Tang Xianzu (1550-1616), Chinathe Ming dynastyDramatist、Litterateur。The meaning of the words is still the same, and the names are Hai Ruo, Ruoshi, and Qingyuan Taoist.Han nationality,Linchuan, JiangxiPeople.In 1583 AD (the 11th year of Wanli period), he became a scholarDoctor Taichang TempleThe head of the ceremony department was impeachedShen Shixing, reduced toXu WenCanonical history, post transferZhejiangSuichangThe county magistrate was removed from office because he did not attach importance to dignitaries and did not become an official again.FromLuo RufangReading and receivingzhi The influence of thought.In terms of opera creation, it opposes archaizing and sticking to the rules.Do Yeslegend《The Peony Pavilion》《Handan》《Nan Ke Ji》《Purple Hairpin》, collectively《Four Dreams of Yuming Hall》The Peony Pavilion is the most famous.In the history of operaGuan Hanqing、Wang ShifuQiming has an important position in the history of Chinese and even world literature, and is known as the "OrientalShakespeare”。
Tang Xianzu lived in a time when the literary world was dominated by the imitation of ancient thoughts, and inherited the prestige of the "former seven sons" and the "latter seven sons".When Tang Xianzu was 21 years old, Li Panlong, the leader of the "last seven sons", had died, but Wang Shizhen, another leader, continued to be the leader of the literary world, and "had been alone for 20 years".In his youth, Tang Xianzu criticized Li Mengyang, the former seven sons, Li Panlong, and Wang Shizhen, the latter seven sons, and criticized their works for "adding or subtracting the words of Han history and Tang poetry".Later, he criticized the works of "people below Li Mengyang" for "fake literature", and said pointedly: "The name and position of the counterfeiter are quite obvious... Their literature is related to Guo's body, and can deceive others with a crown jade." The fundamental defect of the proposition that "the seven sons before and after", "literature must be Qin and Han dynasties, poetry must be prosperous in Tang dynasty", is that they blindly imitate the eternal words and sentences of the previous generation's works, even change their appearance, and plagiarize the words and sentences of previous generations.Tang Xianzu believed that "Han and Song articles are extremely interesting".He also stressed that the beauty of the article lies in "natural aura", not between steps and shapes.His views on the anti archaic bannerGong'an SectIt has a certain impact.It can be said that in the process of anti archaism, Tang Xianzuzhi 、Xu WeiToYuan HongdaoLeadedGong'an SectBetween them.Tang Xianzu's poems were influenced by the beautiful poetic style of the Six Dynasties in his early years. In order to fight against the "poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty", he later pursued the difficult style of Song poetry when writing poems. His creative practices were not enough to compete with the archaism.Tang Xianzu's ancient prose is good at argumentation, which is characterized by argumentation.His letters are very emotional and fluent, which are highly praised by later generations.He is also good at historiography and has revised《History of the Song Dynasty》I'm afraid I haven't finished the manuscript.
Guan Hanqing
Guan Hanqing(circa 1220-1300),Zaju of Yuan DynastyWriter.He is a representative figure of ancient Chinese opera creation.The number is already fast (one for one), and the number is already fast.Han nationality, a native of Xiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), his native place, as well as people from Wuren Village, Qizhou (now Anguo County, Hebei Province) and Dadu (now Beijing), were born in the late Jin Dynasty (about 1220 AD) and died in the early Dade year of Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty (about 1300 AD).AndMa Zhiyuan、Zheng Guangzu、Bai PuAnd called“Four Masters of Yuan Opera”，Guan HanqingIt is the first of the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera".
