added value accounts for about 12% of GDP.In addition, Norway plays an important role in the production of offshore special marine equipment and fishing vessels. It has more than 300 manufacturers of marine equipment, whose equipment accounts for 9% of the world market share and 60% is used for export. Its products include advanced marine propellers, marine power engines, electronic cargo shipping equipment, navigation electronic navigation instrumentsElectronic map and advanced ship stability system.According to the statistics of relevant professional institutions, the ships owned by Norwegian shipowners rank seventh in the world by tonnage;In the field of ocean engineering, the fleet of Norwegian shipowners ranks first in the world.In terms of ship value, Norway's ship owner ranks sixth in the world.[6]
chemical industry
The development of Norway's chemical industry is mainly based on rich hydropower, oil and gas resources and market demand. It mainly produces chemical raw materials, with large production scale and strong profitability.[6]
metallurgy
There are more than 140 metallurgical companies in Norway.Relying on abundant hydropower, Norway vigorously develops the production of high power consumption aluminum and silicon.Norway is the world's second largest exporter of aluminum and aluminum alloy products (second only to China), with 80% to 90% of aluminum output for export.NASA's space shuttle and the European Space Agency's launch vehicle all rely on Norway's metal and metallurgical technology.Norway is also one of the largest ferrosilicon and metal silicon producers in the world. More than half of the metal silicon used in personal computers and electronic components worldwide is supplied by Norway.[6]
Agriculture
The agricultural area is 985000 hectares, accounting for 3.5% of the territory (excluding Svalbard Islands, Jan Mayen Island and other dependencies). The self-sufficiency rate of meat, eggs and dairy products is more than 96%, while the self-sufficiency rate of grains, fruits and vegetables is low.In 2023, there will be 38000 agricultural practitioners.The production forest area is about 86000 square kilometers, and the production of timber will be 11.63 million cubic meters in 2022.[10]
Fisheries
Fisheries are an important traditional sector of Norway's economy.Norwegian fisheries are divided into aquaculture and fishing.Salmon and trout are the main aquaculture species;More than 200 kinds of fish, shellfish, marine animals and plants were caught, mainly including Atlantic cod, haddock, green pollock, herring, mackerel, fur scale fish, flounder, arctic shrimp, lobster, king crab, etc.
The largest aquaculture company in Norway is Marine Harvest Co., Ltd., which is the largest salmon aquaculture company in the world;The second is Cermaq Co., Ltd., which is mainly engaged in fish feed production and salmon breeding business;The third largest salmon breeding company is Salmar Group.In addition, there is Leroy Seafood Group, which is engaged in the production and sales of seafood.The largest ocean fishing company in Norway is Austevoll Seafood Co., Ltd., which is not only engaged in global ocean fishing, but also engaged in fish meal, fish oil, canned fish, salmon breeding and processing.Next is Aker Seafood Co., Ltd.[6]
finance
bank
The responsibility of the Norwegian Central Bank is to implement a rational monetary policy aimed at controlling inflation, promote balanced economic development, help build a stable and efficient financial market and payment system, issue banknotes and coins, and ensure the effective management of national financial assets, including Norway's overseas and domestic pension funds and foreign exchange reserves.
There are 18 registered commercial banks in Norway, including DNB, Nordea Bank and DanskeBank Group, the largest financial service group in Norway.
There are 121 registered savings banks throughout Norway.
There are 47 foreign banks registered in Norway, and the vast majority of branches in Norway are located in Oslo and nearby Akeshus County.Among them, Sweden has the largest number of 30 banks, followed by banks in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, France, Ireland and other countries.
There is no local Chinese bank in Norway.If a foreign enterprise wants to open an account in a local bank in Norway, it needs to go to the Norwegian Enterprise Registration Bureau to complete the enterprise registration, for example, a branch company or a newly established limited liability company, and then apply to the local bank for opening an account with the registration number assigned by the Enterprise Registration Bureau.When opening an account, the bank will require foreign shareholders in the company to submit a bank credit certificate. For a limited liability company, a minimum deposit of 30000 kroner is required for opening an account.[6]
exchange control
The Norwegian Central Bank promulgated the current regulations on foreign exchange management in 1990.The Central Bank does not have much control over its own currency and foreign exchange, but it requires truthful reporting.Except for the Central Bank and the Foreign Exchange Bank, no one is allowed to participate in commercial foreign exchange trading in Norway.
