The process of new scientific research achievements being applied to new products and materials
Technology development is newScientific research achievementsIt is used in the production and experimental process of new products, new materials and new processes.Its characteristics are: strong experiment, short timeRiskSmaller, higher cost.According to the scope of development, there are domestic technology development and foreign technology developmenttechnology import；According to the development direction, there are development production type, life welfare type and national defense facilities type;According to the content of development, there areproduct development , process developmentresource development , etc.Technology development is to transform science and technology into societyproductivityThe necessary steps for.[1]
Chinese name
technological development
Foreign name
Technical Development
Meaning
New scientific research achievements are applied to the production and experimental process of new products, new materials and new processes
Object
Development of production process and energy
Features
High testability, short time, low risk and high cost
Development approach
Original technology development approach, imported technology development approach, etc
Technology development: refers to the use of existing knowledge obtained from research and practical experience or technology imported from outside to produce new products, devices, and establish new processes and systemsSubstantiveImprovement work.Some large foreign enterprises or companies, such asIBM、Panasonic、Siemens?、MicrosoftCompanies such ascompetitive edge。
Development and innovation
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There is no essential difference between technological development and technological innovation.Technological innovation is an economic and technological activity related to the R&D, production and commercial application of new technologies.They focus not only on the invention of a new technology, but also onTechnical InventionResults included ineconomic activityTo form commodities and open up the market to achieve economic benefits.
Several relationships that should be handled well between technological development and technological innovation:
1. The Relationship between Technological Innovation and Scientific Research Management
stayTechnological innovation processThe relationship between technological innovation and scientific research management must be clarified:
(1) Technological innovation must be based on the existing technology of enterprises. How to determine the orientation of technological innovation is related toEnterprise development strategyDirectly related, it is also the key to the successful development of this technology.
(2) Scientific research management must strictly control the randomness and unpredictability brought about by technological innovation.
(3) Technological innovation must be based on standardized scientific research management.
2. The relationship between technological innovation and market orientation
(1) Technology development should be market-orientedmarket demandOnly then can there be space for new technologies and new products.
(2) Before technology development and innovation projects are established, everything should be mobilizedInformation channelUnderstand the current market demand, and predict the margin for the advance development of a certain amount of market demand.
(3) In the process of technology development, changes in market demand should be tracked, and all development and research processes must be adjusted accordingly with changes in the market.
(4) If possible, the market can be created through technological development and innovation on the basis of full prediction and demonstration to guide consumers' demand.
When making technological development and innovation decisions, we should comprehensively analyze and consider market demandTechnical reserve, capital status, equipment status, development cycle and other important factors, as far as possible in the current situationSystem integrationConsider and try to optimize the whole enterprise system.
Development object
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In enterprises, the objects of technology development are various, mainly including the following:
Product development
product development Including the development of new products and the reform of old products.productionsocial needs And products welcomed by users, namelyMarketableOur products are the conditions for the survival and development of enterprises.Therefore, the technological development of enterprises must focus on the important goal of products.On the one hand, product development should vigorously research, design and manufacture new products and develop new varieties;On the other hand, we should also pay attention to the transformation of old products.Some old products have outdated technology, are no longer applicable to users, and are uneconomical to use, which should be eliminated.There are also some old products that need to be properly improved in some aspects such as design structure, process, material, use, etc., such as improving the performance of the original products, improving the appearanceProduct FunctionsChange materialscost reductionAnd can still be welcomed by users.
Development of equipment and tools
Equipment and tools belong to the enterpriseMeans of productionIs an important part of modern productionBasis of Material Technology。The technological development of the equipment and tools of the enterprise is to improve the production modernization level of the enterprise andeconomic performanceThe important link of.The development of equipment and tools includes two aspects: one is to design and manufacture various advanced newspecial equipmentAnd tools;The second is to carry out partial transformation and renewal of the existing equipment of the enterprise.This is to adapt to new product development and improveproduction efficiency, guarantee and improvementproduct quality、energy conservationAnd raw material consumption.
This refers to the improvement and innovation of product processing and manufacturing methods, technologies and processes by using new scientific and technological achievements.The development of production process can improve production efficiency and product quality, reduceLabor consumption, reduce costs, improveworking conditionsIt is of great significance to promote production development.The content of development generally includes technological methods, processes and laborOperating skills, andProcess equipmentEtc.Process development andProduction equipmentThe development oftechnological requirementsProvide material means to realize new physical and chemical processing methods, that is, certain processes are always realized with certain equipment and tools.For example, and sub processing method insteadCuttingMethod, we need to develop newExtrusion equipmentTo meet the requirements of extrusion process.However, it is not only in the case of large-scale transformation of new equipment or existing equipment that new processes can be realized.In some cases, new processes can also be used when the original equipment is slightly modified or even not modified.
