Dharma protection movement refers toSun Yat-senHe led the movement against the Beiyang government and set up another military government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou.In the history of the Chinese Kuomintang, also known as"Three revolutions"。The so-called "Dharmapala" refers to the guardsProvisional Regulations of the Republic of ChinaAnd overthrow the "republic", which was in fact under the dictatorship of the Beiyang system, and re-establish the democratic legitimacy of the new republic.
On January 10, 1914, Yuan Shikai dissolved the National Assembly and repealed the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China.In August 1914, World War I broke out, and in September, Japan attacked Qingdao, a German colony in China.In May 1915, Yuan Shikai agreed with Japan to ChinaArticle 21。December 12, 1915 Yuan ShikaiProclaim oneself emperor, forHong XianEmperor administration.In December 1915,Cai EWait for someone to startNational protection movementHe opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne and achieved success.Yuan Shikai was forced to cancelmonarchyHe died on June 6, 1916.
high Qing officialAfter death,twice president of the republican government at PekingPresident,Duan QiruiAs Prime Minister, the "covenant law" was restored, and the old National Assembly was also restored.Before long, Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui had a dispute about whether China declared war on GermanyThe dispute between the government and the court。Duan Qirui advocated to join the war, but Li Yuanhong and the Congress had reservations.Later, Li Yuanhong removed Duan Qirui from the post of Prime Minister and quotedGovernor corpsHead of delegationZhang XunAfter entering Beijing, Zhang Xun becameAixin Jueluo PuyiRestorationCongress was also dissolved for“Ding Si Restoration”。“Ding Si Restoration”Finally, he was suppressed by Duan Qirui, and Li Yuanhong resignedFeng Guozhangreplace.Duan Qirui called the event "rebuilding the republic", referring to the fact that the old parliament has been dissolved and the original legal system no longer exists, so he andLiang QichaoAnd other organizations to form a new government.
At the beginning of July 1917, when Zhang Xun supported the restoration of Aixin Jueluo Puyi, the deposed emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yat sen was extremely angry and tookLiao ZhongkaiZhu Zhixinfirst woman to join the Tongmenghui、Zhang TaiyanThey took the "Haichen" warship from Shanghai to the south, ready to organize a military expedition in the south[1]。But before Sun Yat sen arrived in Guangzhou, the restoration farce ended, while Duan Qirui, who had regained control of the Beijing governmentConstitutional Research AssociationAnd stubbornly refused to restore the Provisional Constitution and convene the National Assembly[1]。Under such circumstances, Sun Yat sen pointed the spearhead of the struggle directly at the Northern Warlords represented by Duan Qirui[1]。On the 17th, Sun Yat sen arrived in Guangzhou and made a speech that night, clearly stating that the purpose of law protection is to fight against counterfeitsrepublic, build a new republic, and call on all walks of life to fight for law protection[1]。
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In July 1917,Anhui warlordDuan Qirui controls the Beijing government and refuses to restore the National Assembly of the Republic of China and the Provisional Constitution[2]。Sun Yat sen Launches Dharma Protection Movement in Guangzhou[2]。In August, the members of the South Assembly held an extraordinary session of the National Assembly in Guangzhou[2]。The meeting adopted the Outline of the Military Government of the Republic of China and decided to establishMilitary Government of the Republic of ChinaSun Yat sen was elected Grand Admiral of the Navy and Army of the military government[2]。
Mr. Sun Yat sen personally presided over the formulation of《Provisional Regulations of the Republic of China》And the first Congress (commonly known as the old Congress) convened accordingly has always been recognized as the symbol of the bourgeois republic.After Sun Yat sen was forced to relinquish his power, he has been fighting unremittingly to safeguard the covenant law and the Congress.In May 1917, when State Premier Duan Qirui used the governor's corps to oppress the Congress to accept the declaration of war against Germany, Sun Yat sen andZhang Taiyan、Cen Chunxuan、Tang ShaoyiJointly call Duan Qirui andThe Senate and the House of RepresentativesThey are required to abide by the law and respect the Congress.After Duan was dismissed from office by Li Yuanhong, the successor president, he instigated the Beiyang governor to rebel against independence, and forced Li Yuanhong to dissolve the National Assembly by force. Sun Yat sen also continuously connected electricity (either alone or jointly) to the southwest provinces, calling for upholding the covenant of law and the National Assembly, and launching a military expedition against the Beiyang rebellion.On July 1, Zhang Xun supported the restoration of the Qing Dynasty, and on July 3, Sun Yat sen called in Shanghai to discuss and support the restoration of the Qing Dynastyrepublic, Graduating from the school to discuss the big plan of rebellion.It was decided to convene another congress in the south to organize a temporary government.
