The joint burial mausoleum of the three empresses Xuanzong and Xiaomu, Xiaoshen and Xiaoquan in the Qing Dynasty
synonymtomb(Muling) generally refers to the Qing Muling
Qing Muling, located in Hebei ProvinceBaoding CityYixian CountyQing XilingLongquanyu in the west of Inner Mongolia,[2][5]It's Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty[8]Daoguang emperor And the joint burial tombs of Empress Xiaomu, Xiaoshen and Xiaoquan.[2][13]The Muling at Longquanyu was built in February of the 11th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1831) and completed in August of the 15th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1835).[4]Since the Muling mausoleum was built twice and demolished once, it cost more than 4.4 million taels of silver, so the cost of building the mausoleum exceeded that of other mausoleums in the Western Qing Dynasty.[2]
The overall layout of the Qing Mu Mausoleum complex is based on the geomantic situation, along a central axis from south to west, extending from north to south. From south to north, it is divided into a guiding space, a front yard, and a back yard. There are buildings such as the Dragon and Phoenix Gate, the Shinto Stele Pavilion, the Divine Kitchen, the Long En Gate, the Long En Hall, the East West Side Hall, and the Treasure City.[5]The Qing Mu Mausoleum has a special regulation in the eastern and western tombs of the Qing Dynasty. It basically does not comply with the ancestral mausoleum system, simplifies some of the original regulations of the imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, and abolishes large-scale buildings such as the Shengde Shenggong Stele Tower, the Stone Statue, the Two Pillar Gate, the Fangcheng, and the Minglou, which is the smallest of all imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty.[2][7]
On March 4, 1961, the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, including the Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, were announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection.[17]
Chinese name
Qing Muling
Age
the Qing dynasty[17]
Category
Ancient Tomb[17]
Opening Hours
Peak season (April 1-October 31): 8:00-17:30;Off season (November 1 - March 31 of the next year): 8:30-17:00[20]
Scenic spot level
Grade AAAAA[21]
geographical position
Longquanyu in the west of Qingxi Tomb, Yi County, Baoding City, Hebei Province[2][5]
Ticket Price
10 yuan/person[20]
Protection level
The first batch of national key cultural relics protection units and world cultural heritage[17][24]
On November 17, the 16th year of Jiaqing's reign (1811) in the Qing Dynasty, Sakda, the wife of Emperor Daoguang, was buried in Wang Zuocun's garden bedroom with the ceremony of the prince's blessing.After Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, he gave Sakda the title ofEmpress XiaomuAnd wants to turn the Fujin Garden Bedroom in Wangzuo Village into his own good fortune.Later, he was strongly opposed by the minister and gave up.[1]
On April 17, the first year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1821), Emperor Daoguang sent Wenyuange, a great scholarDai Junyuan, Minister of the Ministry of WorksMukdenAke Danga, the left aide general of the Ministry of War, is the minister of Xiangdu, leading the officials who are proficient in geomantic omen to go in accordance with the principle of "selecting the heaven and the earth, being spiritual, being graceful, and having a long pulse"Eastern tombsXiangdu has good fortune for thousands of years.On May 25 of the same year, Dai Junyuan and other prime ministers visited the Raodaoyu Valley within the boundary of the Dongling Tomb, asked for an order to build it, and presented a drawing for viewing.On the second day of September of the same year, Emperor Daoguang issued an edict to build his mountain mausoleum around Douyu within the boundary of Dongling Tomb in accordance with the "Zhaomu system of Dongling Tomb and Dongling Tomb".[1]
In March of the second year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1822), ministers proposed several names for Emperor Daoguang to choose, such as "Baohua Valley, Raojiuyu Valley, Wanyou Valley".On the 10th day of the first lunar month, Emperor Daoguang finally changed the name of "Around Douyu" to "Baohuayu".[1]
In 1827, the seventh year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Baohuayu was built.On September 22 of the same year, Emperor Daoguang personally escorted the late Empress Xiaomu, Niuhu Lu's Zigong, Feng'an Baohuayu Mausoleum Underground Palace.On September 27 of the same year, because Baohuayu Jidi had "two outsourced soldiers and 80 horse guards, which is not enough to replace", "one additional outsourced soldier, six horse soldiers and 14 soldiers" were added.So far, Baohuayu Wannian auspicious land project has been completed.[1]
In September of the eighth year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1828), water was found in the underground palace of Baohuayu Mausoleum.Emperor Daoguang punished those who failed to build the mausoleum, but did not take remedial measures against the soaking of Baohuayu Underground Palace or rebuild the underground palace. Instead, he abandoned and demolished the mausoleum, which had taken hundreds of thousands of craftsmen and millions of men's servants and took seven years to build.[1][4]
