Abstractism, also known as Abstract Art and Non Painting, is one of the important schools of western art between the two world wars. It takes the psychological association caused by visual stimulation as the channel, takes the pure painting morpheme as the main body of the picture, and gives full play to the abstract characteristics of points, lines, surfaces and colors,It separates the "purity" of painting from the objective object, and pushes it to the extreme, showing abstract and non representational artistic style.This kind of art form is more form oriented, and the most radical and far-reaching movements are Russian constructivism and Dutch style school.The emergence of abstractionism is not only driven by escapism, but also by the development of industry, science and technology. Its emergence is a supplement to realism.[1]
Abstract doctrine is a kind of art trend of thought and school rising in Europe and America in the 20th century.Its emergence is directly related to social reality and the development of industry, science and technology. At the same time, it is affected by many factors, such as primitive art, medieval religious art, oriental art, modern philosophy and psychology.These trends of thought reflected in the creation can be summarized into two major characteristics: ① inhibit the expression of space, mainly plane expression; ②The suppression of concrete objects is mainly in the form of crystalline geometric lines.On this basis, two basic archetypes are formed: ① emphasizing that subjective factors are perceptual abstractions, such as the German Green Knights and the American abstractionsExpressionismEtc; ②The focus on objective factors is the abstraction of reason, such as the DutchStyle schoolRussianSupremacismEtc.Abstract artists give priority to the exploration of art forms, which is a supplement to realistic art. However, some works show the tendency of escapism and social nihilism, while a large number of works appeal to people's senses through highly condensed points, lines, surfaces and colors, giving people deep infection.[2]
historical background
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Abstract art is a complete rebellion against the western art tradition. It advocates the complete liberation of modeling language, does not describe the visual characteristics of objects, liberates from the true appearance of objects, and uses "circles and squares" and other languages to express the East and West hidden in our hearts.In a sense, abstractionism represents one of the basic features of 20th century painting.It is not a specific painting group or faction. It refers to those who are far away from real life and do not show the surface image of natural objects, but use abstract colors, dots, lines, and blocks to form a general term of art style without specific and objective images.[5]
major schools
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Abstractism has emerged since the first world war. There are great differences in styles between different schools. There are two main types: one is lyrical abstraction represented by Kandinsky, also known as constructivism;The other is the geometric abstraction represented by Mondrian, the leader of the Dutch style school.
Constructivism
The Third International Memorial Tower, Tatlin
ConstructivismIt is the pioneer school of the abstract art movement.Vladimir Tatlin(1885-1953) is the main initiator and backbone of the constructivism movement.In 1913, he was inspired by Picasso's three-dimensional space architecture made of wood, paper and other materials in Paris, and created the first pure abstract relief, a painting relief composed of metal, glass and wood, which pushed the concept of cubism collage art to the extreme.He created a new order of form in space with a new artistic language.Tatlin believes that artists should be familiar with technology and should be able to pour new demands of life into the mode of design creativity.The Third International Memorial Tower, which he completed from 1919 to 1920, is one of the most important representative works of constructivism. It integrates pure art form and practicality, which is also an experiment of the theory of "cultural constructivism of all kinds of material materials" advocated by him. It has had a great impact on the European New Architecture Movement and has become a declaratory work of constructivism.
In 1912, Russian geometric abstract artistKasimir Severlovich Malevich(1878-1935) foundedSupremacismArt painting school.He received the education of rigorous western art aesthetics, and later became the pioneer of early geometric abstractionism with Kandinsky and Mondrian. Finally, with simple and abstract geometric shapes, and later specific geometric shapes of black and white or bright colors, he founded this art group almost alone.The supremacist painting completely abandons the semantic and descriptive elements of painting, and does not present three-dimensional space in the picture, focusing on the expression of those flat geometric shapes that have unique expressive force.
Improvised Naval Battle, Kandinsky
wassily kandinsky Between 1914 and 1921, he was exposed to a large number ofKazimir Malevich CreativeSupremacismAfter his works, he also added geometric elements to his works, and gradually established his position as a pioneer of abstract art.After Kandinsky first set foot in abstract art, he has been continuing the manifestation of this direction. His pure abstract art did not come out of the blue. He started from capturing the image of the real world.The difference is that he does not focus on the true representation of the image and the description of details, but relies on incomparable colors to emphasize the expression of emotion.Kandinsky is the most famous abstract art pioneerBauhaus During this period, he became the most influential member of Bauhaus College. He is not only a pioneer of modern abstract art, a teacher who conveys abstract art knowledge, but also an artist with systematic artistic thinking and visual theory.Kandinsky takes a non representational road that is completely different from that of Malevich. His art is a pure geometric abstract expression with metaphysical color, which intends to make different colors associated with specific spiritual and emotional effects, and even uses properties similar to music to achieve lyrical abstract artistic effects.For example, his "improvisation" series contains rich emotional expression.