expand sb.'s influence
On the 4th, Sun Yat sen called the members of the House and Senate to protect the law.Patrolling envoys of Guangdong and Guangxi who controlled Guangdong at that timeLu RongtingIn order to ensure the territory of Guangdong and Guangxi, the Guangxi warlords led by Duan Qirui opposed Duan Qirui's policy of unifying forces and expanded their power to Hunan, and welcomed Sun Yat sen to protect the law in Guangdong.On July 6, 1917, Sun Yat sen, Zhang TaiyanZhu Zhixin、Liao Zhongkai、Chen JiongmingThe equivalent rate of Haichen and Yingrui ships left Shanghai to the south and arrived on the 17thHumen, arrived in Guangzhou on the 19th.At the welcome meeting of all walks of life in Guangdong, Sun Yat sen made a speech, pointing out that today's turmoil, "the struggle between real and fake republics", and that "the disaster of fake republics is more serious than the real restoration". Only by overthrowing the fake republics can we "achieve the construction of a real republic".The first person who responded to the call of Sun Yat sen's Dharma Protector was Chief of the Navy Cheng Biguang. On July 4, 1917, he issued a proclamation against thieves and denounced Zhang Xun's restoration.After Sun Yat sen went south to protect the Dharma, Cheng Ji met with the commander of the First Fleet on the 21stLin BaoyiJointly connected with the power, proposed three propositions of upholding the law, restoring the parliament and punishing the culprits, led the First Fleet with ten warships, and arrived on August 5, 1917Huangpu, accompanied by Tang Shaoyiintimate of Sun Yat-senEtc.The head of the Yunnan warlord who controlled Yunnan and Guizhou at that timeTang JiyaoIn order to fight against Duan Qirui, preserve the territory and expand its influence in Sichuan, it was electrified on August 11, 1917 to join the ranks of Dharma Protectors.After defeating Zhang Xun and regaining power, Duan Qirui refused to restore the Constitution and the National Assembly, adopted Liang Qichao's proposal, and prepared to convene another "temporary senate", reformulate the National Assembly Organic Law and the Electoral Law, and elect a new National Assembly, so as to achieve his goal of canceling the old Congress dominated by Kuomintang members and repealing the temporary Constitution, which caused dissatisfaction among members of the old Congress,They responded to Sun Yat sen's call to open a new parliament at a different place, and went south to Guangdong in succession.By the middle of August, more than 150 members of Congress had arrived in Guangzhou.
Calling Congress
Grand Marshal's Mansion
On August 18, 1917, Sun Yat senHuangpu ParkBanquet members of Congress to discuss the issue of convening Congress.Considering that the number of members coming to Guangdong is less than a quorum, we decided to follow suitFrench RevolutioneveLevel 3It is a precedent for deputies to hold the National Assembly and hold an "extraordinary session of Congress" (commonly known as“Extraordinary parliament”）。On the 25th, the Extraordinary Congress opened, and on the 31st, it passed Article 13 of the Outline of the Military Government of the Republic of China, which stipulates that the Republic of China has organized the military government of the Republic of China to suppress the rebellion and restore the Provisional Constitution.Military governmentGrand MarshalOne person and three marshals are elected by the extraordinary session of the National Assembly.Before the effectiveness of the Provisional Regulations was fully restored, the executive power of the Republic of China was exercised by the Grand Marshal, who represented the Republic of China to the outside world and assisted the Grand Marshal in organizing government affairs.The military government has six ministries of foreign affairs, internal affairs, finance, army, navy and transportation.In order to meet the needs of the war of law protection and counter insurgency, the military government did not adopt the cabinet system stipulated in the Provisional Constitution, but adoptedChinese Revolutionary PartyThe grand marshal system scheme of the integration of the party, the government and the military power proposed in the Revolutionary Strategy, which implements the head of state system of the integration of military, internal affairs and diplomacy, reflects the desire of the Chinese revolutionary party led by Sun Yat sen to establish its own independent governance through the law protection movementbourgeois revolutionThe intention of the regime.