When a resident or non resident enters or leaves the country, if the value of Norwegian kroner or foreign exchange cash and coins carried by him or her one-way exceeds 25000 kroner, he or she must fill in a form to declare to the entry and exit customs administration.When the value of Norwegian kroner or foreign exchange banknotes and coins sent or received by residents or non residents through post, courier or other means exceeds 25000 kroner, a written report must be submitted to the Central Bank.
Dividends and profits from business activities in Norway, interest on loans and mortgages and invested capital can be remitted out of the country in full and freely, but they must be reported to the Central Bank.There is no foreign exchange control on the import of goods, dividends, profit remittance of branch companies, royalties and payment of overseas service fees, but the transaction party or domestic foreign exchange bank shall report to the central bank truthfully.
When a foreign-funded enterprise opens an account in a local bank in Norway, it can also apply for opening a foreign exchange account.[6]
stock market
Oslo Stock Exchange (Oslo Bors) is the only stock exchange in Norway, which was founded in 1819 and has a history of 200 years.The annual trading volume of the exchange is about 600 billion dollars, of which international investors own 65% of the shares and 41% of the total trading volume.Most of Norway's well-known companies have been listed on the Exchange, and advantageous industries such as energy, shipping and fishery account for a large proportion in the trading volume.The Exchange gathers professional investment banks, lawyers and investment institutions, which understand the business rules and market conditions in Norway and can provide professional services.Norway has a sound legal system, open and transparent policies, standardized information disclosure of listed companies, and a prosperous market.
The Oslo stock market is a part of the Nordic securities trading network Norex. It can freely buy and sell stocks listed in the four Nordic countries on the same platform with the stock exchanges in Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. For international investors, it is easy to enter the securities markets of other Nordic countries if they enter one market.[6]
Credit card use
Norway uses a large number of credit cards and online payment and other means of transaction.Most customers pay by card when they shop.VISA card and Master card issued in China can be used locally, and a few merchants can use UnionPay card, Alipay and WeChat payment.
The main local correspondent banks that have more cooperation with domestic banks in China are: Norwegian Bank (DNB), Nordea Bank (Nordic Bank).[6]
currency
The legal tender of Norway isNorwegian Krone。1 krona is equal to 100 cents, but the minimum face value of krona cash is 1 krona. If cash settlement is used when shopping, the price will be calculated by rounding.Norwegian krona is a freely convertible currency.In any financial institution and exchange point in Norway, Norwegian krona can be exchanged with US dollars, euros and other freely convertible currencies at any time.RMB and Norwegian krona can be settled directly.[6]
Service industry
The service industry is one of the important pillars of Norway's economy.Service trade plays an important role in Norway's foreign trade.The transportation industry (mainly the maritime industry) is the main export sector, followed by oil and gas services, maritime services, finance, law, audit, marketing, public relations and management consulting.Norway is a world leader in offshore oil development services and environmental protection services.[6]
foreign trade
Advocate free trade.Foreign trade plays an important role in the economy.It mainly exports crude oil, natural gas, coke and refined petroleum products, metals, various machinery and fishery products.It mainly imports machinery, motor vehicles, electronic optical products, metals, chemical raw materials and products, and food.The main import source countries include Sweden, Germany, China, etc.The main export destinations are Britain, Germany, Netherlands, etc.In 2023, the total import and export trade will be NOK 4085 billion, down 15% year on year.Among them, the export was NOK 2420 billion, down 23.6% year on year;Imports of NOK 1665 billion, up 7.5% year on year.[10]
Foreign investment
According to the World Investment Report 2021 issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Norway's foreign investment flow in 2020 will be 2.394 billion US dollars;By the end of 2020, Norway's stock of foreign investment was 147.764 billion US dollars, and its stock of foreign investment was 197.867 billion US dollars.
Major multinational companies investing in Norway include: world top 500 companies such as BP, Shell and Mobil (mainly engaged in offshore oil and gas development in Norway), GE (already acquired Akkwana in Norway), South Korea STX (bought 39.2% shares of Ark Shipyard in Norway and became its largest shareholder)Microsoft of the United States (6.5 billion kroner to buy Norway's famous search company FAST), Yahoo, Google and other well-known search engine companies of the United States (set up offices in Norway), Fugro Group of the Netherlands (geotechnical engineering, offshore oil and gas, geological exploration, fishery technology and other high-tech services companies), etc.