Guan HanqingThe content of the drama has a strong reality and is permeated with the high fighting spirit. In the era of Guan Hanqing's life, political darkness and corruption, social unrest, class contradictions and national contradictions are very prominent, and the people live in deep trouble.His plays profoundly represent the social reality and are full of strong flavor of the times.There are both the brutal and cruel actions of the imperial relatives and powerful people who want Ge Biao and Lu Zhailang, and the bloody reality of "picking people's eyes, picking people's bones, and peeling people's skin"Child bridegroomDou E, maidservant Yan Yan'stragedyEncounters reflect a very broad life;It not only reveals the darkness of officialdom, but also eulogizes the people's resistance and struggle.Generous elegy, optimistic struggleGuan HanqingThe tone of the play.stayGuan HanqingSome of the most outstanding images of ordinary women are written by,Dou E, ProstituteZhao Paner, Du Ruiniang, the girl Wang Ruilan, the widow Tan Ji'er, and the maid Yan Yan, all have their own characteristics.Most of them came from humble origins and suffered from various insults and persecutions of the feudal ruling class.Guan HanqingThey described their tragic experiences, portrayed their upright, kind, intelligent and witty characters, praised their strong will to resist, praised their brave behavior of daring to fight against the dark forces until death, and played the main melody of inspiring the people's struggle in that particular historical era.Guan HanqingIs a greatDramatistLater generations called Guan Hanqing "Qu Sheng".In 1958, as a world cultural celebrityGuan HanqingThe 700th Anniversary of Creation.On the evening of June 28 of the same year, at least 100 different forms of drama were staged simultaneously by 1500 professional troupesGuan Hanqing's script.His plays have been translated into English, French, German, Japanese, etc. and have been widely spread around the world.
Ma Zhiyuan
Ma Zhiyuan（1250-1321), No. "Dongli", was born in Dadu (today's Beijing), Yuan Dynasty.Famous opera writer and essayist in Yuan Dynasty.There are 15 kinds of Zaju that have been produced, and Han Palace Autumn is his representative work;There are more than 120 pieces of Sanqu, including Dongli Yuefu.In his youth, he had a bumpy career. He was a middle aged scholar. He once served as an official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and later served as the head of the Ministry of Works in Dadu (today's Beijing).Ma ZhiyuanIn his later years, he was dissatisfied with the current politics, lived in seclusion in the countryside, entertained himself with drinking cups and hitting fous, and was buried in the ancestral tombs after his death.From his Sanqu works, we can roughly know that when he was young, he was keen on fame, and had a political ambition of "helping the country, taking the cloud hand", but it has not been achieved. After a "twenty years of wandering life", he saw through the shame of life, so he had the idea of retiring from Linquan. In his later years, he lived a leisurely life of "forest friends" and "foreigners".Ma ZhiyuanHe participated in the creation of Zaju in his early years and was a major member of the "Zhenyuan Book Fair"Wang Bocheng, Li Shizhong, artist Hua LilangRed Letter Li ErThey had contacts and were also one of the most famous "Four Great Masters" at that time.Ma ZhiyuanHe has been engaged in the creation of Zaju for a long time and has a great reputation. He is known as the "No.1 Qu Scholar".There are 16 kinds of his works recorded, which are preserved today《Sorrow in the Han Palace》《Monument for Recommendation》《Yueyang Tower》《Blue shirt tears》《Chen Tuan Lies High》《Ren Fengzi》6 kinds, others《Huangliang Dream》He cooperated with several artists.Among them, Han Palace Autumn is the most famous.Sanqu has《Dongli Yuefu》。Xiaoling《autumn thoughts 》It is well known, ingenious, natural, and has no trace of carving. It is known as the "ancestor of autumn thinking" and has been included in the second grade Chinese textbook of the Soviet Educational Edition.A famous expert commented: "All scenery words are love words."
Zheng Guangzu, whose birth and death years are unknown, and whose name is Dehui, Han nationality,PingyangXiangling (todayShanxiXiangfen County).He was a famous dramatist and essayist in the Yuan Dynasty, and his dramas were "famous all over the world, and their voices shook the boudoir" at that time.With Guan HanqingMa Zhiyuan、Bai PuQiming, collectively known as“Four Masters of Yuan Opera”。There are 18 kinds of dramas that can be examined, including Regent of the Duke of Zhou, Wang Can Climbing the Tower, Hanlin Fengyue《the young lady died for love》Eight kinds, including Breaking the Chain without Salt, Yi Yin Fu Tang, Lao Jun Tang, Lu Bu in Three Battles;Among them, "Qian Nu Li Soul" is the most famous, and the last three are notZheng GuangzuWorks.In addition to zaju,Zheng GuangzuThere are six short songs and two sets of songs in Sanqu.