On August 25, 1917, Sun Yat sen convened some members of the former Congress to hold a meeting in Guangzhou, and proposed to "protect the law", that is, to safeguard the provisional law of the Republic of China[3]。Due to insufficient attendance, it is called "extraordinary congress"[3]。The meeting decided to establish a military government in Guangzhou, with Sun as the grand marshal of the military government, Tang Jiyao and Lu Rongting as marshals[3]。Sun, in the name of Grand Marshal, called on the Northern Expedition to deny the Beijing government with Feng Guozhang as its president and Duan Qirui as its prime minister[3]。
Be sworn in
On September 1, the Extraordinary Congress elected Sun Yat sen as Grand Marshal of the Navy and Army, and Lu Rongting and Tang Jiyao as Grand Marshals.On the 10th, Sun Yat sen was sworn in.On the same day, the Extraordinary Congress approved the list of military government ministersQing government's representative in the U.S., Finance: Tang Shaoyi, Army:Zhang Kairu, Navy: Cheng Biguang, Internal Affairs:Sun Hongyi, Transportation:Hu Hanminrevolutionary leader and close associate of Sun Yat-sen, Chief of Staff of the military government:Li Liejun, Secretary General of the Grand Admiral's Office: Zhang Taiyan.
Hegemonic ambition
The personnel arrangement of the military government reflects the initiative of the Chinese revolutionary party members to cooperate with the southwest strength groups and the Kuomintang's steady factionThe law protecting military governmentThe desire of.However, Lu Rongting and Tang Jiyao pursued the establishment ofNational protection movementDuring the period, the collegiate government like the Military Affairs Academy ranked according to the strength of all parties to achieve their ambition of dominating the southwest.However, the military government adopted the head of state system and established Sun Yat sen's leading position in the law protection regime. Instead, they became supporting actors.Therefore, Lu Rongting and Tang Jiyao were very dissatisfied with the organizational principles of the military government and the election results, and refused to take the post of Marshal.Wu Tingfang, Tang Shaoyi, Cheng Biguang, Li Liejun and other Kuomintang moderates also approved of the collegiate system in order to seek cooperation with the powerful groups in the southwest, so these four people also refused to take office.So Sun Yat sen appointed a group of backbones of the Chinese Revolutionary Partythe United League of ChinaorChinese KuomintangActivists of the agency work.In this way, the military government actually became the bourgeois government that the Chinese Revolutionary Party tried to lead the law protection movement, thus deciding that it would be opposed by the southwest warlords and would not be able to stay there for a long timeexistenceGo down.
Sports climax
The establishment of the military government marked the arrival of the climax of the law protection movement and the formation of the confrontation between the North and the South.Duan Qirui inheritshigh Qing officialIt is the mantle of unifying China by force, and it is determined to suppress the law protectors in the southwest by force of the Northern Ocean and start the Second Civil War.Its military strategy has two priorities: one is to use troops in Hunan to control Guangdong and Guangxi, and the other is to use troops in Sichuan to control Yunnan and Guizhou.On August 6, Duan sent a trusted generalFu Liangzuo(1873-1924) insteadTan YankaiTo supervise the army in Hunan;Send his brother-in-lawWu Guangxin(1875-1939) is the upper reaches of the Yangtze RiverCommander in ChiefHe is also the investigating envoy of Sichuan.On September 9, 1917, when Fu Liangzuo led the