In recent years, Chinese enterprises have begun to pay attention to the Norwegian market. For example, in 2008, COSL invested 2.5 billion dollars to acquire the famous Norwegian offshore oil and gas service provider AWILCO, in 2010, China Bluestar invested 2 billion dollars to acquire Norwegian Elkem, and in 2015, Bluestar Elkem invested 620 million dollars to acquire the Norwegian solar panel manufacturer REC Solar Holdings AS factory,Integrate the industrial chain.In 2016, Kunlun Wanwei Technology Co., Ltd. acquired Opera, a Norwegian browser, for 575 million dollars.In 2018, Zhimei Chuangshe Home Furnishing (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. acquired 100% equity of Ekornes ASA with an investment amount of 630.46 million dollars.Everbright Group acquired 100% equity of Boreal Holding AS with an investment amount of 200 million US dollars.[6]
outbound investment
Norway's direct investment in China began in 1983. Its investment projects mainly focus on advantageous industries such as petrochemical industry, metallurgy, medicine, shipbuilding equipment, paper making, power generation equipment, fishery, etc., which is basically consistent with China's industrial policies and fields of encouraging foreign investment.Direct investment in China is mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas of China and economically developed provinces and cities, such as Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shandong, Liaoning, Beijing and Tianjin;Norwegian enterprises also invest in Hubei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and other inland provinces and regions.Well known companies such as Statoil, DNV, Hydro, Jotun, Skogan, Elkem, Konsberg, Norwegian Forest Paper, etc. have set up factories or offices in China.[6]
foreign aid
Attach importance to foreign aid and insist on spending about 1% of gross national income (GNI) on foreign aid.In 2023, the total amount of foreign aid will be about 58.5 billion Norwegian kroner, accounting for 1.14% of gross national income (GNI).[10]
During the COVID-19 epidemic, Norway sent medical personnel to Italy, donated 50 million kroner to the World Health Organization, and pledged 13 billion kroner for the development of global epidemic vaccine.The Norwegian government plans to provide another 5 million doses of vaccines to developing countries from the autumn of 2021 to the spring of 2022, and provide 12 billion kroner of economic development assistance to poor countries.[6]
Culture
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language
The official language of Norway isnorwegian, belonging to the North Germanic language family closely related to Danish and Swedish.In most cases, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish speakers can communicate with each other.Norwegian has two official written languages, one is "written Norwegian" (Bokm ∨ l), and the other is "new Norwegian" (Nynorsk)."Written Norwegian" is based on the Danish Norwegian language, which is developed on the basis of Danish written characters and the pronunciation of the eastern Norwegian dialect."New Norwegian" was compiled by linguist Ivar Olsen in the 1850s according to various dialects in western Norway."Written Norwegian" is widely used in Oslo and large cities, accounting for more than 80% of the population, and "New Norwegian" accounts for about 10% to 15% of the total population, mainly in the western coastal areas.In addition, the population of Norway, whose mother tongue is Sami, is about 20000.
English is the most important foreign exchange language in Norway, followed by German.[6]
Religion
Most people in Norway believe in religion.Lutheran Protestantism is the largest sect in Norway, with Christians accounting for 68% of the total population.In recent years, with the increase of refugees and immigrants, Norway's religious beliefs are increasingly diversified, and the number of people who believe in Islam is rising rapidly. Foreign immigrants have brought Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. to Norway.[6]
custom
Norwegians are law-abiding, honest and punctual, respect women and love children, reserved and modest, and have a strong sense of hygiene and environmental protection.
Gifts are light, and expensive gifts should be avoided to avoid being regarded as bribery;The diet is simple and light, and he likes dessert after meals.Norwegian laws prohibit smoking indoors. No smoking is allowed in hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, theaters and other places. Smoke alarms are installed in hotel rooms and some public places.Pay attention to social morality and politeness in public places, line up in turn, and don't make loud noises.Restaurants and bars are not allowed to bring their own drinks.The shop is open from Monday to Saturday, and closed on Sundays and holidays.
