Newspaper companies with more than two daily newspapers in two or more cities
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More than twocity, with more than twodailyA newspaper company.The appearance of newspaper group indicates thatjournalismMonopolistictrendIs the most important development of journalism in the 20th century.
The United States is one of the first countries in the world to form a newspaper group.Civil WarAfter the end, the economic development was extremely fast, and the newspapers and periodicals also quickly entered the commercialization period from the period of the party newspaper. The competition was intensified, and the monopoly of the newspaper industry appeared.
The United States is a federal country, and each state has greater independence. The establishment of the nation was based on the freedom of press and publication, which did not allow political rights to launch national newspapers. The territory was gradually incorporated into the territory of the United States by state. Therefore, newspapers and periodicals are local, and there is no national newspaper. Whether they affect the whole country depends entirely on the influence of newspapers and periodicals.
In fact, the newspapers and periodicals that affect the whole country have the ability to form newspaper groups. Most of the newspaper groups that master many newspapers and periodicals do not master the first-class newspapers and periodicals that affect the whole country.Therefore, the core newspapers of most of the larger newspaper groups in the United States may have some fame in the state, but half of them belong to the second class in the country.
After the 1970s, the newspaper group in the original sense of the United States has been replaced by comprehensive media groups. Here we mainly describe the emergence and development of newspaper groups.
Generation and development
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The first newspaper group in the United States was founded by Edward Scripps.He was born in a newspaper family. At the age of 19 (1873), he began to work in journalism. In 1878, he founded the newspaper Press in Cleveland for the first time.In 1880, he began to buy other newspapers. In 1892, he formed a small newspaper group with five newspapers.Since 1890, he has cooperated with his half brother, M. McRea, and sent people to establish newspapers everywhere. In 1914, the Scripps McRea newspaper group had 23 newspapers in 15 states of the United States.In the same year, McRae left the newspaper group due to disagreement.In 1922, R Scripps took over the newspaper group and cooperated with R Howard, so it was called "Scripps Howard newspaper group".
The Hearst and F. Munsey newspaper groups are the larger newspaper groups formed slightly later than Smith's.Hurst began working as a journalist (in San Francisco) in 1887. In 1895, he went to New York to buy the News.It developed to Chicago in 1900 and then to the south in 1922.He has owned 20 newspapers and 6 magazines in 13 big cities.Mengxi began to work as a journalist (in New York) in 1889, and began to buy a series of newspapers and periodicals in 1901, but few of them were successful.Since he gained the control of the Sun in 1916, he has successfully merged and managed a series of newspapers and magazines, which are profitable, so he is known as a "newspaper killer".He died suddenly in L925 when negotiating to buy newspapers. The newspaper group collapsed immediately.Other relatively small newspapers in the early 20th century include Booth, c; annett, cox and Ridder.
Due to the monopoly of the newspaper industry, the number of daily newspapers in the United States began to decrease from 2600 in 1909 to more than 1400 in the early 20th century. Except for metropolises, most ordinary cities basically have one newspaper per city.Some once famous newspapers disappeared in the competition. For example, in 1901, Yu Xi merged the former Democratic penny newspaper, the New York Daily News and the Sun, which were founded in 1855. After Dena's death in 1897, they declined gradually and were bought by Meng Xi in 1916;In 1931, Le Monde was bought by the Swinhoe newspaper group and merged with another newspaper to become the World Telegraph. In 1950, the newspaper group bought the Sun and merged with it to become the World Sun Telegraph, which was closed in 1966;The New York Herald was bought by Muncie from Bennett's second hand in 1920;After the death of Greeley, W. Reid, the publisher of the New York Tribune, controlled the equity of the newspaper. In 1924, Reid was the second from Meng
West bought the Herald and merged it with Tribune. It was published under the name of New York Herald Tribune until 1966;After Hearst changed its name from "The American" to "The American", it was also merged in 1966 after several setbacks. So far, the New York Times was the only major newspaper in New York founded in the middle and late 19th century.
American newspaper group
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Except for a few large cross state newspaper groups, most of the newspaper groups in the United States are operated by states and regions.In the middle and late 20th century, there were about 160 medium-sized newspaper groups.In the 1970s, K. Murdoch, the media king of Australia, and c. Black, the media king of Canada, entered the United States and became the new owner of many newspapers in the United States.
