synonymHuishi(Politicians and philosophers of the Song State during the Warring States Period) generally refers to Huizi (politicians and philosophers of the Song State during the Warring States Period)
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Huizi (370-310 BC)[6], Huishi, named Shi, namely Huizi, in the middle of the Warring States PeriodSong State(TodayShangqiu, Henan）People.famouspolitician、thinkerPhilosophers,Famous schoolThe founder and main representative figures ofZhuangziA close friend of.[1-2]
Huizi was one of the six states in the Warring States PeriodSynverticalityThe main organizers and supporters of the anti Qin movement advocated that the Wei StateQi StateandChu StateThey united against the Qin State and suggested that Qi and Wei should respect each other as kings.
Alias
Keiko
Times
Pre Qin
one's native heath
Shangqiu in the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu in Henan)
Key achievements
Famous masterFounders and main representatives of the school
Huishi isSong StatePeople, famous politicians, thinkers and philosophers in the Warring States Period,Famous masterThe beginning of thoughtAncestorAnd the main representatives.He is the Six KingdomsSynverticalityThe main organizers and supporters of the anti Qin movement.
Huishi's political career was mainly in the State of Wei.His outstanding achievements in the Wei Dynasty include: first, "making laws for the Wei Hui King", that is, making laws for the Wei State;Second, the chief conspirator was Qi and the king of Wei, who accompanied the king of Wei Hui to Xuzhou, Qi, to meet the courtKing Qi WeiAnd suggested that Qi and Wei should be the king;Third, advocate "Yanbing" in Qi and Chu, and advocate Wei and Qi and ChuunionAnti Qin.At that time, Zhang Yi was in the Wei Dynasty, so there was a dispute with Huishi. Huishi was driven to Chu, and soon transferred to Song Dynasty. He met with fellow villager Zhuangzi in Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty, to discuss the theory.Hui and Zhuang are friendly and have a close friendship. There was a famous debate between Hao and Liang.
After the death of King Hui of Wei in 319 BC, the State of Wei changed to useGongsun YanFor the prime minister, Zhang Yi fell out of favor and left, and Huishi returned to the State of Wei.He was the envoy of Wei and Chu, and talked with Huang Liao, a southern wonder, about the storm and thunder in the heaven and earth.In 314 BC, he sent Zhao to fight against Qi and Cunyan.[4-5]
Anecdotes and allusions
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The beam of Huizi
HuishiOfknowledgeVery knowledgeable,King of WeiI often listen to Huishi's lectures and appreciate Huishi's erudition.Huishi was also loyal to the King of Wei.
In that year, the prime minister of the State of Wei died, and the king of Wei called for Huishi urgently.After receiving the imperial edict, Huishi immediately got up and went straight to the capital of the State of Wei day and night to take over the post of prime minister.Huishi never took any of his attendants with him. He walked one journey after another. On the way, a big river blocked his way.Huishi was worried about the king of Wei and the state affairs of Wei.As a result, when crossing the river, he slipped and fell into the water.Because Huishi's water quality is not good, he keeps fluttering in the water and is about to sink into the bottom. The situation is very critical.Just then, fortunately, a boatman came and saved Huishi's life.The boatman asked Huishi to get on the boat and asked, "Since you can't water, why don't you wait for the boat to come?"
Zhuangzi
Huishi replied, "Time is pressing, I can't wait!" The boatman asked, "What's so urgent that you can't even think about safety?"
Huishi said, "I want to be the prime minister of Wei."
When the boatman heard this, he felt very funny. Then he looked at Huishi, who was like a drowned rat. His face showed contempt.He laughed at Huishi and said, "Look at the way you fell into the water just now. You can only cry for help. If I hadn't come here, I would have lost my life. Can a man like you who can't even swim water still be the prime minister? It's ridiculous!"
Huishi was very angry when he heard what the boatman said. He said rudely to the boatman, "I can't compare with you when it comes to rowing and swimming. But when it comes to governing the country and stabilizing society, you are probably a dog with my eyes open. Can swimming be compared with governing the country?"
What he said made the boatman dumbfounded.