Norwegians have the idea that everyone is equal. The hierarchy system within the company is relatively loose. There should be no discrimination between men and women. When addressing others, they prefer to use each other's first name (without surname) directly. They dress more casually at work and are more formal when attending parties.Norwegians do not chat up or chat with strangers at will.
In Norway, it is generally believed that 1.2 meters is the best distance between the two sides of the conversation. Exceeding or missing this distance is considered impolite, which will dilute the atmosphere of the conversation or cause unpleasant formality.
Norwegians have a strong sense of time. If they cannot perform the contract, they should notify them by phone to cancel or reschedule it.
NorwegianI don't want others to ask about my work, salary, social status, etc. I think these things are personal matters and don't need others to ask and intervene.Appropriate topics include hobbies, politics, sports and travel.
Norwegian"13" and "Friday" are taboo, and they are regarded as the numbers and dates of "bad luck" and "disaster".
Norwegians are not allowed to cross shake hands or cross talk with each other.Think that cross handshake or cross talk are impolite manners.
The sunlight in Norway is very short every year. July and August are the golden seasons for Norwegians to enjoy sunshine, and most Norwegians choose to take a vacation during this time.In addition, two weeks before Christmas and three weeks after Christmas, and one week before Easter are also holidays for Norwegian people.Therefore, in general, we should try our best to avoid handling affairs and negotiating business during these periods.
Hewu is Norway's national bird, which is strictly prohibited by the Norwegian government.[6]
diet
Because 1/3 of the vast territory is located inarctic circleTherefore, Norwegian diet cannot be separated from fish and aquatic products.First and foremost are smoked salmon, fresh cod, herring and shrimp.Meat includes lamb, veal, beef, and moose and reindeer meat are also common.Home style dishes in Oslo include meatballs and stewed mutton in autumn and snow mountain quail in winter.Cheese is also delicious, especially the bread slice or honeycomb cake coated with sweet goat cheese.There are many restaurants in Oslo with various flavors and high quality. Unfortunately, the price is relatively expensive, regardless of grade.In the vicinity of Karl John Street, there should be a variety of restaurants.Ak Wharf Mall is very busy in summer, and many small and mini outdoor coffee shops are full.Norwegians like beer, wine andWhisky, but the price is high.
festival
time
festival
January 1st
New Year's Day
January 21st
Princess Ingrid Alexandra's Birthday
February 21st
Birthday of King Harald V
February 6th
Sami National Day
May 1st
International Labor Day (public holiday)
May 8th
Liberation Day (1945 from Nazi occupation)
May 17th
Constitution (adopted in 1814)
June 7th
Joint disintegration date (Sweden Norway joint disintegration in 1905)
Norway meets in the northern port city every JanuaryTromso(Tromso)Tromso International Film Festival（TIFF）。Founded in 1991, this film festival is a meeting place for Norwegian and international film industry. It aims to show excellent films to audiences in polar regions, Norway and the world. It has outdoor cinema and other characteristics.The venue of the film festival includes Verdensteatre Cinema, KulturHuset, H ∨ logaland and other theatre concert halls. The highest award is the Aurora Prize.[2]
celebrity
Amundsen(1872-1928) was the first human to reach the South Pole, and also the first person to drive a boat through the Northwest Passage north of Canada;
Friedrich Geoff Nansen(1861-1930), a scientist, a polar scholar, an artist and politician, once skied throughGreenland, Sailing the sailing ship "Fram" through the Arctic Ocean, awarded in 1922The Nobel Peace Prize；
Tule Hayadar（1914—），Go!Explore, once drove the raft "Contiji" from South America to the Polynesian Islands, which proved thatIndianIt is possible to cross the Pacific Ocean in the same way, and also drive the cattail boat "Pull" to prove that human beings may have already crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), a dramatist《Ghosts 》And《Doll House》, but in New York, London, Paris orBerlinThere are probably as many opportunities to see Ibsen's plays.Ibsen added to European dramaShakespeareThe psychological depth and social effect that has been lacking since then.
Knut Hamsun (1859-1952), in 1920, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his book The Growth of the Land, including Hunger, Pan Shen, Victoria, etc.
Sigrid Winsett (1882-1949) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928.Her famous book is a trilogy about Christine Lavender Start, which has been translated into many languages and published.
