Technical talents

Talents who master and apply technical means to seek benefits for society

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synonym Technical talents (Technical talents) generally refer to technical talents

Technical talents refer to those who master and applied technology As the task of technical talents is to seek direct interests for the society, they often work at the work site or production line. In humans Social labor They are in Engineering talents and Skilled talents between. So it is also called Middle Man abroad.

Chinese name: Technical talents
Foreign name: technical manpower

Features: Mastering and applying technical means
Interpretation: Talents who seek direct benefits for society
Properties: Between engineering talents and skilled talents

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seven culture

brief introduction

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Technical talents will Labor achievements -- Design and planning decisions (such as product design, production and marketing decisions, urban planning, economic development planning Farmland water conservancy Design landscape design 、 Tourism development Planning, etc.) through their own labor into material forms (products, projects, etc.) or to the relevant sectors of society（ urban development Tourism development, economic development public security And so on).

Their work with engineering talents Tight connection 。 This is the technical talent Task and social function 。 In the process of realizing their social functions, technical talents must physical labor Cooperate with skilled talents and guide their work. Technical talents and skilled talents are in the human race Social labor The end of the link, they are public wealth The direct creator of is the most direct and positive factor in the overall operation of society.

Technical talents are intelligent operation talents, so they also need to have certain academic (discipline) ability and Basic discipline Course knowledge However, the requirements for such ability and knowledge are far lower than those of the first two types of talents, and more emphasis should be placed on the application of theory in practice. Knowledge in this area can meet the requirements of "necessary and sufficient". Compared with engineering talents, technical talents need to have broader rather than more specialized expertise, and comprehensively use all kinds of knowledge Solve practical problems Should also be stronger. At the same time, the labor on the production site of technical talents is often Collaboration Group activities, so Interpersonal skills There are also high requirements for the ability to organize groups, communication ability and other key abilities. The society's requirement Very large, mainly cultivated by higher vocational education (junior college)

With the rapid development of modern technology world economy The changes in the industrial structure and the connotation and extension of social professional posts have also undergone major changes, which can not but promote profound changes in technical talents. In the new situation, technical talents still have to remain independent, but they overlap with relevant talents and can be transformed; The importance of technical talents in modern society is constantly rising: the combination of production, teaching and research is the basic way to cultivate technical talents in higher vocational education.

The training goal of education reflects its social function and nature on the macro level, and determines its curriculum requirements and connotation on the micro level. The training goal is the combination of social needs and teaching practice. Therefore, the training goal is crucial and a core issue.

The training goal of higher vocational education is technical talents (or technical application talents). In order to make higher vocational education develop more healthily, we should re-examine technical talents under the listening situation, so that we can grasp technical talents more correctly and better. This is a very important basic work.

social context

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We believe that we must pay attention to the following two trends in the current society.

1. Unprecedented development of technology

Before the 19th century, technology only referred to skills and processes, which mainly depended on experience. This technology is Experiential technology 。 By the 19th century, although technology was still inseparable from experience, it no longer relied mainly on the accumulation of experience scientific theory To develop technology based on. Scientification and theorization of technology are the biggest characteristics of modern technology. Therefore, modern technology is also called theoretical technology.

In the 20th century, the nature and function of technology became more and more clear, and technology was defined as "human change or control objective environment Means or activities ". "The role of science is to understand, and the role of technology is to do, manufacture and implement." Past technology Multifingering Production process , is expanding to "means and activities" in marketing, management, service and other fields. It can be seen that modern technology includes non-material technology in addition to material technology.

In the 20th century, especially since the 1940s, the development of technology has presented three characteristics.

(1) Technology Development speed More and more rapidly. computer technology , microelectronics technology, material technology, biotechnology space technology 、 Nanotechnology These technologies, which have made great changes in human life, all came into being at this stage. At the same time, technology can be rapidly applied to the production line and work site, and the cycle of its transformation into productivity is also getting shorter and shorter.

(2) The development of modern technology continues to be integrated. This is first manifested in the wide and comprehensive nature of technology applications. For example, microelectronics technology is penetrating into industries, agriculture, transportation, communications, management and other fields. Its combination with traditional technologies in this field has changed the face of this field. Secondly technical structure Integration, such as space technology, environmental technology Marine technology And so on are the recombination of various technologies.