From March of the ninth year of Daoguang's reign (1829) to April of the tenth year of Daoguang's reign (1830), Emperor Daoguang ordered people to go to Ping'an Valley, Chengziyu, Yunfeng Mountain, Baiqi Village, Songshan, Tanghu, the back of Lianggezhuang Mountain, Dayu Mountain, Nanqi Village, Taohuayu, Lizhuang, Gaojiayu, Hugezhuang, Weijiagou, Zhuge VillageEast Golden Dragon North Phoenix White and many other places are widely Xiangdu.The choice of these places is not limited to the boundary between the Eastern and Western Tombs, but also to the good lands of Fengrun, Jixian, Fangshan and Miyun around Beijing.[4]
In February of the 11th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1831), a land named Longquanyu was found in the boundary of Hongzhuang at the west end of Xiling in Yixian County.On the eighth day of November of the same year, at Youshi, Longquanyu was blessed with a prosperous land for thousands of years.[4]
In August of the 15th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1835), the Longquanyu auspicious land project took four years to complete.[4]
On the ninth day of February in the thirtieth year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1850), Emperor Xianfeng declared the cabinet to designate Longquanyu as "Muling".[4]
On the second day of March in the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1852), Emperor Daoguang and the late Empress Xiaoquan Niuhulu (the birth mother of Emperor Xianfeng) were buried in the underground palace.[5]
Architectural pattern
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layout
The overall layout of the Qingmuling architectural complex is based on the geomantic situation. It is organically combined with the natural environment. Along a central axis from south to west, it sits north and faces south in depth. From south to north, it is divided into guiding space, front yard and back yard, with rich spatial levels.The guiding space starts from the five hole stone bridge at the southernmost end, with pine trees on both sides of the Longfeng Gate and Shinto in the north of the bridge.According to the edict of Emperor Daoguang, there is no Shengde Shenggong Stele and Stele Pavilion, no Huabiao and Stone Statues, only Shinto Stele Pavilion.In the east of Beiting, there is a chef reservoir area.Another three hole bridge along the road and five hole bridges on both sides face you, and the north of the bridge is the main mausoleum complex.Chaofang, Banfang and Longen Gate are located on the north platform of the bridge.Within the mausoleum wall, there are two courtyards: front and rear.The front yard is located with Longen Hall and East West Side Hall.The south side of the side hall is equipped with a silk burning furnace (which has been destroyed and can not be saved).There are two rows of tree pools on the east and west sides of Longen Hall, and cypress trees are flourishing.Combined with the geomantic topography, the Longen Hall stretches across the Jade Belt River like Xiaoling and Yuling, but it is wider. Both ends also run through the courtyard walls and meet the manga ditch outside the mausoleum wall.A stone flat bridge with bottle and carved railings is built on the middle span of the Yudai River, and a stone flat bridge without railings is arranged on the left and right.There is no glazed door in the middle of the clip wall separating the front and rear courtyard, but a white stone archway.The back yard in the stone archway is significantly narrowed, with the east-west distance narrower than the north-south distance, and also narrower than the east-west distance of the front yard. The whole mausoleum palace is in a "convex" shape, wide in front and narrow in back.In the backyard, like the former Baohuayu auspicious land, there is no two pillar gate, only five stone offerings.On the ground on both sides of the Shenlu Road, there are two rows of hexagonal tree pools, ten in each row, planted with pines and cypresses.After the five stone offerings, two terraces were raised, three for each, with carved railings.The square big moon platform surrounded by the curved compass wall at the back of the courtyard is centered on a round platform shaped treasure city, without square city buildings, mute bars and glazed screen walls.[5]
Architectural layout of Qing Muling (positive)
Architectural Layout of Qing Muling (Back)
characteristic
The architectural regulation of the Qing Mu Tomb has undergone bold reform and innovation, and the scale of the building has been significantly reduced. Large buildings such as Shengde Shenggong Stele Tower, Stone Statue Life, Erzhumen, Fangcheng, Minglou, etc. have been abolished. There are only 27 buildings, covering an area of 3.04 hectares, which is nearly 5.3 hectares smaller than the Tai Tomb of the Western Qing Tomb.At the same time, the main building structure was reformed. The underground palace was changed from the traditional nine coupons and four doors to four coupons and two doors. Longxu ditch was added in the underground palace.The roof of Long'en Hall has been changed from the double eaved Xieshan Peak with five bays wide to the single eaved Xieshan Peak with three bays wide and an ambulatory.There are no stone railings outside the hall. Copper cranes and deer are removed from the platform, and stone towers and stone sundials are added.The east and west side halls have been changed from the traditional five wide ones to three wide ones.The gate of the mausoleum was changed from three gates to three four pillar stone archways.The three three hole arch bridge in Machaogou in front of Longen Gate was changed into a three hole arch bridge, and a five hole flat bridge was added on both sides.The construction of Mu Mausoleum had a great impact on the mausoleums of later generations. Since then, the imperial mausoleums have no longer built Shengde Shenggong Tablet Tower or two pillar gate.In addition, the appearance of Muling reflects the meaning of "frugality", but its architectural form and materials are not "frugal" compared with those of the previous imperial tombs. The wall of Muling adopts the method of grinding bricks against joints and dry pendulum grouting to the top.All wood components of Longen Hall and East West Side Hall are made of precious golden phoebe, without color painting. The natural color of phoebe is exposed, and the phoebe is directly painted and ironed with wax.[2]