Sonja Henie (1912-1969) Won ten world championships in figure skating and three Olympic champions.
Gretel Weitz (1953 -) is a Norwegian woman who is most familiar with the asphalt road in New York. She has won the marathon champion in New York and London, and also won the world champion of marathon and long-distance outdoor running for many times.Gretel Weitz has been recorded in history as a pioneer of women's long-distance running.
military
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The king of Norway is the nominal supreme commander.The cabinet controls the whole army through the Secretary of Defense.The highest operational command organization is the Supreme National Defense Command, the national defense commander General Eric Kristoffersen (appointed in August 2020).The founding member of NATO has built a NATO Joint Operations Center.The compulsory military service system is implemented, and the service period is 12 months.There are about 18000 active military and civilian personnel.Since 1947, it has participated in nearly 100 international operations with about 100000 participants.[10]
traffic
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highway
The total mileage of roads in Norway is about 94000 kilometers, and the road network is relatively dense, including 10600 kilometers of national roads, 44400 kilometers of county roads, and 39000 kilometers of municipal roads.Norway has a relatively complete highway system, with tunnels as its biggest feature.There are 915 highway tunnels, ranking first in the world, with a total mileage of more than 800 kilometers. The bus system extends in all directions, and the long-distance bus is very comfortable.Europe's No. 6 Road, No. 39 Road and No. 134 Road run through the whole country, connecting Sweden, Finland and other neighboring countries.Due to many mountains and hills, most highways are two-way two lane highways with strict speed limits.[6]
Railway
The total length of Norway's railway network is 4157 kilometers, including 2552 kilometers of electrified railways.In 2020, the passenger volume will be 42.6 million person times and the freight volume will be 33.89 million tons.The railway line runs through the whole territory. There are 775 tunnels and more than 3000 railway bridges along the line.Many routes pass through villages with varied scenery, and you can enjoy the panoramic view of the suburbs, mountains, lakes and fjords.The most famous is the railway connecting Oslo and Bergen.By railway, you can reach Bergen, Trondheim and other cities in China, as well as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and other European countries.The Arctic railway project planned by the Norwegian government and the Finnish government to connect the port city of Kirkenes in northern Norway and Rovaniemi in Finland is still in the pipeline.Norway has not yet built high-speed railway.[6]
air transport
Norway has a long, narrow and mountainous terrain, and aviation is an important means of transportation to connect all parts of the country.Norway has 55 civil airports all over the country. The main airports are Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger, which receive nearly 30 million passengers every year.According to statistics, three of the 10 busiest routes in Europe are in Norway, namely Oslo Bergen, Oslo Trondheim and Oslo Stavanger.The capital Oslo has Gardenmoen International Airport and SANDEFJORD Airport, which can reach some major cities in Europe.There are mainly two airlines operating routes in Norway. One is SAS, which is jointly owned by the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish governments;The second is Norwegian, a private company listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.
In the first quarter of 2021, Norwegian air passenger traffic volume will be 2.74 million person times, 73.5% less affected by the epidemic than the same period of 2020.The freight volume is 54916 tons, including 43976 tons at Oslo Galmun International Airport.[6]
water transport
Norway has a developed maritime industry, with Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and other ports.Bergen is the main cargo handling port in Norway.In 2019, the throughput of Norwegian ports will be 211 million tons.In the fourth quarter of 2020, the throughput of Norwegian ports will be 47.65 million tons, including 15.73 million tons of Bergen Port.Between coastal areas, passenger ships are responsible for transporting passengers and more than half of the cargo.Small fjord ferries are busy with local transportation at a speed of 30 to 40 nautical miles, and a considerable number of automobile ferries shuttle between the big and small fjords.Due to the influence of the Gulf Stream, ships can be unblocked all year round.
