synonymMunich(the capital of Bavaria, Germany) generally refers to Munich
Munich（German：München，english: Munich) was built in 1158 and located inFederal Republic of Germanysouth,The AlpsThe north foot isGermanyOne of the major economic, cultural, technological and transportation centers.Munich is the largest city in southern Germany and the third largest city in Germany[1][14]。
Munich is bothEuropeOne of the most prosperous and modern cities, while retaining the local traditional simple customs, it is known as the most beautiful“courtCultural center ", the long and rich history endows the city with rich cultural atmosphere and the style of a king capital.Per capita in Munich in 2018gross domestic productAbout 103000 euros[20]The price level ranks first in Germany[16][21]。
Munich is the modern cultural center of Germany, second only toNew YorkThe world's second largest publishing city.As a famous sports city, Munich was once held in 1972Summer Olympics, famousBayern Munichfootball clubThe home court is also located here[16]。In addition, Munich has been listed as the most livable city in the world for many times.
The earliest settlements in Munich can be traced back toImperium RomanumPeriod.
In the eighth century, there was aBenedictine Monastery Therefore, the place name Munich means "the place of monks" in German.
Munich emblem
1158It is the year when Munich was first seen in the literature, so it is presumed to be the year when the city was founded.
In 1175, Munich officially obtained its city identity and established a fortress.
In 1180, Henry the Lion was sentenced when he lost power,Otto I Becoming the Duke of Bavaria, he gave Munich to Bishop Freising.Successor of Bishop OttoHouse of Wittelsbach He ruled Bavaria until 1218.
In 1240, Munich was handed over to the Duke of BavariaOtto II 。
1255,The Principality of BavariaDivided into two parts, Munich became the capital of the Principality of Upper Bavaria, starting the history of the city as a capital.
1328, Duke of Upper BavariaLouis IV Crowned asHoly Roman Empireemperor.He gave the city the franchise of salt and obtained a stable source of income, so that the city's status was improved.Munich is fromSalzreachAugsburgThe main ferry on the road.During his reign, he took Munich as the imperial capital, expanded the city wall, and laid the scale of the old city.
In 1327, most of the city was burned down by a fire and then rebuilt. A few years later, a new fortress was expanded.
In 1429, part of Munich was burned down again.Considering the threat of the Husi Sect, the citizens expanded the fortress.Munich experiencedgothicRevival of Munich - the old city hall has been expanded, and a new cathedral Munich has been built within 20 yearsNotre Dame Church(Built in 1468), the two green domed brick bell towers of the Cathedral became the symbol of the city.
In 1506, Munich began to become the wholeBavariaThe capital of.Art and politics are increasingly influenced by the court.In the 16th century, Munich was a German antiReformationAnd GermanyRenaissance artCenter of[3]。
In 1634,Black DeathBy 1635, one third of the population had died.Then Munich quickly becameBaroque artCenter of.
After Maximilian II, Munich was onceHabsburg DynastyControl for several years.In 1742, the Bavarian Elector under the Wittelsbach DynastyCharlie AlbertCoronation as Holy Roman EmperorCharles VII HabsburgMaria TheresaMunich was captured.
In 1745, Charles VII died, and his son Maximilian III chose the path of peaceful development.In 1759, Maximilian III established the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the city's first academic institution.After 1789, the ancientthe medieval timesFortress, built English garden.
In 1806, Bavaria was upgraded from a principality to a kingdom, and Munich was also upgraded to a royal capital, with a parliament (Landtag) and the newly established Munich Freisin Archdiocese.The whole 19th century was the time when Munich developed rapidly, and its population increased from 50000 to 500000.Most of the kings and princes of the past dynasties paid attention to urban construction, building palaces, and even building whole streets, which improved the urban appearance.After the unification of Germany in 1871, Munich remained the king's capital until 1918.
War devastation
Munich
1914the First World WarAfter the outbreak, life in Munich became very difficult.The Allies blockaded Germany, resulting in a serious shortage of food and fuel.After the First World War, Munich became the center of political turmoil.
1918German November Revolutioneve,Ludwig III (Bavaria) The family fled Munich.In February 1919, Kurt Eisner, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Bavaria, was assassinated by Anton Graf von Arco Valey, a member of the right wing organization Thule Gesellschaft (seeLegend of stabbing on the back）At that time, the Communist Party seized power and establishedBavarian Soviet Republic （Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik）。
On May 3, 1919, the Soviet Republic was suppressed by the Freedom Corps by bloody means, and the government of the Republic was restored. Munich subsequently became a hotbed of right-wing politics.
