Tolstoy

Books published by Tianjin Publishing House in 1981

open 2 entries with the same name

The Biography of Tolstoy is French thinker One of the works of Roman Roland, a writer, tells the story of Tolstoy's death at the age of one and a half and his father's death at the age of nine, which led to Tolstoy in his youth, not only suffering from his thoughts, but also feeling desperate for his ugly appearance.^[1-2]

Chinese name: Biography of Tolstoy
Foreign name: La Vie de Tolstoï (Life of Tolstoy)
Author: Roman Roland
Publication time: 1981

press: China Book Publishing House
ISBN: nine trillion and seven hundred and eighty-seven billion five hundred and six million eight hundred and sixty thousand one hundred and sixteen
Folio: 16 ON
packing: Paperback binding
Classification: Biographies

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Tolstoy pass

Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 Tula Province Asnaya Polyana (now in Xiaojin District, Tula Province) in Klapiven County. His family is a noble family, whose pedigree can be traced back to the 16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I. His father, Count Nikolai Ilich, attended in 1812 Patriotic War , retired as a lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria Nikolayevna is the daughter of Duke Ni She Wolkansky. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half, and his father at the age of nine. In 1841, after the death of his guardian aunt A · Yi · Osten Saken, his aunt Bi · Yi · Yushkova living in Kazan became the guardian. So his family moved to Kazan.

Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education when he was young. Admitted in 1844 Kazan University Oriental Department, studying Turkey and Arabic, (Russian colony) preparing to be a diplomat. Failing the final exam, he was transferred to the law department the next year. He does not concentrate on his studies and is obsessed with social life. At the same time, he is interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy Rousseau He also read widely literary works. Influenced by Rousseau, Montesquieu and other enlightenment thinkers. In his college years, he had noticed the superiority of students from civilian backgrounds. He dropped out of school in March 1847 and returned to Asia Polyana. This is his mother's dowry industry, which was owned by his brother when his property was divided. He spent most of his long life here.

After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the life of farmers, but stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. (It turned out that this matter was satirized by Gogol and written in Dead Souls.) He came to Petersburg As a result of the Bachelor of Law exam, I suddenly went home after only taking two courses. In the autumn of this year, schools were set up for the children of farmers. November Uprising Tula Province In December of the next year, he was promoted to be a civil servant of the 14th rank in the Administration Bureau. In fact, he was involved between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. But he gradually became tired of this kind of life and environment. In 1851, Tolstoy When he came to the Caucasus, the clear and bright environment surrounded by mountains woke up his confused brain.. Russo-Turkish wars During this period, Tolstoy visited the battlefield and was often in danger. In such an environment, he still wrote a commendable work like "Sevastopol Chronicle". Tolstoy in this period was full and happy.

At the end of April 1851, he went to the Caucasus with his elder brother Nicola, who was serving in the military, to participate in the battle against mountain people as a volunteer. Later, he served in the Caucasus army for two and a half years as a "fourth class artillery corporal". Although he performed well, he was promoted to be a warrant officer with the help of his relatives. In March 1854, he joined the Danube Army. Crimean War After the beginning, he voluntarily transferred to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fourth bastion, and participated in the final defense of the city. In each campaign, he saw the heroic spirit and excellent qualities of officers and soldiers from civilian backgrounds, which strengthened his sympathy for the ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom.

From November 1855 to Petersburg Entering the literary world, he became famous: autobiographical novel Childhood (1855) and Juvenile (1857), these works reflect his critical attitude towards aristocratic life, his "moral self-cultivation" and his characteristics of being good at psychoanalysis. From the novella "A Landlord's Morning" (1856), we can see the process of his failure in his own manor when he stood in the position of a liberal aristocrat and advocated top-down reform.

1857 Tolstoy Go abroad, see capitalist society There are many contradictions, but we can't find a way to eliminate social evils, so we have to appeal to people to live according to the "eternal religious truth". These views are reflected in his short stories《 Lucerne 》(1857), and later created《 Three deaths 》、《 Family happiness 》。

From 1860 to 1861, Tolstoy went abroad again to make acquaintance with European education herzen , listen to Dickens' speech and meet Prudon. He believed that Russia should establish its own ideal society on the basis of small-scale peasant economy; Peasants are the incarnation of the highest moral ideal, and nobles should move towards "civilians". These ideas are embodied in one of the novels《 Cossacks 》(1852~1862).

1862 Tolstoy Married, his happy family life gave him enough time and energy to create a masterpiece that shook the whole novel world in the 19th century:《 War and Peace 》(1863-1869 Tolstoy wrote a long historical novel《 War and Peace 》This is the first milestone in his creation. Taking the relationship between the four families as the plot clue, the novel shows the broad picture of social life in Russia from the city to the countryside at that time, and reflects a series of major historical events that took place between 1805 and 1820, especially in 1812 Kutuzov Leader's opposition Napoleon Of Patriotic War , eulogizing the patriotic enthusiasm and heroic struggle spirit of the Russian people, mainly discussing the future and destiny of Russia, especially the status and outlet of the nobility. The novel has a grand structure, numerous characters, and typical vivid and full images. It is a huge work with epic and chronicle characteristics.)

From 1873 to 1877, he completed his second landmark masterpiece after 12 revisions《 Anna Karenina 》, the art of fiction has reached perfection.