By the end of 2020, the Norwegian merchant fleet had 1571 ships of all types, with a year-on-year growth of 3.8% and a total tonnage of 19.26 million tons.[6]
In December 2023, Norway was elected as a Class A member of the International Maritime Organization.[9]
Sociology
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science and technology
The Norwegian Research Council is an official institution that provides strategic decision-making and financial support for Norwegian scientific research activities. It provides advice and suggestions for the Norwegian government, central government administrative institutions and scientific research groups to formulate scientific research policies. It has six departments, respectively responsible for research in industry and energy, biological production and improvement, environment and development, culture and society, natural science and technology.The largest independent research institution in Scandinavia, SINTEF, the University of Oslo, ranked in the top 100 in the world, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, ranked second in Norway, all have strong scientific research strength.Norway also has 12 professional science parks.[6]
education
Ten year free compulsory education has been implemented since 1998.Most of the schools are public. The central government is responsible for higher education, and the local government is responsible for secondary and primary education.There are 44 colleges and universities with 299000 students.Major universities include Oslo University, Bergen University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tromso University, Norwegian Life University, Norwegian Business School, etc.[6][10]
hygiene
Norway is in good health condition, with few outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases.The medical facilities and medical insurance system are perfect, and the social insurance coverage is wide, covering minors, students, people receiving unemployment benefits, etc. As long as they have a work permit in the local area, they will be included in the local welfare system and enjoy free medical care.Otherwise, medical fees and service fees are expensive.
In 2020, Norway's total medical and health expenditure will be 386.69 billion kroner, accounting for 11.3% of GDP, and the per capita medical and health expenditure will be 71883 kroner.In 2018, Norwegian men lived to be 81.0 years old and women 84.49 years old.[6]
media
With the popularization and application of the Internet, Norwegian people use the Internet more to browse information.
Norwegian News Agency(NTB) was established in 1867 and is an unofficial organization.Established in 1933, Norwegian National Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) is the largest media group in Norway. It is divided into two parts: radio and television, and is subordinate to the Ministry of Culture.Its website is www.nrk.no All major news agencies in the world have institutions in Norway. In December 2009, the Oslo branch of Xinhua News Agency was established.
Norway publishes about 220 kinds of newspapers nationwide, with an average daily circulation of about 2 million.The major newspapers with wide distribution and great influence include: Afterpost, Verdens Gang, Dagbladet, Dagens N ≮ ringsliv, Bergen Times, etc.
Norwegian television sector is generally composed of the following systems, namely, analog television system (NRK1, NRK2, etc.), digital television system, optical fiber and satellite television system, national community television channel system, etc.Larger television stations include Norwegian National Television.[6]
signal communication
Norway is one of the countries with the most developed communications and the highest Internet penetration in the world. 91% of the population has mobile phones, and the per capita mobile phone proportion is the highest among the Nordic countries;More than 95% of households have computers, 90% of households have access to the Internet, and broadband users account for about half of Norway's total population;The Internet penetration rate of Norwegian enterprises reached more than 95%, of which the fixed broadband utilization rate reached 89%, the highest among the Nordic countries;The establishment rate of enterprise websites reached 78%, of which 66% carried out e-commerce.
Norway attaches great importance to the development of a digital society, and Constable Digital is a world-renowned digital service provider.Stavanger, the fourth largest city in Norway, holds an annual smart city conference to showcase the latest global concepts and products.Norway has popularized 4G networks and signed 5G network business contracts with Huawei and Ericsson.
Norway's information technology industry is relatively developed, with strong competitiveness in satellite communications, global positioning, mobile phones, transmission, video conferencing, multimedia facilities, credit card terminals and other fields.
Telenor is the largest mobile communication operator in Norway and the 22nd largest in the world.In 2020, the business volume will reach 122.8 billion kronor, and the number of users will exceed 180 million. The company will carry out business in nine countries and have 18000 employees.The main business scope includes mobile phone operation, fixed line and broadcasting service.Opera Software produces mobile browser with friendly interface, small memory occupation and easy use.[6]
Sports
Norwegians love outdoor sports, such as hiking, cycling, running, mountain climbing, rowing, and are especially famous for skiing.The word ski comes from Norwegian.In the international sports world, Norwegian ice and snow sports are at the world's leading level.[6]
public security
Norway's social welfare system is perfect, and the people generally obey the law and discipline. The public security situation is generally good, but robbery, murder and other malignant cases occasionally occur.In 2020, the Norwegian police received 301000 reports, 56 for every 1000 people.The crime rate in Oslo is much higher than that in other cities.In recent years, with the increase in the influx of immigrants and refugees, the social security situation has deteriorated, and the theft of foreign tourists' property has occurred from time to time, especially during the peak tourist season from June to September each summer.In addition, the reporting rate of drug-related crimes and juvenile reporting rates are on the rise.