Development of energy and raw materials
This refers to the utilization and development of energy and raw materials.Energy is an important condition for enterprises to realize product production, and raw materials are the main material elements of product production.Energy and raw materials inProduction processAnd put their ownMaterial consumptionIn addition, the value transferred to the product is transferred to the value of the productProduct valueThe main components of.Therefore, how much energy and raw materials are used and how good or bad the quality affects the value anduse valueBoth have an important impact, which is to reduceProduct costThe important way.Especially for those energy and raw materialsConsumptionLarge, which accounts for a large proportion of the cost of finished products, and enterprises with tight raw material sources should pay more attention toEquipment modificationAnd other aspects to improve energy and raw materialsUtilizationTo reduce consumption, we should actively develop new energy, new materials and alternative materials.
This means that in order to eliminate pollution, improve the working conditions of employees and preventOccupational DiseasesTechnical development in.It is the enterprise's responsibility to effectively use various advanced technologies to improve the enterprise's production environmentnecessary condition。A good production environment is beneficial to society and enterprises. It can mobilize the enthusiasm of employees and improve production efficiency.
To sum up, the objects of technology development are very wide.Generally speaking, product development should be the most important content.This is because the product is the product of the enterprise in the marketcompetitive powerAt the same time, product development can play a "leading" role. Focusing on the development of new products and the reform of old products, it will inevitably drive the development of production equipment and tools, production processes, energy and raw materials, production environment and other technological development.Of course, each enterprise should accurately select the focus of technology development according to its own situation, so as to achieve the best technology developmenteconomic effects。
Development approach
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Although the specific methods of enterprise technology development are diverse, there are not many ways to sum up, mainly the following four.
Original technology development approach
This means taking science and technology as the guide and conducting independently in the enterprisescientific researchTo create new technologies based on.Many contemporaryEmerging technologiesAnd cutting-edge technologies, such as aerospace technologycomputer technology、nuclear technologyWait, it's all inBasic SciencesIt came into being and developed after a major breakthrough.These emerging technologies and cutting-edge technologies are significantly different from previous technologies. They are notTraditional skillsAnd improve, and completelymodern scienceThe product of.These technologies come fromfundamental researchAt the beginning, after application research and major breakthrough in application researchDevelopment researchCarry out extensive technology development to promote and apply the technology.If an enterprise wants to maintain its leading position in technology in the fierce competition, it must attach importance to this innovative approach to technology development, because its achievements often represent the trend of scientific and technological development, which is manifested in new technologies, new products, new processes, and new materials.However, since the original technology development approach starts from basic research, it is difficult to conduct scientific research, takes a long time, and costs much investmentScientific researchersHigh quality requirements are not what ordinary enterprises can achieve.For large enterprises with favorable conditions, in order to maintain the leading position in technology, they can invest more efforts in this development approach.For most small and medium-sized enterprises, the application research results are mainly obtained from the outside of the enterprise, and then the promotion and application of the results are organized in the enterprise.
Imported technology development approach
This refers to the introduction and transfer of new science and technology from outside the enterprise (foreign countries, foreign regions, and foreign units).Imported from abroadadvanced technique, which can reduce China's scientific and technological leveldeveloped countryTo speed up the modernization process of our country;From outside the enterpriseImported technology, which can accelerate the enterprise'stechnical progress, improveEnterprise competitiveness；Since the introduced technology has been appliedprogressivenessandEconomyIt has been proved that the risk of technology development is small and it is easy to achieve results quickly.The content of introduction can betechnical knowledge(includingproduct design、manufacturing processTesting technology, material formula, hiring experts, training personnel, technical complete equipment, cooperative scientific researchjoint productionEtc.), ortechnical equipment(including single machine, complete equipment, complete project, etc.), orindustrial property(such as patents and trademarks).The methods of introduction are "transplantation" (complete set orkey technology . The equipment is provided by our companyEngineering techniciansMastering and using), "grafting" (introducing newtechnological achievements, combined with relevant technical achievements of the enterprise)“cutting"(Introduction of preliminary research results from outside, further cultivation in the enterprise, and finally formation of products)," mating "(cooperation with foreign countries, foreign regions, and foreign unitsResearch and developmentTo achieve commonScientific and technological achievements)。These methods should be flexibly selected by enterprises according to their own needs and conditions, and attention should be paid to the absorption and digestion of the introduced technology in the first place. On this basis, the introduced technology can be developed and innovated, established or incorporated into the enterpriseTechnical system。
Comprehensive extension technology development approach
This means that byExisting technologyTo carry out technology development and form new technologies.