Main buildings
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Main Buildings of Qing Muling
Building name
Introduction to Architecture
Architectural pictures
The dragon and Phoenix gate
Dragon and Phoenix Gate is also called Lingxing Gate.Among the imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was first built according to the system of lighting the Changling Mausoleum.The Longfeng Gate of Muling was operated by Emperor Daoguang after Emperor Kao Jiaqing's Changling when Muling was rebuilt. It is the third Longfeng Gate in the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty.However, the Baohuayu auspicious site of the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty, which was built earlier, used the same five six pillar arch gates as Jingling and Yuling.The dragon and phoenix gate of Muling is a landmark building in the front of the whole mausoleum. It is located in the leading part of the mausoleum group, north of the five hole stone bridge, and horizontally spread in the middle of the Shinto, showing the profound and corresponding scenery of the Shinto, so that those who travel on the Shinto have been shrouded in the solemn atmosphere of the tomb.The Longfeng Gate is in the form of six columns, three gates, four walls, and three floors. It is composed of four glazed facing wall steps standing on the stone structure Xumizuo between the three flame stone archway columns and gates.The surface of the bright room is one zhang four foot eight inch wide, the surface of the secondary room is one zhang four foot five inch wide, the depth is one zhang three foot nine inch deep, and the front and rear sea plasters are two feet deep.[5]
The dismounting sign, also known as dismounting stone sign, is shaped like a stone tablet.Standing in front of the Shinto Stele Pavilion, facing the Shinto on the central axis, it is far away.Beancurd slag stone strips are used as the foundation under the board.The four corners of the platform are made with drum teeth to protect the board body. Ruyi head flower decorations are carved on the front and back of the board body from top to bottom, and the words "officials and others dismount here" are engraved in the middle in Qing, Mongolian and Han characters.Those who visit the mausoleum, regardless of their level, must dismount and walk into the mausoleum to show respect.[4]
The Shinto Stele Pavilion, also known as the Small Stele Tower, is located on the wide square to the north of the Longfeng Gate and the south of the Sanlu Sankong Bridge. It is the beginning of the main building group in the cemetery area.The body of the stele in the pavilion is engraved with the posthumous title of Emperor Daoguang, the temple name and the full text of the tomb name in Mongolian, Manchu and Han characters - "Xuanzong followed the heaven symbol and built the tomb of Emperor Daoguang from the middle body to the literary sage Wu Zhiyong, benevolent, thrifty, diligent, filial, sensitive and lenient".[5][15]
The Muling Divine Kitchen was built with other mausoleums in the Qing Dynasty to store and prepare firewood sacrificial objects. It is an accessory building of the mausoleum. It was built in the east of the Shinto Stele Pavilion to the north. It is a square courtyard facing east and west. The brick pavement is connected with the Shinto.The walls around the Shenchu Warehouse are all made of polished bricks and mortar city bricks. The wall body is decorated with red ash and red mortar. The wall is topped with ice plate eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles to form a ridge.In the middle of the west wall, a gate tower stands on the base of the blue and white stone platform, and the front and back of the gate tower are also made of green and white stone.The gate building wall is the same as the courtyard wall, but it is thicker. It protrudes from the inside and outside of the courtyard wall. Corner pillars are set at each corner of the lower alkali, pressed with waist line stones, and the top is crossed with wood to form a door opening. Inside, a sill frame is set and two solid couch doors are opened, all of which are made of wood and vermilion paint. The door is covered with ice plate eaves, and the top is covered with yellow colored glass to rest on the top of the mountain.There was an original well pavilion outside the south wall of the kitchen, which belonged to the kitchen, and used water to prepare sacrificial food.The well pavilion is a small pavilion with four columns and a single eaves.However, the well pavilion of Muling has been destroyed, leaving only the remains of the foundation.[16]