Beiyang Army to Hunan, he ordered Liu Jianfan, the former member of the League, Lingling Town Guard Envoy, and the brigade commander of the Hunan Army stationed in Hengyang to be removedLin XiumeiPosition of.On the 18th, Liu and Lin jointly announced their "independence" and acted in concert with the Navy and the law protectors in the southwest.The provinces protecting the law in the southwest saw the change of the governor of Hunan as a signal for the Beiyang to march into the southwest. The Guangxi Clique decided to send 80 battalions of the Guangxi and Guangdong allied forces to assist Hunan.On October 3, 1917, Sun Yat sen officially ordered a crusade against Duan Qirui and other rebels of the Republic of China.The law protection army of Hunan Province formed a general headquarters in southern Hunan headed by Cheng Qian. The general goal of the law protection army of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan provinces was to attack Changsha.At this time, Duan Qirui also issued a crusade order to the Beiyang Army, and Fu Liangzuo appointed the commander of the Eighth DivisionWang RuxianHe was the commander of southern Hunan, and Fan Guozhang, the commander of the 20th Division, was the deputy commander.On October 6, 1917, the Beiyang Army and the Xiangnan Dharmapala Corps engaged in a battle in Xinipu, Xiangtan, and the Dharmapala War officially broke out.The two armies fought fiercely in southern Hunan for more than a month.On November 14, 1917,Direct warlordWang Ruxian and Feng Guozhang were unwilling to work hard for the Anhui clique, so they sent a telegram to negotiate peace and withdrew from the Hengshan front.On the 20th, the Dharmapalas took Changsha lightly.Duan Qirui's plan to use troops in Hunan to control Guangdong and Guangxi failed, and the Guangxi Clique took control of Hunan.At the same time, the Yunnan Clique led by Tang Jiyao, in order to fight against the northern army in Sichuan led by Wu Guangxin, also formed the joint army of Yunnan and Guizhou, cooperated with the Sichuan Nationalist Army (later changed into the Sichuan Jinguo Army) organized by the Chinese Revolutionary Party sent by Sun Yat sen to Sichuan, and fought with the northern army. On December 3, 1917, they captured Chongqing and drove away the newly appointed Sichuan governor by Duan QiruiZhou Daogang(1875 -?) and Wu Guangxin, Sichuan Investigation Commissioner.In other provinces, the law protection armed forces led by the Chinese Revolutionary Party and the Kuomintang also emerged one after another, announcing their concerted action with the southwest provinces.
Hubei Jingguo Army
The larger "Hubei Jingguo Army", organized by the garrison envoy of Xiangyun Town, Hubei Province, and Li Tiantian, commander of the Ninth Division of Hubei Army, declared "independence" in Xiangyang;Guo Jian, former commander of the Shaanxi garrison, organized the "Shaanxi Law Guard Army"FengxiangDeclare "independence".In addition, in Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, and even Northeast China, the "Law Guard Army" and the "Yasukuni Army" have been organized successively to declare "independence" or "independence". The smoke of the law guard war has swept most provinces and regions in China.Sun Yat sen was very excited by this situation. He convened military meetings for many times and formulated the strategy of advancing the Northern Expedition of Dharma Protectors. He ordered the armies of Guangxi and Yunnan to wipe out the armies of Hunan and northern Sichuan, and set out to attack Wuhan together. The other armies of Dharma Protectors and Jingguo also joined forces with the armies of Guangxi and Yunnan, and then occupied Nanjing, launched a large-scale Northern Expedition, and attacked Beijing.