(3) The complexity of technology and accuracy Higher and higher. The complexity and accuracy of many high technologies emerging in the 20th century are unmatched by the mechanical technology and power technology in the 19th century. It can be seen from this that the development of technology will inevitably affect the intension and extension produce significant impact Therefore, it is inevitable to put forward new requirements for technical talents undertaking such posts.

2. Economic globalization

"Economic globalization and market integration" is the mainstream of the current world economic development. WTO It is an international organization that adapts to the needs of economic globalization and promotes the liberalization of international trade. Therefore, China economic structure The development of China's economic development means that China will definitely enter the mainstream of the world economy and participate in the whole process of economic structure change. In this way, the development of China's economic structure is bound to be consistent with the changes in the economic structure of countries around the world, especially advanced countries. So, what is the trend of the current world economic structure?

First industrial structure Change of. The characteristics of this change are as follows: national economy The proportion of the service sector; the tertiary industry The continuous rise of, primary industry The gradual decline of and the secondary industry Slow growth or stagnation. In addition to changes in industrial structure, Industrial sector In Industry structure It is also changing. Some industries, such as textile, steel and mining, are playing less and less roles. Conversely, some Emerging industries Such as electronics, computers synthetic material And so on.

Therefore, the change of economic structure will have a direct impact on the structure of professional posts in China. The change of industrial structure and industrial structure will make some original professional posts disappear in large numbers, and a large number of new professional posts will be added. Occupation in modern society Post system It is evolving into a large dynamic system and is constantly approaching to high-tech dynamical system 。 This can not help but promote profound changes in technical talents.

Independence

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Under the new situation, technical talents must remain independent

Social talents can be classified from different perspectives. Analyzed from the purpose of production or work activities, modern talents can generally be divided into four types: theoretical, engineering, technical and skilled. There is no doubt about the existence of theoretical talents (physicists, etc.) and skilled talents (operation technicians, etc.) in society. The educational circles have no objection to this in the past and at present. The focus of controversy is whether technical talents should exist independently. In the new situation, this question has been raised again. Therefore, Shanghai Vocational Education Forum conducted research on relevant enterprises in Shanghai, Zhejiang and Anhui.

First of all, from the perspective of High tech enterprises According to the survey, with the continuous development of science and technology, there has been a trend of continuous differentiation, and the demand for talents in society has become increasingly professional. Therefore, in high-tech enterprises, the division of four types of talents still exists, and the distinction between engineering talents and technical talents is more obvious. For example, those who produce integrated circuits Shanghai Beiling The company has Engineering technicians 200 people, of which 80~90 are responsible for development and design, and about 100 are responsible for process, equipment and quality control, with a ratio of nearly 1:1. From the above data, we can easily see that in Belling Company, development, design and production process are two different job groups, and their impact on personnel knowledge structure And skill needs. That is to say, there is a difference between engineering talents and technical talents.

Another example is the main production large-scale integrated circuit Shanghai Huahong NEC Electronics Co., Ltd. has a manufacturing department responsible for production process and a technology department responsible for product development. There is no doubt that the type of engineering and technical personnel in these two departments is different, as in Belling, the former is a technical talent; The latter is engineering talents.

Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd Medium, responsible for products Design drawings The engineering and technical personnel of the Product Engineering Department are engineering talents; The production line is responsible for production Process work Field engineers and Technical director They are technical talents.

Shanghai Siemens? mobile communication Ltd. and Shanghai Yaohua Pilkington Glass The production lines of the limited company are all computer operated and managed Degree of automation It's also very high. Therefore, there are many technical talents on the production line to undertake the production process and management work.

According to the research on the tertiary industry such as finance, finance and taxation, commerce and logistics, there are still four types of talents in the tertiary industry. For example, modern and international trade Modern logistics The industry needs both theoretical talents who study the laws of modern logistics and skilled talents who conduct on-site business operations. In Shanghai Wal-Mart 、 Metro The operation and management personnel at all levels from the company manager to the store manager of foreign enterprises such as supermarkets are undertaken by technical talents. Only a few engineering talents are responsible for the overall planning, comprehensive decision-making and participation in the top management of the business, while those who conduct business operations on site are skilled talents.

Anhui Province I Research report It indicates that Anhui's economy and trade service trade Middle and middle management talents and new posts Key positions Of Professional and technical personnel Serious shortage, incompatible with the changes of business structure and technical structure in the current industry, and in urgent need of development Higher vocational education It will be supplemented by the training of technical application-oriented talents.