How can the boatman understand that everything in the world has its own laws, methods and knowledge, and there is no inevitable connection between swimming and governing the country. How can we judge that people can't govern the country by not swimming?In the article, it is not advisable for Huizi and the boatman to satirize each other, and they should look at others with appreciation.
laterWestern Han DynastyLitterateurLiu Xiang's works《Shuoyuan》Recorded inThe beam of Huizi"Liang Xiang died. Hui Zi wanted to cross the river and suddenly fell into the water. The boat man saved him. The boat man said," What's my desire and suddenly? "He said," Liang has no phase, and I want to go to him. "The boat man said," I am trapped in the boat, and without me, I am dead. How can I meet Liang? "Hui Zi said," If I live in the boat, I am not as good as my son. ";As for the security of the country and the whole country, the sons are inferior to me. They are as obscure as the ears of dogs that don't see them. "
Zhang Yi pushed Huishi out of the court of the State of Wei, and Huishi came to the State of Chu,King of ChuHe was received.
Feng Hao, the minister, said to the king of Chu, "It was Zhang Yi who pushed Huishi away. The king made friends with Huishi. This is becausedeceptionZhang Yi, I don't think it is advisable for you to do so.Huishi came to the State of Chu because of Zhang Yi's exclusion. He will also hate you for making friends with Zhang Yi. If Huishi knew this, he would not come to the State of ChuSong Wang YanNice to Huishi, no one among the princes knows.Now, Huishi andZhang YiThe feud is well known among the princes.Huishi made friends with the king, and you abandoned Zhang Yi.I don't understand your thoughtlessness in doing so?Or for the sake of national affairs?The king might as well help Huishi and send him to the State of Song.Then he said to Zhang Yi, 'I didn't receive Huishi because of you.'Zhang Yi must be grateful to the king.While Huishi was an outcast and embarrassed person, the king helped him to go to the State of Song, and Huishi must also be grateful to the king.In this way, you can actually think of Zhang Yi and make him grateful. "The King of Chu said, "OK." He sent Huishi backSong StateYes.
《Strategies of the Warring States Period》It is recorded as follows:Zhang Yi's Benevolence to Yu Wei。The king of Chu received Huizi's Chu.Feng Hao said to the King of Chu, "Zhang Yi is the one who pursues Hui Zi. The king's relatives are deceiving Yi, and his ministers are taking the place of Wang Fu. Hui Zi is the one who comes from Yi, and the evil king's friendship with Zhang Yi is not good enough for his sons to do anything. Moreover, the king of the Song Dynasty is good enough for Hui Zi, and the world knows nothing about it. For this reason, I think it is better to give up what I value to the people I belong to. What's more, what's the matter?Wang might as well give a favor to his son and accept it in the Song Dynasty. Zhang Yi said, 'Please don't accept it for your son.'I will be king of virtue.And Keikopoor peopleAnd if Wang Fengzhi, he will be a virtuous king.This is the truth of the instrument, and canDehuiChild. "The King of Chu said, "Good." It was the Song Dynasty that received the favor of his son.Huishi was a famous scholar in the Warring States Period.
It's hard to get rid of trees
According to the Warring States Policy · Wei Er and Han Feizi's Commentary on the Forest, Tian Need, Huishi's friend, was onceKing of WeiHuishi then warned him: "You must treat the people around the King of Wei well. For example, the poplar tree can survive if it is planted horizontally, upside down, or broken. But if ten people plant it and one person pulls it up, it will be difficult for it to survive.Ten people planted this easy thing, but it could not withstand the destruction of one person. The reason is that it is difficult to plant, but it is easy to remove it.Although you can make yourself respected by the king today, if more people want to kill you, you must be in danger. "
Original text:
When Tian Wangui was in charge of the King of Wei, Huizi said, "I will be good at getting around. Today, when I cross a tree, I will grow, when I fall a tree, I will grow, and when I break a tree, I will grow again. However, if I make ten people tree a poplar, and one person plucks it, I will not grow a poplar. Therefore, if I make a group of ten people, I will find it easier to grow a tree, but if I can't compete with one person, it will be easier to leave a tree. Although I have grown a tree by myself, if I want to leave a group of people, I will be in danger.
People unintentionally reveal the complexity of social life in the direction of Huishi's protection of pets. It tells people that the degree of a person's esteem in society depends not only on his personal ability, but also on his interpersonal relationship with the surrounding world, and on his degree of contact with the public.Good interpersonal relationships can ensure that the potential ability of individuals can be realized in society.
Ten events in the calendar
It is said that there was a strange person named Huang Liao who asked Huishi "why the heaven and earth didn't fall down, and why the wind and rain were thundering". Huishi responded without thinking, and "everything is said everywhere".It is mainly about the theory of everything in the universe.Unfortunately, his works have been lost, only《Zhuangzi·Tianxia Chapter contains his ten propositions, namely, "Ten things in the calendar":
（1） The greatest is the greatest;The smallest is the smallest.