Wang Shifu
Wang Shifu, known as Dexin, Dadu (todayBeijing）People.authorZajuThere are 14 kinds, among which there are three extant, namely, West Chamber, Lichun Hall, and Cave Breaking.The Story of Breaking the KilnLiu Yue'eIt is doubted that the story of separation and reunion with Lv Mengzheng is notWang ShifuYour handwriting.There are also two kinds of tea boats and Lotus Pavilion, each of which has a song and an article.
Fan Jingting
Fan Ziting (1905 ～ 1966)[1], formerly known as Fan Yu.He was born in Suiping, Henan Province.Famous Henan Opera writer, reformer and educator, known as the "father of modern Henan Opera".Former postChinese Dramatists Association Vice chairman of Shaanxi Branch, vice chairman of Xi'an Federation of Literary and Art Circles, standing member of Xi'an Municipal Committee, representative of Xi'an Municipal People's Congress, etc.
Graduated in 1929Henan UniversityLiberal artsmasteracademic degree.Because of loveBeijing operaDuring the school period, a national opera (Beijing Opera) team was set up, serving as the team leader and making its debut [2].
In 1934, he founded Yusheng Theater, served as president, screenwriter and director, andQueen of Henan OperaChen SuzhenThe masters jointly reformed the performance, music, clothing and makeup of Henan Opera.
He began to write plays in 1935, and created and adapted 58 plays in more than 20 years. Most of his plays have rigorous structure, twists and turns, novel techniques, healthy and progressive ideological content, and have certain practical significance.
In the history of China, there are many titles for drama performers, such asDramatist、actor、Whore preference、Actor、SanyueHowever, because the status of performers in Chinese dramas was not high in the past, many of these terms also had a deliberately derogatory meaning. While the term "prostitute" was used to refer to drama performers, it was true that the performers were singers, but there was a long history of close relationship between drama performance and prostitutes.
Mei Lanfang
Mei Lanfang, named Lan, also known as Heming, with the words Wanhua and Huanhua, is the owner of Yuxuan, and its stage name is Lan Fang.From Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, he was born in Beijing in 1894. He was born into a Beijing Opera family.He is good at cross dressing. He began to learn drama at the age of 8 and took the stage in Beijing at the age of 10Guanghe BuildingPerformances《Tianxian Pai》, Gong Huadan, who took part in the Xilian Liancheng Class in 1908. In 1911, various circles in Beijing held a selection activity for Peking Opera actors and posted a list of chrysanthemums. Mei Lanfang ranked third in the list of flowers.In 1913, he performed in Shanghai for the first time, at Si Ma RoadDaxinAt the intersection, the first stage of Sangui was performed《Colorful floor decoration》《Yutangchun》《Mukezhai》When he first came to Shanghai, the drama became popular all over the south of the Yangtze River. At that time, there was a saying in the alleys: "You should look like Mei Lanfang when you are looking for a wife, and like Zhou Xinfang when you have a son.".He absorbed the improved elements of Shanghai's civilized drama, new stage, lighting, makeup, clothing design, etc. After returning to Beijing, he created a new fashion play, "The Waves of the Evil Sea". The next year, he came to Shanghai again and performed《Wuhua Cave》True or False Pan Jinlian《Drunken Imperial Concubine》He sang for 34 days in a row.
After returning to Beijing, Mei Lanfang continued to rehearse new plays《The Goddess Chang's fly to the moon》《Spring Fragrance Makes School》Daiyu Buries Flowers, etc.In 1916, he came to Shanghai for the third time and sang for 45 days. After 1918, he moved to Shanghai. This was the peak time of his perfect dramatic art, and he performed on the Tianchan stage for many times.IntegratedQingyi、Hua Dan、Dao Ma DanThe way of performing, creating a mellow and beautiful singing, forming a unique style of Mei School.In 1915, Mei Lanfang rehearsed a large number of new plays and made unique artistic innovations in the singing, speaking, dancing, music, and clothing of Beijing Opera, known as the Master of Mei School.
Chen Suzhen
Chen Suzhen, (April 30, 1918 March 29, 1994), formerly known as Wang Ruoyu, female, ancestral home: ShaanxiFuping, born in Henan ProvinceKaifeng City, settled in Tianjin in his later years.She became a teacher at the age of 8, took the stage at the age of 10, and took an apprentice at the age of 13. She is the first actress, performing artist and educator of Henan Opera.It is praised by the audience, drama masters and opera masters as a master of Henan Opera, a god of beauty on the stage of Henan Opera "," Henan OperaMei Lanfang”, "Queen of Henan Opera", "Henan OperaThree Tripod ArmorTop "," ChinaKing of Henan Opera”, ChinaSix Famous Danes of Henan OperaFirst.