The comprehensive technology development approach refers to the integration of technologies, that is, combining two or more existing technologies to create and invent new technologies or new products.This method was once considered by many experts asthe Second World WarThe important characteristics of post technological innovation.The comprehensive department of technology is further divided into two ways: (1) single transplantation and mutual combination.Generally, it is based on a certain technology or product to produce new technologies or products with better performance.For example, tomechanical equipmentAs the main body, the electronicTechnology migrationTo mechanical equipment, generatenumerical control machine, industrial robots, etc.Another example is:,ball penInstallElectronic watch, becomeMulti function electronic watchPen.(2) The integration of various disciplines and technologies.Generally, it refers to high-level technology integration with great process difficulty and technology scale.The results are often some large-scaleComplex technologyOr products.For example, offshoreoil drilling The development of the device is a combination of mechanical, optical, electrical, computerinformation transfer, energy medium, environmental protection and other disciplines, and the result of highly technical integration.
Extended technology development refers to the development of existing technology in the direction of technology depth, strength, scale, etc.For example, the development of machining equipment to the operating speed has led to the development of more and more high-speed and efficient equipment;The treatment and training equipment is developed in large volume, and the blast furnace with a volume of more than 4000 cubic meters has been developed;The computing equipment is developed towards the computing speed, and has developed an electronic device that can perform billions of operations per secondcomputer；Integrated circuit directionIntegrationDevelop, and develop the integratedvlsi, etc.
Although the comprehensive and extended technology development path is carried out in the existing technology, it is also an innovation. Compared with the original technology development path starting from basic research, it has obvious advantages of low development difficulty, low cost, short time and quick effect.Therefore, the general enterprises should pay attention to the comprehensive and extended technology development path in the process of technology development.
Summarize the ways of improving technology development
This refers to the development of new technologies through the summary and improvement of practical production experience.Generally, it refers to small reform and small revolution activities with small innovations, small suggestions, small inventions as the main body.Most of these activities are based on production practicesummarize experienceBased on.Although the principles of modern technology are formed under the guidance of science, practical experience is still an indispensable and important factorMass culturescienceKnowledge levelAs a result, the technological achievements emerging from the mass small change and small reform activities will gradually increase, and to a certain extent, it will bring the whole enterpriseTechnical qualityImprovement.Therefore, the summary and improvement of production practice experience should be included in the normal way of enterprise technology development, which is conducive to stimulating the enthusiasm of employees, training and improving theircreative ability 。
This is the most basic condition for technology development.A qualified scientific and technological team should meet two basic requirements, namely, a certain number and a reasonable team structure.
1。Enterprises engaged in technology developmentscientific and technical personnelThere should be a certain number of scientific and technological personnel in the enterpriseNumber of employeesA certain proportion of.China's large enterprises have a large number of scientific and technological personnel, complete professional categories and good conditions.But generallySmall and medium-sized enterprisesThe number of scientific and technological personnel is small, and technological development is difficult.Therefore, it is an urgent task for many enterprises to establish a technology development team.The main sources of scientific and technological personnel specialized in technology development in enterprises are:External recruitment；Instead, some of the existing technicians are drawn out to mainly engage in technology development activities;The third is to select and train people from "skilled craftsmen" with practical experience to be specialized in technology development activities.
2。The scientific and technological team structure should be rationalized.The structure of scientific and technological team generally refers to the main components of scientific and technological team and the relationship between them.Only with a reasonable structure can the collective role of scientific and technological teams be effectively brought into play and better benefits be achieved.The rationalization of enterprise science and technology team structure can be examined from the following aspects:
First,Discipline structure。This mainly refers to the proportion of various professionals in the scientific and technological team.becauseModern science and technologyHighly integrated and differentiatedDevelopment trendInterpenetrating disciplinesCross each otherMany scientific research and development topics often need various professional personnel to carry out joint research.Therefore, enterprise researchers need a variety of professionals to participate, and a reasonableProfessional structure。
Second,Functional structure。This mainly refers to the proportion of scientific research workers of different natures.It mainly includes: scientific researchers with deep theoretical foundation;There are more abundantEngineering technologyEngineering technicians with professional knowledge;Specializing inTechnical development managementBusinessscientific managementAnd economic management personnel.In the scientific team structure, thisThree types of personnelThere should be an appropriate proportion to ensure the coordinated development of technology.