Repeated peace and war
The failure of the Beiyang Army in Hunan was the result of the split of the contradiction between the Zhili and Anhui systems, which further intensified the contradiction between the Zhili and Anhui.Feng Guozhang, the leader of the direct line and acting president, has been fighting with Duan Qirui, the leader of the Anhui line, for the orthodox status of the Beiyang faction and the central authority of the Beijing government.After the start of the law protection war, Feng tried to fight against the Anhui clique with the help of the southwest warlords, so he secretly advocated peace;Moreover, they were deeply dissatisfied with the deployment of the Anhui Clique to use the Zhili army to lead the battle. Therefore, General Wang Ruxian and General Feng Guozhang stopped fighting and withdrew their troops at the front without authorization, disrupting the strategic deployment of the Anhui Clique to seize Hunan.Duan Qirui was very angry about this, and angrily asked Feng Guozhang to resign.Feng Suo is known for his sexual suggestion“Three Governors of the Yangtze River”Wang Zhanyuan (1861-1934), the governor of Hubei Province, Chen Guangyuan, the governor of Jiangxi Province, and Li Chun, the governor of Jiangsu Province, issued a joint telegram on the 18th, advocating that the North and the South should strike a truce and peacefully resolve the North South issue.On November 22, 1917, Feng removed Duan Qirui, the Premier of the State Council, asWang ShizhenAs the Premier of the State Council, Duan Qirui's cabinet collapsed again, and the Zhiwan system was split openly.On the 25th, Feng Guozhang issued a decree of armistice between the North and the South.This has caused different reactions within the Dharma Protection Camp.Sun Yat sen always insisted on protecting the law and opposed the reconciliation between the north and the south. On November 18, 1917, he issued a statement on the current situation: "There is no room for negotiation without resuming the covenant law and the old National Assembly." The general of the Hunan Army led by Cheng Qian demanded to seize Yueyang and consolidate the victory of the law protecting army in Hunan.However, after controlling Hunan and Sichuan provinces respectively, the Guangxi and Yunnan systems, which aimed to expand their strength and territory, disregarded the purpose of Sun Yat sen's law protection movement and soon compromised with the Zhili warlords.On November 24, 1917, the day before Feng Guozhang issued the armistice order, Lu Rongting expressed his support for the "Three Governors of the Yangtze River" to open the main power supply, leading to a north-south armistice.On the 28th, Tan Haoming (1871-1925), the governor of Guangxi, was instructed to respond to Feng Guozhang's armistice order in the name of the commander in chief of the Hunan Guangdong Guangxi Allied Army, and ordered the former enemy forces of the law protecting army to cease fighting.On the other hand, the warlords of the Yunnan Clique adopted a double dealing approach, and on the one hand, they made a generous statement, saying that they were determined to protect the law and perfunctory to Sun Yat sen;At the same time, they colluded with Lu Rongting and responded to each other and ordered the troops stationed in Sichuan and Yunnan to cease the war.
The policy of the Zhili clique caused strong dissatisfaction between the Anhui clique and the Beiyang clique.In Duan Qirui and his confidantsXu ShuzhengUnder the instigation of, the military supervisors of 13 provinces of Jilin, Heilongjiang, Fengzhou, Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Anhui, Zhejiang and Fujian held two consecutive meetings on December 2, 1917 and January 5, 1918 respectivelyTianjin ConferenceHe strongly requested Feng Guozhang to make a clear order to crusade against the southwest.Feng was forced to give in and appointed Zhili Governor on December 15, 1917Cao Kun, Shandong GovernorZhang HuaizhiThe commanders in chief of the First and Second Route Armies went south to attack Hunan.On the 18th, Duan Qirui was appointed as the commander in charge of the war and a cadre of the Anhui CliqueDuan ZhiguiAs the army chief, the Anhui Department regained control of the central military command.On January 10, 1918, a local crusade order was issued in the name of the General Staff and the Ministry of War, ordering the Beiyang Army to attack Jingzhou and Xiangyang in Hubei.On January 14, Wu Guangxin led the Beiyang Army to attack and occupy Jingxiang.When the Guangxi and Hunan armies saw that the Zhili troops had succumbed to the main battle group, they also launched an attack on Yueyang.On January 27, Yueyang was captured by the Dharmapala Allied Forces, which captured more than 1300 enemies.If the allied forces take the opportunity of the Beiyang Army to concentrate their forces in Jingxiang and Wuhan, it will make a major turn in the Dharma Protection War.However, the Gui Clique, satisfied with protecting the Hunan border, held its ground and proposed that "the north should not attack Yue and the south should not attack Hubei" as the conditions for peace, thus losing the good opportunity to attack Wuhan and join forces in the Northern Expedition.After the Confederate army captured Yueyang, the Northern Warlords became more aggressive and forced Feng Guozhang to issue a crusade against the whole southwest on January 30, ordering Cao Kun, Zhang Huaizhi andZhang JingyaoCommand some roads to march.In the middle of February, about 100000 Beiyang troops from all walks of life marched into the Hunan Hubei and Hunan Jiangxi borders respectively.On