In 1923,HitlerAnd his supporters (who were all concentrated in Munich at that time)“Beer Hall Putsch ”, rateStormtrooperArrest the local officer and attempt to overthrow himWeimar Republic To seize power.
In 1933,Nazi PartyAfter Germany came to power, Munich became a Nazi stronghold again.The Nazis were 16 kilometers northwest of MunichDahaoEstablished the firstconcentration camp。As Munich was the birthplace of the rise of the Nazis, the Nazis called the city "Hauptstadt der Bewegung".The headquarters of the Nazi Party is located in Munich. There are many leader buildings (F ü hrerbauten) near the King's Square, some of which have been preserved.
During the Second World War, Munich was successively subjected to 71 air raids by the Allies, more than a quarter of the urban buildings were damaged, and many places were razed to the ground.
Post-war reconstruction
In 1945, after the American occupation, compared with other German cities destroyed by the war, Munich was rebuilt according to its pre war scale, and even maintained its pre war street pattern.Moreover, many new buildings with unique shapes have further developed the city and become the largest city in southern Germany.
In 1957, Munich's population exceeded 1 million[3]。
In 1972, Munich defeated in the voteMontreal、Madrid、DetroitLater, he hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics[4]。
administrative division
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Munich Zoning Map
Munich carried out the regionalization reform in 1992, which is divided into 25 districts.
Munich is located at 48 ° 08 'north latitude and 11 ° 35' east longitude, on the Upper Bavarian High Plain in the Bavarian Free State in southern Germany. It is about 45 kilometers away from the northern foot of the Alps, with an altitude of about 520 meters.
topographic features
Munich is located in the Alpine glacier front.The city is located on a sandy highland. The northern part of this highland is a very fertile flint area, which is no longer affected by the Alpine fold movement;In the southmoraine hill 。Located near Munich between the two zonesGlaciationThe ice water sedimentary belt formed.Where the sediments become thinner, groundwater seeps into the surface of the gravel layer and fills the area, leading to the formation of swamps in northern Munich.
hydrology
the danubeThe Isar River, a tributary of Munich, runs through the city from southwest to northeast, and is the main river of Munich, stretching 13.7 kilometers.
Climatic characteristics
Munich belongs toContinental climateAnd was strongly influenced by the neighboring Alps.As the city is close to the north slope of the Alps, the altitude difference is large and the precipitation is large.Heavy rain often falls unexpectedly.The temperature difference between day and night, winter and summer is very large.The hot, dry foehn from the Alps can completely change the temperature in a few hours, even in winter.
Munich's winter lasts from December to March, which is quite cold, but it seldom snows in winter.The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of minus 2 ℃.Snow will cover for at least 2 weeks in winter.Munich is warm in summer (May September), and the average temperature in the hottest July is 19 ℃.
Munich is rich in water resources. Due to the natural advantage of high in the south and low in the north, a large amount of ice and snow melt water from the Alps andsurface runoffIt merges with each other and converges into many rivers, and the average annual flow of the main Isar River is 185 square meters/second.
Munich has hundreds of large and small lakes. The water of the lakes is mainly the product of early glaciation in the AlpsStaenberg Lake、King Lake, Alpine Lake, etc., of which the area of Starnberg Lake is 57.2 square kilometers[5]。
Forest resources
Munich is located at the foot of the Alps and is relatively rich in forest resources.Around Munich, there are many forests. The suburban forests are up to 5000 hectares. There is a large area of forest belt along the Isar River. The width of these forests is 10 to 20 kilometers. The main trees areChina fir[5]。
mineral resources
Munich is in a zone where mineral resources are scarce. There are only iron ore resources around Munich, and there areligniteThe storage resources largely depend on the northern region of Germany and foreign imports[6]。
energy resources
Munich also lacks energy. There are oil resources and natural gas resources in the southeast of Munich, while there is almost no energy industry in the west and north[6]。
population
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Population and nationality
In July 2007, Munich had a population of 1.34 million, of which 300129 were non German nationals.The city has a largeturkandbalkanHuman groups.Turks (43309) have the largest number of foreigners, followed byalbanian(30385 persons)Croats(24866 persons)Serb(24439 persons)Greek(22486 persons)Austrian(21411 persons) andItalian（20,847）。37% of foreigners come fromeuropean unioncountry.Grand Munichurban areaThere are 2.6 million residents in total.