Eight year old in 1925Chen SuzhenWorship Henan OperaAuspicious toneFamous danSun YandeLearning drama as a teacher, on the second day of the second lunar month in 1928ancient capitalKaifengXiangguo TempleOn Yongle stage, the film "The Sun and the Moon" was posted and acted as the heroineHu LianyingShe became the first actress in Henan Opera.The 16th day of the eighth lunar month in 1934 was marked byQi CountyReturn to Kaifeng and perform "Anti Chang'an" at Yongle Stagefavorite concubine of emperor Minghuang, and became popular.And then perform《Three car》《ambush on all sides》《Spring and autumn matching》《Peach Blossom Temple》(Four Great Expeditions) and other plays won the reputation of "Henan Mei Lanfang".In early October 1935, the first performance of "Fan Opera"《Three strokes of sleeves》, as Jiang Qinxin, won the title of "Queen of Henan Opera" for her three Fan dramas.In the spring of 1938, in Kaifeng, it was praised by the audience as the first of the three tripods of Henan Opera.
On March 1, 1940ancient capitalLuoyang, take part in the charity performance of Lion Roar Troupe《ambition》《Cleanse the blood of shame》。 In autumn, we arrived in the ancient capital Xi'an with the Lion Roar Tour TheaterSanshanTheater performance《Cleanse the blood of shame》"Defeat the Enemy" and "Privet Blossom" were three successful shooting scenes, with an audience of 6000 people. After one play, the income can earn six strikes of gold, which has stirred the whole Chang'an City and is known as“King of Henan Opera”Title.
The old people of the Qing DynastyZou ShaoheIn the Survey of Henan Opera, he praised: "Henan Opera has never had a Kun Ling, which has been around for nearly ten years. Chen Suzhen is the leader of Kun Ling. She has a beautiful throat and elegant demeanor. She can make new sounds and perform especially well. For a time, she was one of the best performers in Henan OperaMei LanfangSee it.Mei Lanfang, the master of Peking Opera, said to Chen Suzhen that he is indeed the king of Henan Opera, the leader of the dragons in Henan Opera.Drama Masterplaywright and pioneer of the modern theater movementThere was a famous saying given to Chen Suzhen before he died: "A few singing immortals rise from the clouds in Zhongzhou, and you are the first to practice hard and cultivate hard.".A few times under the bright moon, why not step in front of the iron window.The sleeve dance is poignant and beautiful, and the braids fly, and the leaves are full of flame.The people want you to add luster and cherish the golden throats of the past.Peking Opera MasterBeijing opera star second only to Mei Lanfang in popularityAfter seeing her "Righteous Wind", the teacher wrote an inscription: "Qingping Baibi Yuan is priceless, seahorseYunlongSelf is not a group.Drama Masterpen name of Wan JiabaoInscription for Chen Suzhen: "Don't boast of good color, and leave a clear air all over the world." This is the most classic and accurate evaluation of Chen Suzhen's life.
Since Chen Suzhen, Henan Opera has a new pattern.It ushered in a new era of refined Henan opera.Singing, reading, doing and fighting will influence laterfemale role in a playBusiness.Chen Suzhen has been an artist for 66 years,WenwushengOnce you are unstoppable, you are good at singing, reading, doing and fighting.The singing is simple and elegant, implicit and beautiful, the performance is exquisite and vivid, the standard is exquisite, the figure is beautiful, and the action is like floating.She inherits the tradition and has the courage to innovate, creating the first dance, skill and formal beauty of Henan Opera, and creating a unique and popular“Chen School of Henan Opera”Art, becoming Henan OperaAuspicious toneAn influential representative.He made a great contribution to the reform of Henan Opera.
New Fengxia
New FengxiaPingju Qingyi, Huadan.Original nameYang Shumin。He was born in Suzhou in the 1920s.Sold by people to Tianjin.Followed byLao SheMr. A designed his birthday on December 23 of the lunar calendar.