To sum up, the objective existence of four kinds of talents in the current society and the independence of technical talents are still an unquestionable fact.

change

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1. Overlap of technical talents and relevant talents

Engineering talents Its task is to translate engineering principles into product drawings or development plans. Technical talents and Skilled talents Cooperate to transform the completed design, planning, etc. into Material form Or specific operation. Therefore, the three are closely related.

At present, the development of technology increasingly reflects the characteristics of depth and complexity, which will inevitably lead to Social division of labor The refinement and specialization speed of professional posts are constantly improving. and technological development The comprehensive characteristics of "" also lead to the inevitable trend of division of labor and cooperation among relevant talents. This means that all relevant talents have their own work areas, but they are not so absolute and overlap.

U.S.A purdue university (Purdue University) Professor W.K.Lebold mentioned that engineers and Technician "Their tasks are highly related, and sometimes it is difficult to explain clearly Career belt Where is the end of one kind of talent and the starting point of another kind of talent. In a talent work area The decision made will greatly affect another kind of talent Work area "

Made in Shanghai Research It is also supported by the above discussion. For example: Shanghai Beiling The company's product development and design work also involves production process personnel to ensure that Workmanship Good. product design People also participate in the product technological process To ensure that the product design requirements are obtained. In addition to overlapping work areas, knowledge among relevant talent types Capability structure There is also overlap. For example, Shanghai Belling requires R&D and design personnel to have a good understanding of process flow and equipment; Similarly, production process talents must also have certain knowledge of product design. For another example, the technical leadership of Shanghai Machine Tool Company believes that:“ numerical control machine The maintenance personnel must have at least half of the knowledge of NC machine tool designers ".

To sum up, both engineering talents and technical talents have their own work areas, but their work areas are closely linked and overlap. Their knowledge and energy structures are interlaced and permeated with each other, not completely separated. Between technical talents and skilled talents, with the continuous improvement of modern scientific and technological level, there is a trend that the two are close. The main reason is that the intellectual component of the labor composition of skilled talents is growing. In this case Senior technician , technicians and other posts. Therefore, some educators believe that high-level skilled talents should be the training goal of higher vocational education. The boundary between technical talents and skilled talents cannot be clearly drawn.

We believe that we should pay more attention to senior skilled talents make a concrete analysis 。 At present, there are two situations among the high-level skilled talents identified in our country: one is that their intelligence has accounted for a considerable proportion in their labor composition, and Motor skills The requirements of have been reduced relatively. For example, personnel on the posts of detection, measurement, dispatching and operation and maintenance of some high-tech equipment; The other is that although the relevant majors Theoretical knowledge There are certain requirements, but the main body of its labor composition is still movement skills.

The difference between technical talents and skilled talents does not lie in their tasks. Their common task is to transform design, planning and decision-making into Product Engineering It depends on the nature of their labor. The main part of the labor composition of technical talents is Intellectual activity The main part of skilled talents' labor is movement skills. Therefore, in the first case above, if the main content of their labor is already intellectual activities, they are actually skilled talents regardless of their job title.

2. The change of post connotation promotes the transformation of post talent types

On the other hand, due to the professional position technical content With the increase of, the phenomenon of post talents changing from skilled to technical is in line with the social economy Science and technology development trend , increasingly common in current high-tech enterprises. as Shanghai Hua Hong NEC Electronics Company The operation posts on the production line are all undertaken by technical talents, whose educational level is 50% of secondary school graduates and 50% of college graduates. The company believes that the production line is highly sophisticated technology and will expand the proportion of college graduates in the future. Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd The third automobile factory introduces the latest technology from Volkswagen, and the stamping workshop is Totally enclosed Automatic line ， Welding workshop Dozens of robots work. Production line operation Management position Mainly from universities specialty And undergraduate graduates.

stay Bank of Shanghai and Securities institutions In China, due to the application of computer technology and the gradual integration with the international practice, the posts directly engaged in cashier, exchange and securities operations are no longer available to the original skilled (operational) talents, which must be comprehensive Analytical capability Technical talents with basic knowledge of foreign languages and basic knowledge of computer application.

It can be seen that the change of post connotation promotes the transformation of post talent type Regularity Trend, the corresponding talent type of professional post is not fixed.