In 1700, the population of Munich was only 24000. Since then, it has doubled every 30 years to more than 100000 in 1852, 250000 in 1883 and 500000 in 1901.At this time, Munich became one of the major cities in Germany.The population of Munich reached 840000 in 1933 and more than 1 million in 1957.
Maria is the patron saint of Bavaria and stands with Maria columnMaria SquareIt is the oldest central square in the inner city, the center of the pedestrian street, the stage for large-scale activities, and the ideal starting point for exploring the city.The new city hall in the new Gothic style and its prominent facade are particularly eye-catching on the square. The magic clock in the bell tower of the city hall sounds melodious and loud.
Wittelsbacher Residenz is located in the inner city, integratingThe Renaissance、Baroque、rococoandclassicismIt used to be the city palace of Munich and the temporary palace of the Duke, Elector and King of Bavaria.This magnificent official residence of rulers evolved from the water castle built around 1385, demonstrating the artistic appreciation and political ideas of the Haus Wittelsbach family.In 1920, the magnificent palace opened to the public as a museum.This complex includes 10 palaces, and the museum is composed of 130 exhibition halls. It is regarded as one of the most important palace art museums in Europe today[7]。
Viktualian Market
No one in the inner city can compete with Viktualianmarkt, which has a huge market area and provides a full range of special products.There is always a sea of people here. People crowding from one booth to another compete to buy spices, game, fresh fish, local and foreign fruits, flowers, plants and other products. It is an unparalleled visual enjoyment to just look at them.There is also the most central outdoor beer hall in the city, where you can enjoy beer and local food with all kinds of people.In addition, there are alsoMay Day(Maibaumufstellen), Brauertag, Sommerfest, Tanz der Marktfrauen and other traditional activities[8]。
Food and specialty
Thüringer Bratwurst
White sausage with sweet mustard and bagels
The Germans have been cooking Thuringia sausage for 600 years.As early asGoetheIn the era of life, this kind of food has come into people's sight.However, in addition to porkBlackhorn orchid、Caraway seedIn addition to garlic, nearly 3000 Thuringia meat shops are very secretive about other raw materials.The only thing that can be determined is that sausages must be roasted with charcoal, weighing about 150 grams.When you come here, you must try this "take out snack" of Thuringia with authentic Thuringia mustard.In addition, it is located in Arnstadt（Arnstadt）The earliest record of Thuringian roast sausage can be traced back to 1404.
Weisswurst
Bavarian white sausageBeef and pork with onions and freshparsleyIt is refined and is the most famous specialty food in Bavaria.The traditional way of eating sausage is to heat it in hot water, then add sweet mustard sauce, Brezel (pretzel) and a cup of Bavarian beer.Skilled diners can even suck the meat out of the sausage skin with their mouths. Only beginners and novices need to use knives and forks to help.
Local customs
2003 Munich Beer Festival
Oktoberfest MunichIt can be traced back to 1810.The official celebration lasted five days.People gathered on the lawn outside Munich to sing, dance, watch horse races and drink beer.Since then, this activity has been continued and handed down to the present.From the third Saturday in September to the first Sunday in October every year, it is fixed as the Beer Festival.In history, apart from the interruption due to war and cholera, the Munich Oktoberfest has been held for 181 times (up to 2014).
The Oktoberfest is the most famous festival in Munich. It was first held on October 12, 1810, to celebrate the crown prince of BavariaLudwig IAnd Princess Teresa of Saxony Hildberg Hausen.
Culture
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Munich is one of the major cultural centers in Europerichard strauss 、Carl Orff And many other outstanding composers.There are more than 3000 galleries, more than 50 museums, 4 opera houses, 3 world-class symphony orchestras, and many bookstores in the city... A large number of cultural and artistic facilities show that Munich people love art.
As early as Napoleon swept Europe, Munich has become an important art town of the Kingdom of Bavaria.Art sublimates the charm of Munich.
Munich State Opera House
In Munich, outstanding literary figures were especially concentrated in the last century of the Kingdom of Bavaria, such as Paul John Ludwig von HesseRainer Maria Rilke andFrank Wedekind （Frank Wedekind）。
On the eve of the First World War, Munich had a particularly prominent position in terms of economy and culture.Munich, especially the suburb of Schwabing, has become a home for many artists and writers.Thomas MannI also live here to write.During the Weimar Republic, Munich was still the center of cultural life,Bertolt Brecht andOscar Maria GraffEverything was very active.In 1919, Bavaria Film Studios was founded.