East and west facing rooms, one for each, are symmetrically arranged on the big platform in the north of Shinto Stele Pavilion and on the two wings of Shinto in front of Long En Gate.Each imperial mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty had its own system.The East Chaofang, also known as the tea pantry, was the place where milk tea and a large number of food were made when sacrificing tombs.Xichaofang, also known as the pastry room or the pastry fruit room, is a place where various pastry foods and seasonal dry and fresh fruits for sacrifice are made and stored.At the same time, the eastern and western courtrooms are also used by officials, cooks and others to stay here temporarily, which is also called the eastern and western wing rooms or two compartments.The barracks, also known as change rooms, duty rooms or guard rooms, are located between the broad walls on both wings of the Long En Gate and the courthouse, built in pairs, facing east and west.Each tomb of the Qing Dynasty has the same form of the guard room, which is the accommodation for the eight flag guards and guards on duty.[15]
Longen Gate is the gate of the main building group of the mausoleum, commonly known as the palace gate.Mulinglong Enmen is located on the Xumizuo stone platform in the middle facing the Shinto.At the front and back of the platform, there are four pillars in the Ming Dynasty, and there are blue and white stone steps to connect with the Shinto.Both sides of the platform foundation are equipped with hand woven treads.The roof of Enmen in Mulinglong is made of yellow glazed single eave Xieshan Mountain.The wooden structure is painted with oil, and the columns and doors are painted with vermilion.The beam frame and other main halls are painted in the color of the whirlpool.The ground, the steps around, the top of each column, and the distraction stones running from front to back in the middle of the three gates are all made of blue and white stone, flat on the face, and the rest are paved with gold bricks.[15]
Long'en Hall, also known as the main hall, is the main building of the whole mausoleum complex and the largest hall.According to the intention of Emperor Daoguang to "show respect for the first type", Muling Longen Hall has consulted the regulations of Fuling and Zhaoling outside the Shanhaiguan Pass in the early Qing Dynasty and made many major changes, becoming the most unique Longen Hall among the Qing imperial tombs inside the Shanhaiguan Pass.Longen Hall is located on the platform of Xumizuo, which is facing the Shinto in the middle.In front of the platform foundation of the main hall, facing the Ming room and two rooms, the platform is connected. The depth of the platform is less than one third of the width of the surface, and the height is the same as the platform foundation of the main hall.The foundation of the main hall and the platform are both made of blue and white stone, and the surrounding area is of the same Xumizuo style. The guard posts and boards on them are not like those on other imperial tombs, and there is no dragon head on the four corners of the platform.A pair of bronze tripods were displayed on the platform, and the bronze cranes and deer were cut off. However, in the southeast corner of the platform, a stone carved square building with a Xumizuo bottom and a four pointed roof was added. In the southwest corner, a stone sundial with a base was added, which is the only one found in the imperial tombs.[15]
The side hall is divided into the east side hall and the west side hall, also known as the east side hall and the west side hall. It is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the Shinto in the Longen Gate yard, facing east and west.Due to the reduced regulation of Muling, the width of the side hall was reduced from the previous five bay imperial mausoleum to three bay imperial mausoleum.The method of grinding bricks from the bottom to the top of the exterior wall is completely different from the traditional method of hanging gray and red on the walls of other imperial tombs.The west side hall is the place where Lamas chant scriptures on the annual anniversary of the emperor's death.The east side hall was additionally decorated before the Emperor Daoguang offered his services to the three late Empress Zigong.At the same time, the east side hall is also the place where Zhuban, Zhubo and other sacrifices are prepared before the sacrifice.The Hall of Enjoyment is also in the east side hall for the repair of the Hall of Enjoyment, temporary worship of the main plaque and sacrifices of the gods.Compared with other imperial mausoleums, the side hall of Muling is smaller in scale but more refined in practice, forming a beautiful and elegant artistic effect.[16]
The system reform of Muling replaced the three glazed flower gates in other imperial mausoleums with stone arches, which is the only exception among the imperial mausoleums.The function of the stone memorial archway is equivalent to the glazed flower gate, and it is also the symbol of dividing the boundary of the mausoleum building "front and back".[16]
The Five Stone Sacrifices, also known as the Five Stone Sacrifices on the Platform, are placed in the center of the Shinto in the mausoleum gate, facing the Baoding in the north.There is no two pillar door in front of Shi Wugong.It is an important place for sacrificial activities in the sacrificial rites of the mausoleum.[16]
Baocheng Baoding is a protective and classical structure built outside the underground palace.The surrounding buildings of Muling Underground Palace have not built the regular Fangcheng Minglou, Yaba Courtyard, Crescent City and glazed screen wall. Only in the center of the square platform surrounded by the compass wall is a round platform shaped treasure city, whose size is only half of other imperial tombs, and the shape is extremely simple, which is also the only example of imperial tombs in the Qing Dynasty.[16]