Third, the energy level mechanism.It mainly refers to different knowledge levels andCapability level% of scientific and technological personnel.In the process of technology development, senior scientific and technological personnel (senior engineers) are required to be academic leaders and commanders;There should also be intermediate scientific and technological personnel (engineers) as technical backbones;There should also be a certain number of junior scientific and technological personnel（Assistant Engineer）And assistant technicians as assistants.If senior and intermediate scientific and technological personnel are insufficient, the level of scientific and technological team can be improved;If there are insufficient primary scientific and technological personnel, the energy of senior and intermediate scientific and technological personnel will be consumed in general technical work, which will result inTalent waste。Therefore, a reasonable proportion of high, medium and junior scientific and technological personnel is needed to ensure that the ability of all types of personnel can be fully exerted.
Fourth,age structure。It is mainly the proportion of the elderly, middle-aged and young scientific and technological personnel.People of different ages have different characteristics and advantages. Scientific and technological teams are reasonably matched in age, but the strengths and advantages of people of different ages are brought into play, so as to improve the efficiency of technological development of the entire enterprise.
In order to adapt to the development of modern science and technology, the in-service scientific and technological personnel should also be regularly educated and trained so that they can acquire new knowledge in time and continuously improve their intelligence.
Funds for technology development
In technological development activities, various human, material and financial resources are always consumed. The monetary expression of these resources is the technological development funds.The amount of technology development funds is an important symbol reflecting the strength of enterprise technology development.Our enterprises are generally short of funds, so the contradiction between the needs of technology development and funds exists for a long time. To properly handle the contradiction between themTechnical development managementThe important topic in.Enterprise technology development funds should be raised from various sources, generally from the following centralized sources.
First, various project funds supported by national and local finance.This part of funds is mainly used for major and comprehensive technology development projects.The number of enterprises that can obtain such funds is limited.
Second, raise funds from within the enterprise.This is the main source of enterprise technology development funds.This part of the funding source, along with the enterpriseOperational autonomyThere will be more and more expansion and efficiency improvement.
Third, technologyContract revenue。This mainly includes research contract income;Income from technology transfer；Revenue from batch trial production products;Technical service income (including testing fees, inspection fees, fees for training personnel of external units, and income from selling drawings and data);Income from various special businesses, such asfixed assetsAssignment andWaste materialsIncome from utilization and disposal, etc.
Fourth, apply for a loan from a bank.
Fifth, enterprises should unite to invest in technology development.
To sum up, the enterpriseTechnical development managementOn the one hand, we should open up funding sources from multiple channels to enhance scientific research strength;On the other hand, attention should be paid to economical development and economic accounting should be carried out to make the limited funds obtain more benefits.
Equipment for technology development
Modern science and technology are based on advancedTest equipment, and developed on the basis of strong material technology.Advanced technical equipment can expand and improve the cognitive ability of scientific and technological personnel and improve the efficiency of technology development.Therefore, technical equipment is a necessary condition for carrying out technological development activities.Technical equipment level is also a measureTechnology development capabilityImportant signs of.In the management of technology development, we should pay attention to technology advancement, quality reliability and researchApplicability、Economic rationalityAnd other aspectsComprehensive evaluationIn order to ensure the provision of excellent equipment for technology development, and to be able to transform and update the existing equipment at any time according to the needs of research and the trend of technology development, so as to constantly improve the modernization level of technology development equipment.
Technology development site
It is necessary for enterprises to have a certain test site for technological development.Because a new technology or product is officially put into use orMass productionBefore, various tests must be carried out to solve technical and technological problems in design and production and provide reliable scientific basis for production.In the technological development of enterprisesProduction departmentThe existing conditions of equipment, devices, processing conditions, sites, etc., but it is impossible to rely solely on the production department.Because the enterprise has a set of normalproduction process, production order and production task, if continuous participationTest taskOn the one hand, it may disrupt the normal production order;On the other hand, it is difficult to provide conditions for the test when the production department is saturated with tasks.Therefore, according to the task and long-term goal of technology development, enterprises should build special research and development test sites to ensure the progress of technology development under the conditions of their own capabilities.
Scientific and technical information
This is the raw material and basis for research and development activities.First of all, any scientific and technological personnel will carry out new exploration and re creation on the basis of previous achievements.In this sense, research and development is the process of inheriting and developing information.secondly,Scientific and technological informationEffective scientific and technological information can help scientific and technological personnel broaden their horizons and enlighten their thinking.In addition, scientific and technological information is an important condition for improving the level of research and development management. Every stage and every aspect of enterprise research and development must have sufficient and effective information.For example, when developing new products, market research should be carried out to obtain the information required by users.For example, when issuing new products, market research should be carried out to obtain the information required by userspurchasing powerLevel information, market supply and marketing information, price change information, customer psychological information, etc;In the promotion stage of new product achievements, market supply and marketing informationSimilar productsComparative information, etc.Information sourceExtensiveness, speed and accuracy will seriously affectTechnical development managementThe level of staff shall adopt modern information means to collect, sort out and analyze the role of information.