March 18, the "rising star" and acting commander of the Third Division of the Beiyang Armywarlord head of the Zhili military faction(1874-1939, Ziyu, ShandongPenglaiPeople) led the Ministry to capture Yueyang.On March 23, Feng Guozhang was forced to appoint Duan Qirui as the premier of the state affairs. Duan immediately organized the Beiyang Army to attack the south in a large scale, and the law protection army lost in succession in the Hunan battlefield.On the 26th, Wu Peifu occupied Changsha.beiyang government Zhang Jingyao was immediately appointed governor and governor of Hunan, and Wu Peifu was ordered to march to the south of Hunan from the left, middle and right.On April 24, Wu Peifu led the Central Army to occupy Hengyang, and most of Hunan fell into the hands of the Beiyang Army.Cao Kun, the commander in chief of the first route to attack Hunan, and Wu Peifu, his subordinate and the commander of the third division of the General Administration, were direct line soldiers. After moving southward, they defeated Yueyang, Changsha, and Hengyang, making the greatest contribution to the war. However, Duan Qirui's government awarded the post of Hunan Governor and Governor to Zhang Jingyao, a direct member of the Anhui faction, which made Cao and Wu dissatisfied. The contradiction between the Zhili and Anhui was once again acute.Wu Peifu, adhering to Cao Kun's intention, stopped after occupying Hengyang.At the end of May, Cao Kun returned to Tianjin without authorization.On June 15, the Zhili clique signed an armistice agreement with the representatives of the Guangxi clique, ending the war and making peace.In August, Wu Peifu sent a telegram to Zhu He, openly attacking Duan Qirui's policy of reunification by force "the policy of subjugating the country".Direct line generals responded in succession.In late August, Duan Qirui was forced to order all the troops on the front line to temporarily take the defensive position.
Destroy the purpose of law protection
The warlords of Guangxi and Yunnan not only colluded with the Zhili clique in the law protection war to strike war and discuss peace, which undermined Sun Yat sen's law protection purpose, but also persuaded the members of the political society in the Congress and the Kuomintang moderates to undermine the law protection military government, repel Sun Yat sen, and attempt to resist the leadership of the law protection movement.
In January 1918, the Guangxi warlord initiated the establishment of a joint conference of law protection provinces, trying to become another political authority to compete with the military government.In February, the Kuomintang moderates came forward and formally proposed the idea of restructuring the military government, and drafted seven articles of the Amendment to the Outline of the Military Government of the Republic of China, the central intention of which was to change the single leader system of the Grand Marshal to the collegial system of several presidents to exclude Sun Yat sen.
On April 10, 1918, the Yunnan warlord Tang Jiyao took the lead in powering up the southwest provinces to support this idea, and proposed that the law protecting provinces should now wear Li Yuanhong or Feng Guozhang remotelyPresidentCen Chunxuan was elected as the Premier of the State Council. As for Sun Yat sen, "it is better to travel around the world and handle diplomacy".On May 4, under the control of the Department of Political Science and the Benevolent Friends Society, despite the resolute opposition of Sun Yat sen and members of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, the Extraordinary Congress forcefully passed the Amendment to the Military Government Organization Bill.On the same day, Sun Yat sen submitted his resignation to the Extraordinary Congress, and announced the resignation of the Grand Marshal.In his message, he reviewed the difficult process of law protection, and angrily pointed out that "the great trouble of our country is nothing more than the struggle of military men, and the south and the north are like birds of a feather. Although it is known as the province of law protection, it is also not willing to bow to the law and public opinion..." On the 20th, the extraordinary congress elected Tang Shaoyi, Tang Jiyao, Sun Yat sen, Wu Tingfang, Lin Baoyi, Lu Rongting, and Cen Chunxuan as the chief administrative officer,Cen Chunxuan is the chairman and president.The restructured military government was completely controlled by the Guangxi and Yunnan warlords and their vassals' political academies, and the dharma protectors became empty names.
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Sun Yat sen saw through the fact that the powerful faction in the southwest was called Dhammapala and was fighting for territory. He realized that relying on warlords could not achieve the goal of protecting the law and saving the country, so he left Guangzhou the next day and went to Shanghai.Dharmapala MovementDeclare failure.
Historical influence
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Sun Yat sen'sDharmapala Movement。On June 13, 1917, Li Yuanhong issued an order to dissolve the Congress under the threat of Zhang Xun, who led troops to Beijing to "mediate".On July 1, Zhang Xun supported the restoration of the deposed Emperor Puyi of the Qing Dynasty.On the 6th, Sun Yat sen and others left Shanghai to the south and arrived in Guangzhou on the 17th. They launched a law protection movement and joined forces with the Guangxi, Yunnan and other local power groups in the southwest to crusade against the rebellion of the Northern Ocean.