Xuanzong of the Qing DynastyDaoguang emperor Min Ning, Aixin Jueluo.He was born in the Xiefang Hall of the Forbidden City on August 10, 1782, the 47th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty.Qing Renzong, the second son and mother of Emperor JiaqingEmpress Xiaoshurui Hitara.In the fourth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1799), he was secretly established as Crown Prince.In the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813) of the Qing Dynasty, he was granted the title of Prince Zhi.In 1820, the 25th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, the emperor was enthroned.After the Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, he was eager to work hard for governance and eliminate disadvantages.We will reform water transport and salt administration.The ticket salt system made the salt policy of Huaihe River and Huaihe River "eliminate the disadvantages and clear the wind".The ban on the exploitation of some mineral deposits was lifted, and it was advocated that the natural benefits of heaven and earth should be returned to the world.Rectify the administration of officials and curb extravagance.Due to the serious harm caused by the proliferation of opium to China, in the 18th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1838), Emperor Daoguang completely abandoned the wrong idea of the anti ban group, adopted the proposal of the anti ban group, and implemented the anti smoking policy in China.In order to maintain the opium trade and open the door to China, Britain launched a war of aggression against China.Emperor Daoguang was ignorant of the world trend and lacked the necessary ideological and material preparation for the war against aggression. During the whole war, he was unable to determine the overall strategic policy and formulate a practical strategic deployment, resulting in the failure of the war against aggression.In July of the 22nd year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1842), representatives sent by the Qing government signed the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history under the threat of the British fleet's muzzle and the British army's imminent capture of NanjingSino British Treaty of Nanjing。Later, it signed a contract with the United StatesWangxia Treaty, signed the Whampoa Treaty with France.On the eleventh day of the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1850), Emperor Daoguang died at Shendetang in the Old Summer Palace.The posthumous title of the emperor was Wu Zhiyong, the sage of literature, benevolent, thrifty, diligent, filial, and lenient.The temple was named Xuanzong, and was buried in the Muling Tomb of the Qingxi Tomb in Yixian County, Hebei Province.[8]
Just bury the queen
I want to bury the queen of Mu Ling
queen
The Queen's Life
Portrait of the Queen
Empress Xiaomucheng
Xuanzong of the Qing DynastyEmpress Xiaomucheng The Nuhu Lu family (1781-1808) was the daughter of Buyan Dalai, the first son of the Minister of Household.In the first year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1796), Emperor Renzong of the Qing Dynasty granted the title of Difujin to Prince Minning.He died in the 13th year of Jiaqing (1808) of the Qing Dynasty.Wang Zuocun was first buried.Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne and was crowned Queen.In the first year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1821), the posthumous title was Empress Xiaomu.In September of 1827, the seventh year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty, Baohua Valley of the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty was buried from the funeral palace.As the underground palace was flooded, in December of the 15th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1835), it was moved to the Muling of the Western Qing Tomb, which was built by Xuanzong.The Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne and added a posthumous title, which is similar to the Imperial Ancestral Temple.In the first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1875), a posthumous title was added to the title of Empress Xiao Mu, Wen Hou, Zhuang Su, Duan Cheng, Ke Hui, Kuan Qin Fu, Tian Yu and Sheng Cheng.
Portrait of Empress Xiao Mucheng
Empress Xiaoshencheng
Xuanzong of the Qing DynastyEmpress Xiaoshencheng Tong Jia (1790-1833) was the daughter of Shu Ming'a, a third class Chengen Gong.When Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty was the emperor's son, he directly blessed the Nuhu Lu family in the Jin Dynasty.In the 13th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1808), Emperor Renzong of the Qing Dynasty granted the book as the successor of the Emperor Fujin.If you grow a girl, you die young.Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne and became queen in November of the second year of Daoguang's reign (1822).He died in the 13th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1833).Upper posthumous title.In the 15th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1835), the Longquanyu Valley of the Western Tomb of the Qing Dynasty was buried, which is the Muling of Emperor Xuanzong.The Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne and added a posthumous title, which is similar to the Imperial Ancestral Temple.In the first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1875), the posthumous title was added, which was Xiaoshen, Minsu, Zheshun and Yicheng, Huidun, Kexi, Tianyi and Shengcheng, empress.
