Abstract expressionism

Modern art popular in the United States in the 1950s
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This term is provided and edited by the teaching and research team of the Central Academy of Fine Arts in the direction of art communication.
Abstract Expressionism is the first modern art movement in the United States. As the name implies, this art movement combines the main features of abstract and expressionism, which are also called New York School of Painting. It opposes the figurative painting that creates illusion and the aesthetic logic of traditional art, emphasizes self-expression and formal purity in art, and absorbs the style characteristics of surrealism and modern art schools that tend to be abstract, such as cubism, futurism and Bauhaus. [1] Representative figures include Jackson Pollock Willem de Kooning Robert Motherwell Mark Rothko And Barnet Newman, etc.
Chinese name
Abstract expressionism
Foreign name
Abstract Expressionism
Foreign name
The New York School
Alias
New York School of Painting
Prevailing time
1940s - 1950s

Concept description

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Abstract Expressionism is one of the most famous and important art movements in the 20th century, and it is also the first art movement with world influence in the United States after the center of art was transferred to New York after the "World War II". Abstract expressionism is famous for creating large paintings in non-traditional ways. Although the styles and themes are different, painters like to express strong emotions in abstract forms. There are two trends within the school of painting: one is called“ Action painting ”(Action Painting), represented by Jackson Pollock and William De Cunning; The other is called“ Color-Field Painting ”(Color Field Painting), represented by Mark Roscoe and Barnet Newman. The school of painting has won American art critics Clement Greenberg (Clement Greenberg).

Historical traceability

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origin

Jackson Pollock in Creation
During the war and the early postwar period, the American society was more prosperous and stable than that of Europe. Many European artists fled to the United States and brought European artistic ideas. Native American artists can finally communicate closely with their European masters. It is in this kind of exchange that American art has made great progress, and finally produced the American native school of painting with international influence. And abstract expressionism is the product of the exchange and collision of European and American art. Abstract expressionism is formed by accepting the influence of abstract art created in Europe since Picasso, and at the same time integrating the automatic expression techniques of surrealist painters that are not subject to subjective control. Among them, the branch of surrealism represented by Miro has the greatest influence on abstract expressionism painters. 1943 was the year when abstract expressionism was born, which was marked by the first personal exhibition held by Jackson Pollock. [2]

Two trends

Mark Rothko
1、 Action painting. Leading figures include Franz Crane( Franz Kline )Robert Mathewell, William De Cunning, Lee Krasna( Lee Krasner )The most important artist is Jackson Pollock. Pollock's practice of dropping paint on the canvas was named "action painting" by the art critic Harold Rosenberg. Action painting is based on the understanding that the painting object is the result of the painting process and the direct expression of the artist's identity. [3] Artists often create by splashing and dropping paint on the canvas. They often use bold and wild strokes to paint, rather than applying paint carefully. [4]
2、 Color gamut painting. The term was first put forward by Greenberg in 1955 and is used to refer to Mark Roscoe, Barnet Newman and Clifford Steele( Clyfford Still )Works. These artists often flat painted solid colors on large canvases, trying to arouse the audience's meditation through uncomplicated pictures. Artists in the field of color try hard to find transcendence, and large emotional colors are designed to shock the audience, so as to stimulate their deep feelings and spiritual meditation. [4]

Representative artists and works

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artist
works
Analysis of works
Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), an American artist, is a representative figure of abstract expressionism and action painting.
The Rhythm of Autumn, No. 30, 1950
Like many other paintings of Pollock, the artist first "paints" a linear basic composition with diluted black paint, which will penetrate into the unprimed canvas. On this basis, he randomly added various forms of lines. "Pollock's works are both improvised and designed. In the whole creation process, Pollock was very involved, as if performing on the canvas and communicating with the pictures." [5] As the title implies, the color and form of the picture evoke people's imagination of nature.
Willem de Kooning (1904-1997), a German American artist, is a representative figure of abstract expressionism and action painting.
One of the Women series, 1950-1952
The woman with a ferocious face is a complex of various images, which gathers various female image prototypes such as the goddess symbolizing reproduction in primitive totems, Venus in traditional images, and cover girls in contemporary commercial advertisements. She exists between the two opposite elements of dignity and weakness, reflecting the contradictory psychology of people's fear and awe of the fertility represented by women since ancient times. At the same time, this contradictory state also reflects the complex emotions of excitement and confusion of post-war European immigrants on the new continent of the United States, as well as the artist's contradictory choice between abstract and concrete art. [6]
Mark Rothko (1903-1970), a Russian American artist, is a representative figure of abstract expressionism and color gamut painting.
Black on Grey, 1969
Black on Grey is Roscoe's work in his later years. The colors you see are directly painted on the white canvas, and there is no longer the background color that used to be slightly transparent. He only divided two areas, used very limited colors, and reduced the canvas to an appropriate size. Like a psychological drama that is both mysterious and tragic, the extreme contrast of light and dark in the picture evokes a sad feeling. [7]
Barnet Newman( Barnett Newman , 1905-1970), American artist, representative of abstract expressionism and color gamut painting.
Man, Hero and Sublime, 1950-1951
This huge abstract painting is more simple than Mondrian's abstract painting. The red picture is divided by three different colors and vertical lines of different shades. Like many of Newman's works, these vertical lines symbolize the divine light of creation, which no longer belongs to God, but to people in the ordinary world. Newman hopes that the audience can watch this work closely, as if facing themselves and feeling sublime in personal creation. [8]

influence

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Throughout the 1950s, abstract expressionism became the main force influencing art in the United States and other countries. The U.S. government regards its unique style as the embodiment of American democracy, individualism and cultural achievements, and uses it as a political propaganda tool to actively promote its international dissemination during the Cold War. However, many artists find it difficult to copy the true feelings implied in De Cunning's and Pollock's works. Their works are well thought out and lack the vitality of their predecessors' works. Others believe that the metaphysical significance of abstract expressionism conflicts with the social reality of paying more and more attention to consumer psychology. This conflict will inevitably lead to Pop Art and Minimalism Art, and the emergence of a series of other forms of art in the middle of the 20th century. [9]