（2） There is no thickness without accumulation, which is thousands of miles away.
（3） Heaven and earth are low, mountains and rivers are flat.
（4） The Japanese side and the Chinese side are arrogant, while the material side lives and dies.
（5） The big one is the same with the small one, which is called the small one;All things are identical and different, which is called great similarity and difference.
（6） The south is infinite and poor.
（7） Today is better than ever.
（8） The chain can be solved.
（9） I know the center of the world, the north of Yan, and the south of Yue.
（10） Love all things, heaven and earth are one.
Huishi is a representative figure of the famous "contract difference" school. Although his "calendar of ten events" is mainly an analysis of nature, it is permeated with the idea of "contract difference" and contains dialectical factors.This is the same as the later Mohism that the material world is composed of tiny indivisible material particles.
He also said: "The great harmony and the small sameness and difference, which is called the small sameness and difference; all things are identical and different, which is called the great sameness and difference." This refers to the relativity of the identity and difference of things themselves.Since everything is composed of tiny particles of matter.What is "Datong"?For example, horses;All animals belonging to the category of horse are included, which is "Datong".Among them, there are differences among black horse, white horse, big horse and small horse, which is called "Xiao Tong".He came to the conclusion that all things are "identical", so that the same things and different things are abstractly unified.He further deduced the conclusion that "universal love for all things, heaven and earth are one".《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period》He said: "All things in the world belong to one person; this is called Great Harmony." This is the explanation of Huishi's "universal love for all things, heaven and earth are one", which is very close to Chuang Tzu's "all things are one".
Huishi has analyzed the connotation and extension of the concepts of "great similarities and differences" and "small similarities and differences", and it is impossible for Huishi, who advocates "contract differences", not to mention "separation".In the same way, Gongsun Long, who advocates "leaving the firm white", can not be absolutely without "harmony".However, although Huishi talks about "separation", he still talks about "integration" in the end, while Gongsun Long talks about "integration", but he still talks about "separation" in the end.It can be seen that Huishi focuses on the expansion of concept extension, while Gongsunlong focuses on the separation of connotation.In this way, the names of "contract difference" and "leaving firm white" are in line with the actual ideology of Huishi and Gongsunlong.
The object of Huishi's "Ten Historical Events" is the material world.He is good at philosophically summarizing the essence and laws of the material world.In terms of the relationship between "name" and "reality", he started from the reality, and recognized that "reality" is primary, while "name" is the reflection of "reality" and is secondary.There is a difference between his sophistry and Gongsun Long's.
Some of Huishi's propositions are in dispute with the later Mohism.In the later period, Mohist school used the common sense of mathematics and physics to analyze and define the appearance form of objects and their measurement methods.《Mozi·The Sutra once said, "Thick means something big." It is believed that only with "thick" can there be volume, and only with "big" objects.Huishi retorted: "No thickness, no accumulation, and it is thousands of miles away." He thought that if the material particles ("small one") did not accumulate into thickness, there would be no volume;But the area of the plane formed by material particles can be infinite.Later Mohist school thought that the same height was called "flat". "Mo Zi Jing Shang" said: "Flat, same height."
ZhuangHuiZhiJiao
Zhuangzi and Huizi
The thought of Zhuangzi and Laozi merged“the Daoist school of philosophyPhilosophy "shows that Zhuangzi has a high position in the history of Chinese thought.Chuang Tzu has a broad-minded mind, and regards prosperity as a waste.Its superb interest in life naturally transcends people and communities.No wonder, in his eyes, "the world is too heavy to talk with Zhuang".(Zhuangzi Tianxia) (Translation: It is believed that people in the world indulge in material desires without awakening, and cannot discuss problems with them solemnly) In this case, we have to "communicate with heaven and earth in spirit alone".It is not easy for a person as clever as Chuang Tzu to find one or two bosom friends.Apart from Keiko, I'm afraid there will be no other friends who can talk with each other.They are all argumentative, and their eloquence is extremely sharp;They are also very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about discussing knowledge.
Huizi likes to lean under a tree and talk loudly. When he is tired, he will lie down according to the zither ("lean against a tree and sing, lean against a withered plane and die"). Chuang Tzu can't stand this attitude, but he is often dragged by Huizi to talk about knowledge under a plane tree ("Huizi's evidence of Wu..."), or take a walk on the fields.Many of the most famous debates in history were caused when they walked.