Nowadays, there are few newspaper groups in the United States that operate newspapers and magazines alone. Most of them also operate radio and television. Many enterprise groups are also the parent companies of a media group.There are many media groups that operate newspapers and magazines, and are now famous or have been famous in the United States and the world. The following can be cited:
Gannett Co
The company was formed in 1906 and is now the fourth generation of bosses.This group has merged a series of newspapers and smaller newspaper groups since the 1960s, becoming the fastest growing newspaper group in the United States.At present, there are 99 daily newspapers in 43 states of the United States. The circulation of daily newspapers accounts for 15.6% of the total circulation of national daily newspapers, making it the largest newspaper group in the United States.In addition.It also owns and operates 2l TV stations, 13 radio stations and 1CATV network, as well as some news agencies, advertising companies and other media. In the UK also has a large newspaper industry.The total revenue in 2004 was 7.4 billion US dollars.It ranks first in the total income of the newspaper industry in the United States.In 1982, the group founded America Today, the first national daily newspaper in the United States.
Scrigges Howard Newspaper Company
Although the oldest newspaper group in the United States can not compete as fully as it did at the beginning, it is still one of the larger newspaper groups in the United States. It has more than 20 newspapers and more than a dozen radio and television stations.The ratio of its newspaper industry to electronic communication industry is 7:3.
Hearst
After several changes, it still has some strength. It is one of the largest media groups in the United States, with 12 daily newspapers, 19 magazines and 28 television stations.And some publishing houses and news agencies.
Kmght -. Ridder
The Knight Newspaper Group originated in 1937, and then developed rapidly. In 1974, it merged with the troubled Reed Newspaper Group, forming a new large media group in the United States.It has more than 30 newspapers and magazines, such as The Observer, and some radio and television stations.Newspaper business accounts for about 80% of the company's income.
Newhouse Newspaper Company
S. Newhouse was the first Canadian to buy newspapers in the United States in 1932. After 1950, it mainly developed in the south and bought a series of newspapers. In 1976, it acquired Booth Newspaper Group, forming a large media group in the United States. It has 26 newspapers and dozens of radio and television stations.The women's magazines run by the group are more famous, such as Fashion, Glamour, etc. In 1985, the group obtained the ownership of The New Yorker.
Hollinger Muji Newspaper Company
This is the newspaper company established by Canadian Condela Black in the United States in the mid-1980s. In 1986, she began to buy a series of newspapers in the United States.The first was the Wapacona Daily News in Ohio.The crown has more than 200 newspapers and hundreds of magazines in the United States, making it the second largest newspaper group in the United States with the number of newspapers and the 12th largest circulation.In 1994, it was listed under the name of "American Publishing Group"
It was reorganized and renamed in.The majority of the company's newspapers are small-scale newspapers with circulation only between 4000 and 20000.In 1993, the company bought the Chicago Sun Times, the eighth largest newspaper in the United States, for $180 million, to build its company (and 63 weekly or semimonthly magazines).In 2003, Blake was exposed to "corruption scandal".A great loss of reputation.
Tribune Company
Today, it ranks the second in terms of revenue and the third in terms of circulation in the United States, with the Los Angeles Times《Chicago Tribune 》12 daily newspapers and newspapers with many industries and specific target readers, such as Spanish newspapers.In addition, it has 26 television stations and cable television network stations, and 20 of the top 30 websites in the United States.It also has its own American football team, with an annual revenue of more than $6 billion.In 2000, the group invested 8 billion dollars to merge the Times Mirror Company.
With the New York Times《International Herald Tribune》(At the beginning of 2003, the Times Company spent 75 million dollars to buy the other 50% shares of the Washington Post Company, and owned the newspaper solely), 18 newspapers, 8 television stations, 2 radio stations, and 35 websites, including two very large websites, the New York Times website and the Duston website, which are the four major news websites in the United States, along with the Los Angeles Times website and the Tribune website.The company merged all Internet departments into a new independent company, "Digital New York Times", separating the operation of the online version from the print version.In April 2002, it invested 50% of the shares of Discovery Group.The total income in 2004 was 3.4 billion US dollars, which was rated by Fortune magazine as the most respected enterprise in the American publishing industry in 2005.
epilogue
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The American Newspaper Group is the product of the press industry in the specific historical period from the end of the 19th century to the 20th century in the United States. It has been replaced by new forms of media groups in the historical track of continuous development, but it represents the inevitable trend brought to the press by monopoly and commercialization.