Norwegian local residents can legally hold guns with a permit.[6]
power
Norway has rich water resources, many mountains and valleys, and abundant rainfall. The hydropower industry established on this basis is very developed.In 2019, Norway's annual power generation was 134800 GWh, a year-on-year decrease of 8.3%.Among them, wind power generation accounted for 4.1% of the total power generation, an increase of 42.5%, oil, natural gas and coal energy accounted for 2.5%, and hydropower accounted for 93.4%.Norway's power generation can not only meet the needs of domestic industrial and agricultural production and civil use, but also export to Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany.Abundant and cheap hydropower helps Norway develop a highly developed non-ferrous metal smelting industry.
The Nordic power grid is very developed. Except Iceland, other four countries have achieved grid interconnection. The Nordic power grid is often referred to as Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland.
The four countries have the advantages and needs of resource complementation, and the power composition among countries is highly complementary.The hydropower of the four Nordic countries is mainly concentrated in the north of their geographical territory, where the population is small and the load is low;Thermal power is mainly concentrated in the southern areas, which are relatively densely populated and loaded.In the wet season, a large number of affluent hydropower with lower cost in the northern part of Northern Europe flows into the southern region with price advantage, and the market real-time price is low;In the dry season, on the contrary, the thermal power in the south flows into the north, and the real-time market price is higher.In addition to internal resource optimization, the four Nordic countries also have power transactions with Russia, Germany and Poland. International power transactions are very frequent. During the peak period of power consumption, the Nordic region needs to import power from neighboring Russia, Germany and Poland. The international contact line provides guarantee for such power transactions.[6]
salary
Norway's wage level is among the highest in the world, and the wage level of manufacturing workers is 50% higher than the average level of the EU.In 2020, the average monthly salary of full-time employees in Norway will be 487500 kroner, an increase of 2.2%.Norway implements a high tax policy. According to the level of wages, 22% to 38.5% of individual income tax must be paid.In recent years, the overall wage level has increased by about 3% every year.[6]
the labor
The overall national quality of Norway is high and the labor quality is excellent.In the first quarter of 2021, the number of Norwegian labor force is about 2.84 million.Among them, 2.699 million were employed and 141000 were registered unemployed.There will be 72300 vacant jobs in the first quarter of 2021, an increase of 6900 or 2.5% over the previous quarter.
The labor force needed in Norway mainly includes: professional talents with doctor's and master's degrees, IT talents, skilled technicians, construction workers, seasonal workers, drivers, fishery workers, nannies, etc.In the fourth quarter of 2020, there will be about 436000 employed immigrants in Norway, a decrease of 1.9%.Foreign workers mainly come from Eastern Europe and Asian countries.[6]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Norway attaches importance to the role of the United Nations and actively participates in United Nations peacekeeping operations and mediation on international and regional hotspot issues.Norwegian Lai served as the first Secretary General of the United Nations from 1946 to 1953.It is not a member of the European Free Trade Association and Schengen.It is the first Arctic country to issue Arctic strategy and policy documents.Attaching importance to oceans, climate change and emission reduction, it is one of the first developed countries to ratify the Paris Agreement.It has diplomatic relations with more than 140 countries.
Relations with China
Norway recognized New China on January 7, 1950 and established diplomatic relations with China on October 5, 1954.In 1955, the two countries exchanged ambassadors.In 1958, the chairman of the Foreign Affairs and Constitution Committee of the Norwegian Parliament, Finn Mu, visited China at the invitation of the Diplomatic Society, which was Norway's first delegation to China.After the 1970s, the exchange of visits between the two countries increased.In 1979, Vice Premier Geng Biao visited Norway, which was the first time that a Chinese leader visited Norway.In the 1980s, heads of government of the two countries exchanged visits for the first time.
In 1980, China and Norway signed an agreement on economic, industrial and technical cooperation and established the mechanism of China Norway Joint Economic and Trade Commission.In 2007, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on Norway's recognition of China's full market economy status.
At present, China is Norway's largest trading partner in Asia.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume will be 7.73 billion US dollars, down 41.2% year on year;Among them, China's export volume was 3.53 billion US dollars, down 31.9% year on year;The import volume was 4.2 billion US dollars, down 47.3% year on year.[11]
Norway has consulates general in Shanghai and Guangzhou.