Zhuangzi and Huizi
Zhuangzi has the style of an art philosopher, while Huizi has the personality of a logician.Zhuangzi and Huizi, due to their different personalities, have different basic positions, which leads to two opposite ideas - one is detached from the nature, but also returns to the thing itself to appreciate its beauty;One is towards solipsism, that is, everyone will never know the state of mind of a third party.
Due to the difference in basic views between Zhuang Zi and Hui Zi, when discussing problems, they often beat each other up, and it seems that Hui Zi is always the one who gets hit by the stick.On《Carefree tour》On the other hand, Chuang Tzu laughed at Huizi's "clumsiness in using large";On《Theory of homogeneous matter》On the other hand, he criticized him and said: "It is not necessary for others to understand, but to impose it on others, so Huizi will focus on the 'truth theory' all his life" ("It is not because of the truth, so it ends with the ignorance of truth");The "De Chong Fu" also said that Huizi: "You spent your energy... complacently on the theory of firmness.
Zhuangzi and Huizi
In addition, the chapter of Autumn Water records that Huizi is inliang When he was the prime minister, Chuang Tzu went to see him. It was rumored that Chuang Tzu was to replace Huizi.Huizi was worried, so he sent people to search Zhuangzi in the capital for three days and three nights.Later, Chuang Tzu went to meet Huizi and told him a fable, which compared his appearance to that of an owl who thinks it is beautiful when it gets smelly mice.Huizi is in the ruling class, and will inevitably be infected with the smell of bureaucracy. It is said that Huizi passed by Meng Zhu, and after passing by Baicheng, he was seen by Chuang Tzu, and even he caught too many fish and threw them back into the water.（ 《Writings of Prince Huainan·Qi's common saying》）
ZhuangHuiZhiJiao
The two of them are far from each other in terms of realistic political views and academic concepts, but in terms of friendship, Huizi is indeed the only good friend of Chuang Tzu in his life.It can be seen from a commemorative speech by Chuang Tzu after Huizi's death:
Chuang Tzu, passing Huizi's grave, turned to his followers and said, "The Ying people in the State of Chu pinched Bai Shi and splashed a drop of mud as big as a fly's wing on the tip of their nose. He asked a craftsman stone to cut it off for him. The craftsman stone waved his axe, whistled, and chopped it down with his hand, cutting the small drops of mud completely, but his nose was not damaged at all. The Ying people stood still.When Song Yuanjun heard about this, he found the craftsman stone and said, 'Try it for me.'The craftsman stone said, 'I used to be able to cut, but my opponent has already died!'Since my husband died, I have no rivals, and I have no one to talk about! "（《Xu Wugui》）
After Huizi died, Chuang Tzu could not find anyone to talk to.In this short fable, pure and sincere feelings are revealed.Can set up this funny fable to illustrate his friendship with the dead.
one 's mind concealed more knowledge than could have been contained in five cartloads of books
《Zhuangzi·Tianxia Chapter says that "Huishi has many books and five carts, and his words are not correct." It shows that he has written many books and collected many books, and is one of the earliest thinkers since there are literature records.Because his article can mediate the rise and fall of five countries, the allusion of "learning rich five cars" of later generations comes from this.Another explanation is that "his book has five cars", which means that there are as many as five cars in his books.[3]
ideological system
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overview
Huishi's works have not been handed down, so his philosophy can only be known by others.The most important one is his friendZhuangziHis ideas mentioned in his writings.Among them, the most important one is "Calendar of Ten Things".He advocated that we should analyze the things in the world extensively to summarize the laws of the world.Except《Zhuangzi》Outside《a pre-Qin philosopher》《Han Feizi》《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period》There are also records of his thoughts in other books.
literature
Chuang Tzu · The World said: "There are many benefactors and five books." It means that he is knowledgeable and has many books.A man named Huang Liao asked Huishi "why the heaven and earth didn't fall down, and why the wind and rain were thundering". Without thinking, he answered casually, which was very clear. Unfortunately, his works had long been lost, otherwise they would be the most valuable scientific heritage.《Zhuangzi》It has preserved Huishi's "Ten Historical Events", ② ten propositions of analytical physics.Xun Zi、《Han Feizi》Some fragments of Huishi's works have also been preserved in books such as Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals.Our analysis of Huishi's thought is mainly based on the "Ten Events" in Zhuangzi Tianxia.