Social importance

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The importance of technical talents in modern society is rising

Technical talents are at the end of the overall labor chain of the society Material wealth The direct creator of Social operation The specific operator of the process, whose importance is objective existence Of. Neglect and contempt of technical talents, social development Will be seriously affected. Just like the Industrial Training published by the British government in 1962 white paper Zhong Zuo's self review: "Since the second time World War Since then, Britain's industry has been short of skilled labor force. Undoubtedly, the lack of skilled personnel is Britain's economic stagnation Important reasons. Without the increase of skilled manpower, it is impossible to ensure sustained, stable and rapid economic growth. " Then, in 1966, the British government issued the Multidisciplinary technical college And other colleges: higher education in continuing education.

Since the 1960s, technology has developed more rapidly, economic globalization The trend of. These two factors make every country in a sharp international competition. The core of this competition is Technical competition 。 Because only by continuously improving the technical level and management level of the enterprise can we guarantee Enterprise products Of market position 。 In this way, the importance of technical talents in modern society is constantly rising.

the United Nations UNESCO Director General Mr. Majoor's "Second International Technology and vocational education The conference said: "In the future, professional and technical personnel will be the backbone force to promote a country's socio-economic take-off."

After the 1960s, Asia “ Four Little Dragons ”The rise of Japanese economy It is generally believed that one of the reasons for the rapid development of Technology application 。 India's software technology space technology , biotechnology and other aspects of outstanding achievements, remarkable, which is due to their long-term attention technical education It is relevant.

Indian students have completed 8 years compulsory education After that, you can enter the two-year senior high school. Students who have completed 10 years of study can enter the "Industrial Training College" and "Vocational School" to receive two-year vocational education, or enter the "Polytechnics" to receive three-year technical education if they do not go to colleges and universities. Its training goal is technical guidance, supervisor and junior engineer, all of whom are intermediate technical talents. What deserves special attention is the higher technology education. In 1993, 279 "Engineering and Technology Colleges" and 4 "Technical Universities" were printed. The difference between the two is that the former does not Master degree conferring right 。 They all enroll students who have completed their 10th grade studies and train technical talents. The study period is 3 or 4 years. Technical education in India is provided by Human Resources Development Department technology Department of Education Management and a semi official institution—— All India Technical Education Committee , authorized to coordinate all levels Technical college To develop the educational business between and with other colleges and universities.

It can be seen that India's technological breakthrough is by no means accidental High tech industry The development process of technology education is a very convincing evidence, which is worthy of our reference.

Contingency and innovation

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In the new situation, the knowledge and ability structure of technical talents should have the following Change trend 。

1. It has the basis for adaptation, survival and development in a rapidly changing environment

Because of the occupation of modern society Post system It is a large dynamic system that constantly improves the technical level. Therefore, social personnel must have Strain capacity To meet its needs. The theme working paper of the "Second International Conference on Technical and Vocational Education" held by UNESCO in 1999 pointed out that "the requirements for human quality are changing, not only the improvement of knowledge and skills, but also the ability to adapt, survive and develop." "The core of competition in the 21st century is to create a productive and flexible labor force."

In Shanghai investigation report It is also clearly stated that "both enterprises and vocational college graduates believe that their theoretical foundation is insufficient, their foreign language level is low, and their continued development lacks stamina". Because today, with the rapid development of technology, the update of technology often means a new technical field, rather than an improvement on the original basis. For example, "the second production line of Yaohua Pilkington is completely different from the first technology; VOLKSWAGEN The third production line（ Passat Cars) also used the ones that had never been used in the first two production lines key technology 。”

American National Occupation Education Research Center (NCRVE) "Education and Training for Livelihood" written for new federal legislation principles of legislation Suggestion: "Relationship career education The goal of the program should be to prepare students for employment after completing high school or post-secondary education, and at the same time, to gain the foundation to continue learning while working. " Therefore, it is very necessary to give technical talents the basis for sustainable learning.

2. Comprehensive ability to solve practical problems Technical capability

Today, the comprehensive characteristics of technology development will certainly be reflected in the process of technology application. The first is the improvement of the comprehensive degree of technical personnel. for example Shanghai Volkswagen new type PASSAT Technicians on automatic welding production line should not only have professional knowledge of automobile welding, but also be familiar with the performance of automatic welding robot, and also have certain quality control ability, that is, the ability of technicians not only involves welding technique Computer control technology also involves logistics, quality control and other aspects. The cultivation of a single professional technical ability can no longer meet the needs of such production lines. At the same time, after joining WTO, technical production is required to be in line with international standards, so Computer application Ability, foreign language Expressiveness , word processing ability is a must.