Since 1911ExpressionismArt groupsBlue Knight(Der Blaue Reiter) Since its establishment in Munich, Munich has become an important gathering place for painters, such as Carl RottmannWilhelm von Kaulbach （Wilhelm von Kaulbach）。The city has blue knight paintersWassily Kandinsky 、Alexej von Jawlensky (Alexej von Jawlensky) et al.
Munich is the largest publishing center in Europe, second only toNew York。Well known publishing industries such asSueddeutsche Zeitung 、Bavarian Messenger、Focus Magazine、Bertelsmann GroupOur headquarters are located in Munich.In 1900,LeninAll Russian Marxist Secret Newspaper《Mars News》The first issue was published in Munich.
Economic overview
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overview
Munich is one of the three cities with a population of more than one million in Germanyunemployment rateThe lowest (5.6%, the other two cities areBerlinandhamburger）。The city is also the economic center of southern Germany.In the third comparative survey in 2006, Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft and WirtschaftsWoche rated Munich as having the highest score.In February 2005, when Capital magazine looked into the economic prospects of 60 German cities from 2002 to 2011, Munich was ranked first.Munich is listed as a global city, one of the centers of Germany's new economy, and the center of bioengineering, software and service industriesbmw(Automobile)Siemens?(Electronic)Allianz Insurance、Munich Re(Munich Re), MAN AG (truck manufacturing), MTU Aero Engines (aircraft engine manufacturing), Krauss Maffei (injection molding machine manufacturing), Arri (camera and lighting equipment)Infineon(Semiconductor, headquartered in the suburb of Neubiberg) and other large companies.In addition,McDonald's、Microsoft、Cisco、Abbott(Precision Plus) and many other multinational companies also have their European headquarters in Munich.In 2007, among cities with a population of more than 500000 in Germany, Munich ranked first with a per capita purchasing power of 26648 euros.In 2020, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and UN Habitat jointly released《Global Urban Competitiveness Report》Munich ranked 5th in the "Global Urban Economic Competitiveness List"[22-23]。
primary industry
Munich's agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery and other industries are developing in a balanced way, and the degree of mechanization is high. It is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises and family enterprises, and the per capita land occupation is 58.6 hectares. In 2013, the employed population of agriculture, forestry and fishery accounted for 1.5% of the total employment in China.The output value of agriculture, forestry and fishery accounts for about 0.7% of the GDP.Since the 1990s, the Munich Municipal Government has implemented the "Green Belt Project" in suburban rural areas. While developing ecological agriculture and strengthening environmental protection, it has vigorously developed creative agriculture and made use of the production, living and ecological resources in suburban rural areas.Give full play to creativity and innovative ideas, develop and design unique creative agricultural products and activities, and then enhance the value and output value of modern agriculture.Create new and high-quality agricultural products, rural consumer markets and tourism markets.
the secondary industry
Munich is located in the emerging high-tech industrial zone, where industrial industry andLaser technology、NanotechnologyEtc. are the main construction directions of the park.Munich has strong strength in heavy industry, especially in automobile manufacturing industry.German science and technology parks started late. The first science park, the West Berlin Innovation and Innovation Center, was established in 1983, but later developed rapidly. By 1992, there were 101 high-tech parks.Among them, theMunich High tech Industrial ParkIt is the most prominent technology park in Germany that encourages high-tech entrepreneurship and development.Munich is the third largest city in Germany and the capital of Bavaria. Munich High tech Park is the research and development center of electronics, microelectronics and electromechanical in Germany, known as the "Bavarian Silicon Valley".
the service sector; the tertiary industry
Munich is the second largest financial center in Germany (only after Frankfurt), and owns Yubao United Bank (United Mortgage Bank,HypoVereinsbank）、Bayerische Landesbank;In the insurance industry, Munich is better than Frankfurt,Allianz InsuranceCompany andMunich ReThe headquarters of Munich Re are all located here.
social undertakings
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Politics
As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is one of the important political centers in Germany. The Bavarian Parliament, the Chairman of the State Council of Ministers (Staatskanzlei) and all the administrative departments of the state are located in this city.Munich also has several national and international institutions, including the Bundesfinanzhof and the European Patent Office.