In 1963, China and Norway signed an agreement on cultural cooperation.In 2009, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on cultural cooperation.In 2007, Beijing Foreign Studies University opened a Norwegian major.In 2003 and 2017, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on sports cooperation.
In 2008, China and Norway signed an agreement on scientific and technological cooperation between the two governments, and the first China Norway Joint Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation was held in 2010.Niels Christian Stances, former president of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, won the 2019 China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award.In 2004, China's first Arctic scientific research station, the Yellow River Station, was built in Spitsbergen Islands (also known as Svalbard Islands), Norway.
The environmental protection departments of China and Norway have long-term friendly cooperation and signed memorandums of understanding on environmental cooperation in 1995, 2008 and 2022 respectively.The Norwegian government is a long-term partner of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway and the United Nations Development Programme jointly signed the Memorandum on Climate Change Cooperation Projects.In 2008, the two countries signed the Framework Agreement on China Norway Cooperation and Dialogue on Climate Change.
Relations with the United States and NATO
NorwayU.S.AandNATOMaintaining close cooperation is the cornerstone of Norway's foreign and security policy.See the United States as the most important ally.Emphasize the leading role of NATO in European security policy, advocate strengthening transatlantic ties, and support actions against NATO outside the defense area.
Relations with Russia
Norway is concerned about the political and economic trend of Russia, and believes that Russia is the most important neighbor, and that Greece and Russia maintain domestic stability.He is willing to comprehensively strengthen relations with Russia and resolve the issue of demarcation of the Barents Sea between the two countries as soon as possible.It advocates resolving resource disputes with Russia in the northern region through dialogue.In 2007, for the first time, an agreement was reached with Russia on the delimitation of about 70 square miles of sea area in the southern Barents Sea.
On April 8, 2022, the Belarusian government has determined the list of unfriendly countries, including Norway.[4]
On August 26, 2022, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that theRussiaThe package of sanctions has been incorporated into Norwegian law and came into force on the same day.Sanctions include banning gold imports and imposing sanctions on dozens of individuals and entities.[5]
On August 3, 2023 local time, the Russian media reported that the Russian government has included Norway in the list of countries that "take unfriendly actions against Russian diplomatic agencies".The embassies and consulates of such countries in Russia will be restricted in terms of employment.[8]
Relations with the EU
Norway advocates expanding pan European cooperation, establishing a new European security mechanism with NATO as the core, EU countries as the auxiliary and Russia as the participant, and avoiding new dividing lines in Europe.It supports the OSCE and advocates assisting the European Economic Area (EEA) in narrowing the social and economic differences among its member countries.Although two referendums rejected joining the EU, as a Schengen member state, it supports EU integration and advocates actively strengthening cooperation with EU countries in various fields.The proportion of implementation of European Commission directives reached 99.3%.Since 2005, 150 troops have been sent to form 1500 combat troops with Sweden, Finland and other countries, and on January 1, 2008, they will carry out the EU military mission.
Relations with Asia and developing countries
Norway believes that the rise of emerging countries represented by China and India has further enhanced Asia's international influence, and the development of Asia will create new opportunities for Norway. However, Norway is concerned about the potential ethnic and religious crises in Asia.A new strategy for relations with China was put forward in 1999, and the "Action Plan for India" was issued in 2005.In 2006, President of IndonesiaSusiloVisit Norway.In 2007, Norway normalized its relations with the Palestinian coalition government.In the same year, the "New Document on China Strategy" was issued.
On November 14, 2017ParisHeld at HeadquartersUNESCOAt the Conference of the Parties to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, he was elected to the World Heritage Committee.[3]
Relations with the State of Palestine
On May 22, 2024, Norway announced its recognitionState of Palestine。[12]
Relations with Israel
On May 22, 2024 local time,IsraelThe country's diplomats in Norway are being recalled to Israel.[13]
Travel?
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The beautiful fjords and beautiful scenery attract many foreign tourists to visit Norway every year.Norway's tourism revenue accounts for about 5.0% of the total GDP, and its employees engaged in tourism services account for 7.1% of the total oil and gas employment in Norway and Africa. On average, Norway receives more than 7.5 million tourists from various countries every year.[6]