In his childhood, he learned Peking Opera with his sister Yang Jinxiang, and at the age of 13, he worshipped Wang Xianfang, Deng YanchenZhang FutangAfter learning Pingju, he began to play the leading role at the age of 15.New Fengxia starred in this period《Oolong courtyard》Dramas such as "Nvxia Red Butterfly", "Poor Autumn Fragrance", "Double Marriage", and "Three Laughs about Autumn Fragrance" have been performed in Tianjin, Shanghai, JinanqinghuangdaoIt was well received by the audience.
Yuan Xuefen
Yuan Xuefen, Chinese Shaoxing Opera actor, GongZhengdan。Zhejiang ProvinceShengxian CountyFrom Dushan Village.He began to learn art in 1933.Performed in Hangzhou, Shanghai and other places.She conscientiously sang opera, kept clean and encouraged herself, fasted and lived a vegetarian life, did not sing hall meetings, did not yield to the threats and inducements of evil forces in society, and maintained her dignity as an artist.She advocated that opera should play a beneficial role in society, so she actively performed in different historical periodsPoint out the current problems's repertoire.She actively advocated the reform of Shaoxing Opera, not only in singing and performance, but also in drawing on the strengths of others and depicting the characters' personalities and inner activities in a true and delicate way;He is also a pioneer in gradually improving the rehearsal system, using lighting, scenery, and clothing reform.Her reform has been emulated by Shaoxing Opera actors and other operas, and learned by later scholars.Representative plays include《Xiangfei》Red Pink Golden Goggle《Wang Zhaojun》Love of Mountains and Rivers《Sister Xianglin》Western Chamber Yuan Xuefen (right) andXu YulanCo acting《The West Chamber》Episodes《Lian Sshanbo and Zhu Yingtai》Etc.Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai became the first large-scale color opera film after the founding of New China in 1953.
Yan Fengying
Yan Fengying，Huangmei OperaPerformance artist, born in 1930 and died in 1968, her real name is Dai Feng, her stage name is Feng Ying, and her ancestral home is Luojialing, Tongcheng, Anhui.Originally known as Hongyuan, also known as Daifeng.Born in 1930AnqingWhen he was 3 years old, he returned to his hometown Luojialing, Tongcheng. When he was young, he loved to sing folk songs andHuangmei tune, violated clan rules and was forced to leave home.At the age of 12, she worshipped Yan Yun and learned to sing Huangmei Opera, which was not allowed by her clansmen and families. Later, she ran away from home and officially took the class, changing her stage name to Fengying.In 1946, he performed in Qunle Theater, which caused a sensation in Anqing with "Xiaoqidian" and "Youchun", so he became famous and caused disaster.Yan Fengying left Anqing for Nanjing and Huangmei Opera.Later, famous old artistsDing YongquanGive directions and perform inGuichi, Qingyang rural areas, Anqing, southern Anhui and other areas.In 1947, he accompanied Hu JintaoLiu FengYunxue sings Beijing Opera.After 1949, he paid homage to famous actors in BeikunBaiyunAs a teacher, we constantly learn from the strengths of brother operas to enrich our performance skills.In 1953, he joined Anhui Huangmei Opera Troupe.In 1951, he returned to Anqing.In 1953, he was transferred to Anhui Huangmei Opera Troupe and served successively as the actor and deputy head of Anhui Huangmei Opera Troupe, the second director of the Chinese Drama Association, the third member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and the fourth member of the CPPCC National Committee.In 1960, he won the title of National Advanced WorkerNational March 8th Red Flag bearertitle.In 1960, Yan Fengying joined the Communist Party of China.She was once the deputy head of Anhui Huangmei Opera Troupe and was elected asChina Federation of Literary and Art CirclesMember of the Second and Third National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.She joined in 1954East ChinaThe opera viewing and performance won the first prize of actor.
During the Cultural Revolution, she was accused of being a literary and artistic black line figure, a beauty snake who publicized feudalism, and was slandered as a latent spy of the Kuomintang. She was repeatedly criticized and killed herself on the night of April 7, 1968.On May 23, 1978, the Anhui Provincial Party Committee made a clean sweep of Yan Fengying's rehabilitation, and on August 21, the Provincial Cultural Bureau held a ceremony to place Yan Fengying's ashes.