Style school
Composition of Red, Yellow and Blue, Mondrian
Industrialization vsNetherlandsIts social art and design have a wide and deep influence.Since the Netherlands was a neutral country in the First World War, its avant-garde ideas in the fields of art, architecture and design were developed, so many artists, especially avant-garde artists, came to the Netherlands for refuge, which promoted the development of modern design in the Netherlands.One of the most significant is the emergence of the "style school".Stylist artists advocate that the abstract lines and colors of geometric shapes should be used to construct a picture and express pure spiritual activities. This "geometric abstraction" and "lyrical abstraction" represented by Kandinsky have become two main aspects of Western abstract art in the 20th century.
Sea Wall and Sea Composition No. 10, Mondrian
As an art school, the style school was not limited to painting. It had a great impact on architecture, furniture, decorative arts and printing industry at that time.Stylist artists and designers pay attention to graphic design, emphasize the connection between design and painting, and try to create a new world with modern order through graphic design.Dutch painterPiet Mondrian (1872-1944) was an artist behind the style movement and one of the founders of non representational painting. He was the pioneer of the geometric abstract painting school, taking geometric figures as the basic elements of painting.In 1917, he, together with Ott Van Duesburg (1883-1931) and Bart Van de Laker (1876-1958), established an association called "Stylist", advocated "New Plastic" art, and founded a magazine of the same name for the association, thus forming the system of abstract art theory headed by him.Mondrian believed that art should be separated from the external form of nature to express the abstract spirit. He took his unique minimalist painting pattern of "horizontal line vertical line" and "primary color non primary color" to bring modern abstract painting to a new stage.
When Mondrian lived at the seaside, he drew a series of paintings with the theme of the sea based on the sketch sketch drawn outdoors. In "Sea Wall and Sea · Composition No. 10", the sea waves were refined into many cross shapes crossed by horizontal and vertical short lines in the painting, and were arranged in a continuous manner up and down, left and right, with a quiet beauty without emotional factors.Here, the traditional perspective painting has disappeared, showing a new concept of space.
Mondrian's Composition A (Figure 10-29) is a creation belonging to the "New Stylism". Mondrian uses horizontal and vertical black lines to divide the white canvas, and then paints red, yellow, blue and other colors in those divided pictures. Its description of the sense of order of squares, colors, lines and so on shows a very musical harmony and rhythm.The Composition of Red, Yellow and Blue, written in 1930, is also Mondrian's representative work of this style.In the picture, the thick black lines control seven rectangles of different sizes. The clever segmentation and combination make the plane abstract into a rhythmic and dynamic picture, thus realizing his principle of geometric abstraction.[3]
Style evaluation
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The reason why abstractionism can become a school of its own is that it expresses the emotional strength of art, as well as self representation and other characteristics.This is similar to the expressionist anti representational aesthetics, and some European art schools such as Bauhaus that emphasize abstract totem,Futurist, orCubismAnd so on.Abstract school paintings also tend to have a rebellious, disorderly, detached from the nihility of the special feeling.[4]
In art, the so-called abstract is relative to the concrete.Although the various modern art schools in the 20th century have changed a lot, in addition to their different pursuits in content, theme or theme, they have never changed in their basic form, either concrete, abstract or both.Of course, abstraction in art is an indispensable factor. Even in the concrete, it also contains the abstract part, because the form of artistic expression itself is an abstraction, which is to "draw out" the objective images and express them. Even the sculpture of Hansen, an American surrealist artist, is not without exception.It can be said that the abstraction of art has existed since ancient times and cannot be excluded, but it should be noted that abstraction in art cannot be confused with abstractionism, and it should be made clear that abstractionism is not equal to abstract beauty in art.We can'tPicasso、MatisseSuch modern painters' symbols in technique or grotesque in form are all regarded as abstract art, and the abstract beauty in decorative art or arts and crafts cannot be equated with abstract art.To be specific, abstract beauty refers to the use of abstract forms that do not represent the outline or structure of concrete objects to give people a sense of beauty. It has important significance in decoration, craft or architectural art, while abstract school has taken abstract beauty to the extreme and applied it in painting or sculpture.Of course, many abstract artists also apply their exploration results to decoration, craft or architectural art, thus showing high value.[6]