The current mayor of Munich is Dieter ReiterGerman Social Democratic Party(SPD).After World War II, the German Social Democratic Party has almost always been in power in Munich.On the contrary, other areas of Bavaria are the strongholds of conservatives, governed by Germany, and have won the absolute majority of all previous local, state and federal elections[9]。
education
overview
University of Munich and Munich University of Technology
Munich is in a leading position in the field of scientific research. Both the University of Munich and the Munich University of Technology in the city are world famous universities. The selection committee composed of members of the university and the Federal Ministry of Education and Science has been awarded the title of elite university.Only two universities in Munich and Karlsruhe University have received the honor of the first batch of "elite universities" and millions of euros of funds.The headquarters of Max Planck Institute, Goethe Institute and other academic organizations are set up in Munich.
In terms of medical treatment and health, Munich is one of the best cities in Germany.There are 5 large hospitals in the city with more than 10000 medical staff.Everyone in the city has medical insurance and can see a doctor for free. Community clinics are all over the city.
science and technology
Munich is the center of high-tech industry. The head office of BMW, Siemens and other world-class enterprises is located in Munich.The scientific research and development of Munich University of Technology can be rated as world-class.
Munich High tech Industrial Park, founded in 1984, is a more prominent technology park in Germany that encourages high-tech entrepreneurship and development.The park is jointly invested by the Munich Municipal Government and the Munich Chamber of Commerce.The initial construction area of the park is 2 square kilometers, which is generally welcomed by the business community because it conforms to the development situation of supporting high-tech enterprises.By 1990, the area of the park had expanded twice, with more than 300 electronic companies.In 1992, the government invested in the construction of high-tech enterprise incubation building to help investors reduce the cost of science and technology incubation.The industrial characteristics of the park mainly focus on industrial industry, laser technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology and other fields.
Munich is also one of the expositions cities in Germany. It holds more than 20 expositions every year, such as the International Construction Machinery Expo, the International Handicraft Expo, the International Sporting Goods Expo and the Professional Expo of Electronic Computers and Electronic Components.
Munich once hosted the 1972 Summer Olympic Games, and was also the host city and opening place of the 2006 World Cup.The Olympic Park and Stadium were built for the 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The design of the building is quite unique, inspired by the spider web.The tower is also used as a radio and television tower.In 2006, the 18th World Cup was held on the professional football field in MunichAllianz Stadiumopen.This stadium is the home of Bayern Munich football team, a strong German league team, and can accommodate 75024 spectators.
name
type
time
level
court
Bayern Munich
Football
1900
German Football League A
Allianz Stadium
1860 Munich
Football
1860
German Football League B
Green Forest Stadium
Andaherji
Football
1925
German Football League C
Gnalari Sports Park Stadium
EHC Munich
Ice hockey
-
Bundesliga
-
traffic
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aviation
Munich Public Transport Network
Munich International Airport Located 29 kilometers northeast of Munich, it is one of the most important airports in Europe.Munich International Airport is the second largest airport in Germany (second only toFrankfurt International Airport）And the ninth largest airport in Europe.This airport not only provides passenger aircraft transportation, but also air cargo accounts for the majority. Every year, there are nearly 114000 tons (up 20.1%) transferred by air transport, 100000 tons of goods transferred by road transport, and 23000 tons of air mail. Therefore, it can also be called the second air transport center in Germany.It was opened in 1992 and replaced Munich Riem Airport from 1939 to 1992.
Urban traffic
Compared with its population, Munich has one of the largest urban public transport systems in the world, including the subway (U-Bahn), Munich regional railway (S-Bahn)tram(Trambahn) and bus (Bus), the whole system is jointly managed by Munich Traffic System (M ü nchner Verkehrs und Tariferbund, MVV) and Deutsche Bahn, DB.
Railway
Munchen Hbf (Muenchen Hauptbahnhof) is located in the center of the city, which is the largest station in Germany in terms of passenger flow.In addition, there are two smaller railway stations: Pasing Bahnhof in the western part of the city and Ostbahnhof in Munich.The three railway stations are connected by the public transportation system to form a transportation hub.From Munich to GermanyBerlin, HamburgCologne、FrankfurtThere are direct high-speed trains to major cities such as Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France and other neighboring countries.
In November 2018, the ranking of world cities was released, and Munich entered the ranks of the world's first tier cities.[10]
On November 12, 2019, the "2019 Global Urban Economic Competitiveness List" was released, and Munich ranked 8th;[2]The "2019 Global Sustainable Competitiveness List" was released, and Munich ranked 15th.[10]