It can be seen from this that, on the one hand, technical talents should strengthen the learning of theoretical knowledge Basic theory Learning of knowledge and expertise, especially Core competence Basic theory Mastery of knowledge ； On the other hand, we should master new knowledge in certain related fields to form a relatively wide range of professional knowledge; At the same time, we should also learn about laws and regulations , especially the study of international general practices Operation management Knowledge, there is a consistent economic performance Awareness and cost accounting knowledge.

3. Strengthening creative spirit And cultivation of pioneering ability

Technical talents also need innovative spirit and pioneering ability. The innovation of process flow, the creation of processing methods, and the reform of management form all need this Professional quality 。 They and engineering talents Academic talents The difference lies in that technical talents are application area The latter two kinds of talents reflect this quality in engineering and academic fields. It is not comprehensive to understand technical talents as absolute executive talents.

stay technological development Today, with the characteristics of depth and complexity, it is necessary to emphasize the quality of technical talents. Under investigation Shanghai Beiling At the time of the company, the manager of the technology department said, "There are many factors that affect the quality of integrated circuits. Once there are quality problems, we must create a set of procedures and methods to detect the main factors." Northwestern Polytechnical University The theme of a doctoral thesis is to put forward the process and detection mode to ensure the processing quality in batch production for a kind of high-precision aviation parts with micron level.

Production practice shows that technical talents must have the quality of innovation and pioneering in order to fully assume their responsibilities. After China's entry into WTO, international competition will inevitably be fierce, and the competition of technological innovation is the core of future competition. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the cultivation of innovative spirit and pioneering ability of technical talents.

culture

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The combination of "production, teaching and research" is the basic way to cultivate technology-based talents in higher vocational education, and it is also the best way for higher vocational education to serve enterprises and society. Under the new situation, the rapid development of economy and science and technology requires higher vocational colleges to respond more timely and appropriately to the needs of society, so that the talents trained can better meet the requirements of enterprises and institutions. Therefore, the combination of "production, teaching and research" is particularly important. How to deepen the combination of production, teaching and research on the original basis has become a key issue in the development of higher vocational education.

1. Several modes of "production, teaching and research" combination in China

(1) Coordinated development Type mode. This mode makes Higher Education Development objectives Education content Adapting to the development of science and technology and social economy of the country is a pattern to realize the coordinated development of higher education, science and technology and economy. Combination of agriculture, science and education Plans, universities Sci-Tech Park Etc. belong to this mode. This model is mainly coordinated and promoted by the government according to the economic and social development plan, higher education reform and development plan.

(2) School enterprise cooperation model. This mode is a kind of mode that enables colleges and universities to cooperate with enterprises and institutions to cultivate talents at the meso level. It is based on the comprehensive cooperation between schools and enterprises. There are two forms of cooperation: close type and non close type. Running schools mainly by enterprises is a close type, such as Daqing Petroleum Group sponsored Daqing Petroleum School This kind of school enterprise cooperation is close. Enterprises that have no affiliation with schools are not closely related, such as SINOPEC (China Petrochemical Corporation Head office and East China University of Science and Technology Joint construction of some Chemical Engineering And so on.

(3) Teaching combination mode. This is a model that combines production, scientific research and teaching at the micro level. This model has been applied to different degrees in colleges and universities in China teaching process The content and proportion of teaching, scientific research and production practice should be planned; Class Theoretical teaching Combine with scientific research content and experimental training; Third, school teaching and factory practice social practice Match. In a word, this "combination of production, teaching and research" mode is mainly reflected in the teaching field Teaching oriented , supplemented by others.

2. The combination of "production, teaching and research" should develop towards the combination of school and enterprise

At present, the "combination of production, teaching and research" mode of higher vocational colleges in China is mostly a combination of teaching mode. In order to better develop higher vocational education and cultivate a more adaptive Social needs Technology of practical personnel We should deepen the combination of "production, teaching and research" and develop into a school enterprise cooperation model. In terms of school enterprise cooperation mode, a school enterprise cooperation committee should be established to study cooperation issues between the two sides, such as Professional settings , training objectives Teaching plan Internship and training, graduation design Graduation distribution , teacher training, etc; Market analysis, development planning product development , personnel training, technical problems, etc. stay operating mechanism It should be mutual promotion and mutual benefit. Without such an operating mechanism, the cooperation between the two sides cannot exist for a long time. The key point of this model is "comprehensive cooperation, deep involvement, mutual benefit". This is the common experience of vocational colleges with effective cooperation.^[1]

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