But, Tolstoy It is distressing: he himself has status and wealth, but he often feels ashamed and uneasy for his rich life; He sympathized with the lower class and lacked confidence in them. Therefore, he was tired of his own life, determined to break with his own society, and he could not get people's support. In spirit, he has always been lonely. At the age of 82, he chose to leave and died of illness in a small railway station.^[2]

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Roman Roland

Roman Roland (Romain Rolland, 1866-1944), a French thinker, Litterateur , critical realism writers, novelists, biographers, music critics and social activists. On January 29, 1866, he was born in Kramsy, a small town on the plateau in central France. At the age of 15, she moved to Paris with her parents. Roman Roland graduated from France in 1899 Paris Normal University , passed the examination and obtained the qualification for the lifelong position of middle school teacher. Later, he joined the French Archaeological School in Rome as a graduate student. After returning to China, he taught art history in Paris Normal University and Paris University, and engaged in literary and artistic creation. During this period, he wrote seven plays, taking the heroic events in history as the theme, trying to use "revolutionary drama" to fight against the stale dramatic art.^[2]

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Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (левНиколаевичТолстой, September 9, 1828 November 20, 1910) Russia in the middle of the 19th century Critical realism Writers, thinkers, philosophers. Representative works include《 War and Peace 》、《 Anna Karenina 》、《 resurrection 》Etc.

Tolstoy was born into an aristocratic family. In 1840, he entered Kazan University. In 1847, he left school and returned to his hometown to try to reform the serfdom in his own territory. From 1851 to 1854, he served in the Caucasian army and began to write. 1854-1855 Crimean War 。 In November 1855, he entered the literary world in Petersburg. When Tolstoy went abroad in 1857, he saw many contradictions in capitalist society, but could not find a way to eliminate social evils, so he had to appeal to people to live according to "eternal religious truth". From 1860 to 1861, in order to investigate European education, Tolstoy went abroad again, met Herzen, listened to Dickens' speeches, and met Prutung. From 1863 to 1869, Tolstoy wrote a long historical novel《 War and Peace 》。 From 1873 to 1877, he completed his second landmark masterpiece after 12 revisions《 Anna Karenina 》。 At the end of the 1970s, Tolstoy's world view changed dramatically and he wrote the Confessions (1879-1882). Creation in the 1980s: script《 Dark forces 》（1886）、《 The fruit of education 》(1891), novella《 devil 》（1911）、《 Death of Ivan Ilich 》（1886）、《 Quale amore 》（1891）、《 Haze Murat 》（1886～1904）； The short story After the Ball (1903), especially the novels written from 1889 to 1899《 resurrection 》It is the summary of his long-term thought and artistic exploration. Tolstoy tried to lead a simple civilian life in his later years. He ran away from his home in October 1910 and died at a small station on November 7 at the age of 82.^[2]

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"One hundred years ago, a great man in Russia lit the most innocent torch for our generation, illuminating our youth." Leo Tolstoy 。 Lev Nikolayevich was born in a small village in the south of Moscow in 1828. He never left his hometown until his death 82 years later. Tolstoy His mother died at the age of two, and his father died at the age of nine. There were two kind-hearted women who took care of Tolstoy and his four brothers and sisters. He once kissed an old horse and begged it to forgive him for having suffered. At this time, his future talent has shown signs: he is imaginative and often tears for the stories he imagined; His restless brain always tries to think about people's inner thoughts; His precocious observation and memory; His sharp eyes could see whether the funeral participants were really sad on their faces. He said that when he was five years old, he felt for the first time that "life is not a pleasure but a very heavy drudgery." His achievements were mediocre. He called his childhood a desert period: "A yellow sand, blowing hot wind." He was lonely, and his mind was always in a state of fanaticism. He knew he was ugly, and in order to be like other "people with body and face", he also gambled and got into debt. "It was a total debauchery." Roman Roland Commented. "Absolute sincerity" saved him. When he was most dissolute, he was able to criticize himself without mercy. This kind of independent judgment has been used to criticize superstitions in social customs and ideology when he was in college. He looked down upon the knowledge imparted by the university, was unwilling to do formal historical research, and was suspended due to his bold thinking. In 1852, Tolstoy For the first time, his genius blossomed and bore fruit. He wrote: Childhood, Morning of a Landlord, Attack, and Youth. Childhood helped him become famous. Above all these works, the work that becomes the highest peak of the first mountain range is one of Tolstoy's most beautiful lyric novels, and also the Caucasian poem of his youth song -《 Cossacks 》。 As he said, "The almighty god of youth is the impulse to die." From this point of view, this book is unique. Tolstoy's happy marriage enabled him to experience peace and tranquility that he had not experienced for many years in ten to fifteen years. So, under the shelter of love, he calmly considered and realized the masterpiece in his mind -- the masterpiece of the 19th century novel《 War and Peace 》And《 Anna Karenina 》。 In subsequent works, Tolstoy These admonitions to maintain mental health are supplemented. What Should We Do?, What Is Our Belief?, Art Criticism, What Is Art... One is to create human union with love, the other is to fight against the enemy of love. He wrote:《 Death of Ivan Ilich 》, Collection of Folk Stories, Forces of Darkness, Clarice's Sonata, and Master and Servant. The peak and ultimate of this stage of artistic creation appeared Resurrection. "It is like the Notre Dame with two towers, one symbolizes eternal love and the other symbolizes hatred of the world." "Resurrection" is his greatest achievement in his later years, when Tolstoy was seventy years old. On his deathbed, he cried, not for himself but for the unfortunate people in the world. So on the morning of November 20, 1910, the moment he called "liberation" came, "death, praiseworthy death..." Roman Roland hold Tolstoy His life is compared to "82 years of life is a battle on the battlefield". "All the strength of life, all the sins and virtues have participated in this glorious and tragic scuffle. - All the sins, except one, are the lies that he will not let go even when he reaches the final refuge." He has a most beautiful and warm name, which is "our brother."^[2]

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