On August 25, 1917, the extraordinary session of the National Assembly was held in Guangzhou.On September 1, 1917, the extraordinary session of the National Assembly elected Sun Yat sen as Grand Marshal of the Navy and Army of the Republic of China, and Lu Rongting and Tang Jiyao as Grand Marshals.Sun officially took office in October, and immediately formedMilitary Government of the Republic of China。On the 18th, Liu Jianfan, the Lingling garrison envoy in Hunan, and other officials announced the independence of southern Hunan by telegram, and the law protection war broke out.Lu Rongting commanded the Guangdong and Guangxi armies to assist Hunan, and Tang Jiyao led the Yunnan and Guizhou armies to assist Sichuan, and fought with the Beiyang troops going south respectively.Sun and other forces of the old Kuomintang also mobilized party members from all provinces to organize law protection armed forces and revolt against rebels.The scope of the law protection war covers nine provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Gansu and other provincesNortheast ChinaThere are also various law enforcement forces and activities.Although Guangxi, Yunnan and other powerful groups in the southwest marked "law protection" to resist the southern invasion of the northern army, they intended to separate themselves, so they tried to limit, exclude and crack down on the revolutionary activities of the military government.
On the evening of January 3, 1918, Sun indignantly boarded“Tong'an”The "Yuzhang" two ships shelled the Guangdong Provincial Governor's Office and admonished the Guangxi Clique.The Kuomintang moderates, in order to win the joint protection of the southwest power group, proposed that the general government should change from the head of the Grand Marshal system to the collegial system of the chief administrative officer.In May 1918, the third reading of the extraordinary session of the National Assembly passed the amendment to the military government's organizational outline, which decided that the military government should change to the collegial system of presidents, elect Tang Shaoyi, Tang Jiyao, Lu Rongting, Wu Tingfang, Sun Yat sen, Lin Baoyi, and Cen Chunxuan as the military government's chief administrative officers, and force Sun Ci to take the post of Grand Marshal and leave Guangdong to Shanghai.Since then, Cen served as the president of the government affairs conference, and the leadership of the military government fell into the hands of the southwest power group headed by the Guangxi Clique.From late February to early May 1919, representatives of the military government and the Beijing government held a North South peace conference in Shanghai, which broke down due to repeated stalemate.In November, the Zhili clique signed the "draft agreement of the national salvation alliance" with Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Sichuan and other powerful groups in the southwest, and reached an agreement on joint confrontation with the Anhui clique.Sun Yat sen and other Kuomintang members also decided to unite Anhui and seek Guangxi.In February 1920, the Laurel Clique and the Dian Clique openly clashed over the command of the Yunnan Army stationed in Guangdong.At the end of March and the beginning of April, Wu Tingfang and most members of Congress left Guangdong because they were dissatisfied with the autocracy of the Guangxi Clique.On June 3, four presidents, Sun Yat sen, Tang Shaoyi, Wu Tingfang, and Tang Jiyao, jointly sent a telegram to expose the practices of the Gui Family's fake law protectors, and denied the Guangzhou military government and the extraordinary session of the National Congress held by them.At the end of October, it helped the Fujian and Guangdong armies capture Guangzhou.On November 29, Sun Yat sen, Wu Tingfang and Tang Shaoyi jointly announced the restoration of the military government and the reopening of the government affairs meeting.
On April 7, 1921, the extraordinary session of the National Assembly elected Sun Yat sen as the President of the Republic of China.On May 5, Sun formally took office and immediately established a "formal government".In late June, Sun ordered Chen Jiongming to lead the Cantonese army to fight against Guangxi in the west. At the end of September, the Cantonese army captured Longzhou in Guangxi. Lu Rongting and others fled to Vietnam and then fled to Shanghai. The rule of the old Guangxi warlords collapsed.On December 4, Sun Yat sen arrived in Guilin to form the army and navyGrand Admiral Headquarters, reorganize the army for the Northern Expedition.