Xuanzong of the Qing DynastyEmpress Xiaoquancheng The Nuhu Lu family (1808-1840) was the daughter of Yiling, a second class bodyguard and a first class man.In the first year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1821), he entered the palace and was entitled Quanbin.In the third year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1823), Jin was granted the title of Imperial Concubine Quan.In the fourth year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1824), she was promoted to Quan Guifei.Have three daughters and four daughters.In June of the 11th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1831), the fourth son of the emperor, Yi Ф, was born.In the 13th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1833), Jin was granted the title of imperial concubine and took charge of six palace affairs.In October of the 14th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1834), she was appointed Queen.He died in 1840, the 20th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty.Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty granted the posthumous title of Empress Xiaoquan to bury the Longquan Valley of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty.After the Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he had a posthumous title, which was just like the Temple of God.In the first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1875), the posthumous title was added to the title of Empress Xiao Quan, Ci Jing, Kuan Ren Duan, Yi An, Hui Cheng, Min Fu, Tian Du and Sheng Cheng.
Portrait of Empress Xiao Quancheng
reference material:[9-13]
academic research
Origin of the name of Mu Ling
The reason why Emperor Daoguang chose the word "Mu" to name the mausoleum was speculated by some later generations because the Qing Empire was in a situation of political exhaustion and rapid decline. Whether the domestic uprisings were in turmoil or the Western powers were looking at the divine land, Emperor Daoguang, who was unable to return to politics, was powerless.No matter in the distant future, the ancestor Nurhachi galloped on a horse and made great contributions to the founding of the Qing Dynasty.At the peak of Kangyong and Qianlong, the national strength was strong and rich, and the people were peaceful and peaceful, which was incomparable to his Daoguang Emperor.Even his father, Emperor Jiaqing, had been in power for twenty-five years, and he was able to fulfill his duty as the leader of success and delay the decline of Aixin Jueluo's family.The Emperor Daoguang had been in charge of Longting for 15 years, but the Qing Dynasty was in a precarious situation.In retrospect, Emperor Daoguang could not help admiring the merits and virtues of his ancestors.[6]
Reasons for Emperor Daoguang's Finalization of Longquanyu in Xiling
On the left side of the platform in front of the Longen Hall of the Qing Muling, there is a stone building engraved with two poems of Emperor Daoguang.Among them, the meaning of the two poems, "The gloomy mountains and rivers are connected to the king's spirit, and sorrow and grief are close to the mausoleum" and "Looking east at the Zhufu and looking close, and being merciful and lingering", expresses the Emperor Daoguang's feeling that Longquan Valley in the Western Mausoleum is not only good in geomancy, but also close to his parents' tombs, which can make him more often nostalgic for their kindness.In the notes on the poem, Emperor Daoguang expressed more frankly that the regulation of Jianling was in line with his original intention.Longquanyu Mouling is located in the west of Changling, his parents' mausoleum, about eight miles away from each other. It comes down in one continuous line. It is the place he particularly yearns for and fully meets his ordinary wishes.Longquanyu auspicious land is close to Changling, with Cuiping Mountain as the barrier, connected with the auspicious atmosphere of Qiaoshan, and arranged in order.The Emperor Daoguang felt that this was the magnificent mountain given by heaven, which could deeply express his gratitude to his father.Therefore, Emperor Daoguang finally chose Longquanyu because Longquanyu (Muling) is close to his parents' Changling, and can often rely on their parents to realize his wish of "burying his son with his father" for many years.[7]
The reason why Emperor Xianfeng did not build the Minglou of Muling Fangcheng
Because Emperor Daoguang, in his posthumous edict, requested that the tomb name be engraved on the Ming Tower stele after his death,emperor xianfeng At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he made a concrete attempt to build Fangcheng Minglou and erect Minglou Stele for Muling.Shortly after Emperor Xianfeng succeeded in unification, he appointed officials, Lei Jingxiu and other outstanding stylists (i.e. architects) to investigate the Eastern and Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, mapped the Fangcheng Minglou of all the imperial and Houling tombs, including the Baohuayu ten thousand year old auspicious site abandoned by Emperor Daoguang, and raised relevant files. Finally, combined with the existing pattern of Muling,The plan of rebuilding Baocheng and adding Fangcheng Minglou has been drawn up.In the design scheme, the original underground palace is kept still, and a narrow horseway is developed around the city. The outer wall is built with battlements, and the south side is integrated with the square city in front of the Baoding. There is no dumb bar, crescent moon city, and glazed screen wall between the square city and the Baoding, and the square city gate hole ticket is not connected. At the end of the gate hole ticket, there is a so-called "picking up the way ticket" on the left and right, with built-in steps,Go up through both sides of the square city, pass the turning platform and the northward rotating step, you can climb to the top of the treasure, or turn south along the horse path of the treasure city to reach the double eaves Minglou in the center of the square city.However, there is no Fangcheng Minglou in the existing pattern of Muling.The first reason is the limitation of the original underground palace, the size of the treasure city and the terrain before and after the Muling.Despite repeated adjustments, the final plan of the Fangcheng Minglou is only roughly similar to the shape of Zhaoxi Mausoleum, Xiaodong Mausoleum and Taidong Mausoleum in the early Qing Dynasty, and its scale is smaller, which cannot be compared with the former imperial mausoleums such as Xiaoling Mausoleum, Jingling Mausoleum, Yuling Mausoleum and Changling Mausoleum.If it was reluctantly built, it could not be unified with other imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty. On the contrary, its scale was far inferior to that of the former emperors and empresses, and it lost its dignity.Secondly, as for Emperor Xianfeng, the successor emperor, at that time, after the defeat of the Opium War, the country suffered from internal and external troubles and was short of money. However, Xiaohe and his empress Niuhulu (Qing Renzong, the empress of Emperor Jiaqing) died shortly before the death of Emperor Daoguang. As a rule, it was necessary to separately fund her to build a mausoleum, the later Changxi Mausoleum;Dahang Emperor Daoguang's Feng'an ceremony is imminent, and it will cost millions of silver, so he has no ability to spend huge amounts of money to rebuild Muling.Secondly, Empress Xiaomu and Empress Xiaoshen of Emperor Daoguang have been resting in the Muling Underground Palace for a long time. Once the construction starts, they will be shocked. This undoubtedly constitutes a thorny problem involving many taboos.Under the restriction of many factors above, the design scheme of adding and repairing Fangcheng Minglou was not implemented finally.[5]
Cultural relic value
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As a major royal project of the Daoguang Dynasty, the construction of the Qing Muling reflects the political, economic, scientific, ideological, cultural and artistic conditions of the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty.The demolition and construction of Muling and the reduction of the regulation of traditional imperial mausoleums (the first of the Qing Dynasty's mausoleums to cut the Shengde and Shenggong steles, stone statues, Minglou, Baocheng, etc.) make Muling the most special one of the nine imperial mausoleums that have been operated since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.It truly recorded the historical track of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline, from feudal society to semi feudal and semi colonial.At the same time, it also brought many influences on the mausoleums of later generations.For example, by adding Longxu Ditch, the plane of the whole building complex has changed from wide in the front to narrow in the back, and the Shengong Shengde Tablet Tower and the two pillar gate have been abolished[2], which was imitated by later imperial tombs.The striking of Fangcheng Minglou was imitated by the later Changxi Mausoleum and Mudong Mausoleum.Muling also disrupted for the first time the "Zhaomu system" of the separation of eastern and western tombs set by the Emperor Qianlong.Therefore, the study of Mu Mausoleum is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of the changes of the mausoleum system in the Qing Dynasty.[1]
The study of Qing Muling is also one of the bases for evaluating Emperor Daoguang.During the construction of the mausoleum, the emperor's activities were relatively frequent. Through the study of the Qing emperors' activities around the mausoleum, we can understand their thoughts and personalities, as well as their influence on major historical events.In fact, the demolition and construction of Muling involve the ideals and pursuits of Emperor Daoguang himself, which has certain reference value for the study of the history of the Qing Dynasty.[1]
The nanmu carving in the Mausoleum Hall of the Qing Dynasty broke through the way of painting other imperial mausoleums. It was painted and ironed on logs with wax and decorated with thousands of nanmu carved dragons, which has corresponding artistic and historical research value.[3]
In 2012, during the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" period, the relevant departments of the Chinese state once protected and maintained the Mulinglong Grace Hall, the east and west side halls, and the stone components.[18]
Institutional setup