In the first ten days of April 1922, Governor Sun returned to Guangdong, ready to pass byJiangxiNorthern Expedition.On June 16, Chen Jiongming defected and overthrew the official government of Guangzhou.Sun led the naval fleet to suppress the rebellion in the provincial river for more than 50 days.On August 14, Sun and other officials returned to Shanghai, and immediately strengthened contact with the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China, Anhui, Fengzhou, Zhili and other domestic forces in order to "work together" and "protect the cause of law without regret".In the middle of January 1923, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong Beggars' Allied Forces captured Guangzhou.On March 2, Sun rebuilt the headquarters of the Grand Admiral of the Land and Navy in Guangzhou.In April and May, Sun commanded the United Army to stop the banditsShen HongyingRebellion, then launched the Dongjiang campaign to crusade Chen Jiongming's rebels.In October, Cao Kun paid bribes to elect the President, and the Congress was compliant;The war situation in Dongjiang was reversed, and the bandit coalition army was defeated one after another;Sun decided to advance the preparations for the reorganization of the Kuomintang.In the middle of November, Sun led the defense of Guangzhou, repelled the invaders Chen Jun, and turned to the great powers to demand the return of the Guangdong Haiguan Pass.In early December, Sun asked law protectors to "abandon the struggle of Congress and help the revolution".On January 4, 1924, Sun announced at the special government affairs conference at the headquarters: "Now the protection of the law is over, and the name of the protection of the law is no longer suitable for use."."Today we should create the country in a revolutionary spirit and usher in a new era for the Republic of China." On the 20th, Sun reiterated the idea of ending the law protection movement and launching the national revolution separately at the First National Congress of the Kuomintang.The law protection movement laid the foundation for the national revolution of Kuomintang Communist cooperation.
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Duan Qirui's government declared war on Germany.“Xiyuan loan”"Lansing Ishii Agreement".Duan Qirui abandoned the Provisional Regulations of the Republic of China.Sun Yat sen launched“Dharmapala Movement”。The convening of Guangdong Extraordinary Congress and the establishment of the "law protecting military government".Duan Qirui's "military reunification" and Feng Guozhang's "peaceful reunification" proposition.The collusion between the southwest warlords and the direct warlords.The reorganization of the military government protecting the law and the exclusion of Sun Yat sen.Dharmapala MovementThe failure ofOld Democratic RevolutionThe end of.
The second Dharma Protection Movement
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The second Dharma Protection Movement(1921-1922), August 1920, outbreakGuangdong Guangxi War, the Guangdong Army stationed in southern Fujian supported by Sun Yat senChen JiongmingMinistry of Foreign Affairs, and the Gui Clique that invaded Guangdong.In October, they occupied Guangdong and drove the Guangxi Clique back to Guangxi.In November, Sun Yat sen arrived in Guangzhou from Shanghai to reorganize under the welcome of the army and the people of Guangdongmilitary governmentAnd launched the second Dharma Protection Campaign.[4]
In the summer of 1918, Sun Yat sen wasmilitary governmentInGuangxi systemCrowded out by warlords, he left Guangdong for Shanghai on May 21, and his first law protection campaign failed.
On March 15, 1922, Sun Yat sen swore his oath in Guilin and planned to march from Guangxi to Hunan, while Chen Jiongming and the Hunan warlordsZhao HengtiFormed an anti Sun alliance and assassinated those who supported Sun Yat senGuangdong ArmyChief of StaffDeng Keng, also imprisonedLiao ZhongkaiIn the rear, Sun Yat sen was forced to return to Guangdong.
In May 1922, Sun Yat sen attacked Jiangxi from Guangdong and attacked the Zhili in the north.In June, Chen Jiongming rebelled. When Sun Yat sen returned to Guangzhou from the front line, Chen Jiongming shelled the Presidential Palace, which is known as the "June 16 Incident" in history.Sun Yat sen Hides into the Yongfeng Ship (later renamed as "Yongfeng Ship")Zhongshan Ship）In August, he was forced to go to Shanghai.The second Dharma protection campaign failed.This was the worst failure Sun Yat sen suffered in his life, marking the leadership of the Chinese bourgeois revolutionariesOld Democratic RevolutionFailed for.[4]