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The administrative department "Cultural Relics Management Office of the Western Qing Tombs" is set up in the Western Qing Tombs cemetery where the Qing Mu Tombs are located.The main function of the Cultural Relics Management Office of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty is to protect, research and reasonably develop the entire area of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty.Specific responsibilities include the protection and maintenance of the cultural relics of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty and the protection of the original surrounding features;Cultural excavation and Qing history study of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty;Under the cultural relics protection policy of "protection first, rescue first, rational utilization and strengthened management", the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty were moderately developed and utilized.[19]
Tourism information
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geographical position
Qing Muling is located in Hebei ProvinceBaoding CityLongquanyu Valley in the west of Qingxi Mausoleum in Yixian County.[2][5]
The geographical position of Muling in the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty
Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty - Muling
Opening Hours
Opening Hours of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty
Peak season
[From April 1 to October 31 of each year]
Off season
[November 1 of each year to March 31 of the next year]
8:00—17:30
8:30—17:00
reference material:[20][22]
Ticket information
Ticket price of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty
Ticket purchase type
Peak season
[From April 1 to October 31 of each year]
Off season
[November 1 of each year to March 31 of the next year]
Tourist attraction pass
108 yuan/person, valid for 2 days
(Tai Mausoleum, Chong Mausoleum, Changxi Mausoleum, Mu Mausoleum, Yongfu Temple)
80 yuan/person, valid for 2 days
(Tai Mausoleum, Chong Mausoleum, Changxi Mausoleum, Mu Mausoleum, Yongfu Temple)
Single scenic spot tickets
Tickets can be purchased after 2:00 p.m
Tailing: 45 yuan/person
Chongling: 45 yuan/person
Changxi Mausoleum: 20 yuan/person
Muling: 10 yuan/person
Yongfu Temple: 15 yuan/person
Tickets can be purchased after 2:00 p.m
Tailing: 35 yuan/person
Chongling: 35 yuan/person
Changxi Mausoleum: 15 yuan/person
Muling: 10 yuan/person
Yongfu Temple: 15 yuan/person
favoured policy:
1. Active servicemen, ex servicemen, disabled people, children under 1.2m, elderly people over 70 years old, and unpaid blood donors can get free tickets at the ticket office of the scenic spot with their valid certificates.
2. Primary and middle school students, college students, and elderly people aged 60 to 69 can enjoy the preferential policy of half price of scenic spot tickets with their valid certificates.[20]
Scenic Spot Route
Free minibuses are available in the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty.[22]The tour route is divided into Line 1 and Line 2. Line 1: comprehensive service area - Tailing - Chongling - Yongfu Temple;Line 2: Tailing Changxiling Muling, Line 1 and Line 2 transfer at the parking lot of Tailing Service Area (free of charge).
Operation time: 8:00 a.m. - 5:40 p.m. from April 1 to October 31 in peak season, 8:30 a.m. - 5:10 p.m. from November 1 to March 31 in slack season.[23]
External traffic
Public transportation
Tourists can take the train from Baoding and Gaobeidian Railway Station.After getting off at Baoding Station, you can take bus No.681 and No.981 to Yixian Bus Station from Baoding Central Passenger Station to Yixian County, and then take bus No.9 at Yixian Bus Station to the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of Qingxiling Scenic Area;After getting off at Gaobeidian, you can take the shuttle bus to Yixian Bus Station on National Highway 112, and then take No. 9 bus at Yixian Bus Station to the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of Qingxiling Scenic Area.[23]
Self driving travel
Self driving Travel Guide of Western Tombs Scenic Area of the Qing Dynasty
Departure direction
Driving route
Beijing
Beijing Kunming Expressway turns to Zhangjiakou Shijiazhuang Expressway and goes down the Xiling Exit. After turning right and going straight for 2 kilometers, you can reach the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of the Qingxiling Scenic Area. It's 98 kilometers long and takes about an hour
Shijiazhuang
Beijing Kunming Expressway turns to Zhangjiakou Shijiazhuang Expressway and goes down the Xiling Exit. Turn right and go straight for 2 kilometers to reach the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of the Qingxiling Scenic Area. It takes about 160 kilometers and 3 hours
Tianjin
Rongwu Expressway, Beijing Kunming Expressway, and then turn to the Xiling Exit of Zhangjiakou Shijiazhuang Expressway. Turn right and go straight for 2 kilometers to reach the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of Qingxiling Scenic Area. It takes about 160 kilometers and 3 hours
da tong
Zhangjiakou
You can reach the Comprehensive Service Center (ticket office) of Qingxiling Scenic Area by turning from Beijing Dalian Expressway to Zhangjiakou Shijiazhuang Expressway, which is 180 kilometers away and takes about 3 and a half hours
Taiyuan
Shitai Expressway, Beijing Kunming Expressway, and then turn to the Xiling Exit of Zhangjiakou Shijiazhuang Expressway. Turn right and go straight for 2 kilometers to reach the comprehensive service center (ticket office) of Qingxiling Scenic Area. It takes about 400 kilometers and 5 hours