Commentary of Huishi Gongsun Long
Huishi's "calendar of ten events" runs through the thought of "contract difference", and he is the representative of the famous "contract difference" school.He said: "The great harmony and the small sameness and difference, this is called the small sameness and difference; all things are identical and different, this is called the great sameness and difference." This refers to the relativity of the identity and difference of things themselves.There are differences between "Great Similarities" and "Small Similarities", which is called "Small Similarities and Differences";Everything is the same but different, which is called "Great Similarity and Difference".What is "Datong"?For example, horses;All animals belonging to the category of horse are included, which is "Datong".Among them, there are differences among black horse, white horse, big horse and small horse, which is called "Xiao Tong".The concept of horse is different from that of black horse and white horse.In the same way, these are horses.It can be inferred that all things have the same side.If viewed from different aspects, these horses are different.It can be inferred that all things have different sides.Huishi has a certain understanding of the relationship between the unity and difference of things.He believes that everything has similarities and differences at the same time.The similarities and differences of things are relative, and they are in the unity.However, Huishi emphasized that the difference of things is relative, and the same is absolute, so he came to the conclusion that all things are "identical".In this way, the same things and different things are abstractly unified.He further deduced the conclusion that "love all things, heaven and earth are one".The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lv Family says: "All things in the world belong to one person; this is called the Great Harmony." ① This is the explanation of Huishi's "love all things, and heaven and earth are one", which is very close to Zhuangzi's "all things are one" ②.However, Huishi's thought is not equal to Zhuang Zi's relativism.Zhuangzi's relativism denies that there are qualitative differences between things, and in fact it determines the objective existence of things.Huishi did not completely enter into such subjectivism.Huishi analyzed the connotation and extension of the concepts of "great similarities and differences" and "small similarities and differences", and saw the variation between them. Only by doing so can we truly reflect the objective things.The connotation and extension of the concept are inseparable, and both are indispensable.Therefore, it is impossible to insist on "contract difference" without "separation".In the same way, Gongsun Long, who advocates "leaving the firm white", can not be absolutely without "harmony".However, although Huishi talks about "separation", he still talks about "integration" in the end, while Gongsun Long talks about "integration", but he still talks about "separation" in the end.The names of "contract difference" and "leaving firm white" are in line with the actual thinking of Huishi and Gongsunlong.
The object of Huishi's "Ten Historical Events" is the material world.He is good at philosophically summarizing the essence and laws of the material world.In terms of the relationship between "name" and "reality", he started from the reality, and recognized that "reality" is primary, while "name" is the reflection of "reality" and is secondary.There is a difference between his sophistry and Gongsun Long's.
Philosophy
HuishiheDeng Xie、GongsunlongHe is also an important representative figure of famous scholars. Like Mohism, he once tried to study the causes of the composition of everything in the universe.It is said that there was a strange man named Huang Liao in the south who asked why the heaven and earth would not collapse and why the storm and thunder would happen. Huishi immediately responded without thinking, "It is said that everything is everywhere" (Zhuangzi Tianxia Chapter).Zhuangzi once said that Huishi "sings with firmness and whiteness" (Zhuangzi·Dechong symbolChapter), criticizing Huishi for "not knowing what he knows, so he ends up being honest and ignorant" (Zhuangzi Qiwu Chapter).It can be seen that Huishi's thesis is mainly about the theory of everything in the universe.His works have been lost, and only Zhuangzi Tianxia Chapter has preserved his ten propositions.
Huishi's ten propositions are mainly an analysis of nature, some of which contain dialectical factors.He said: "The largest without outside is called the big one; the smallest without inside is called the small one." "The big one" means that the whole space is big enough to cover everything, and there is no outside;"Xiaoyi" means the smallest unit of matter, so small that it can no longer be divided and has no interior.
Huizi's thought
This and laterMohist SchoolThe same view holds that the material world is composed of tiny and indivisible substances.Since all things are composed of tiny materials, they are also based on the "little one", so it is said that "all things are the same";However, the forms of all things formed by "Little Ones" are ever-changing, and their positions in "Big Ones" are different, so it can be said that "all things are different".In the ever-changing form of all things, there are "great similarities and differences" of "different" and "different", as well as general similarities and differences between things, that is, "small similarities and differences".He regards the similarities and differences of things as relative but unified, which contains dialectical factors.
Some of Huishi's propositions were disputed with later Mohism.In the later period, Mohist school used the common sense of mathematics and physics to analyze and define the appearance form of objects and their measurement methods.《Mozi·The Sutra once said, "Thick means something big." It is believed that only with "thick" can there be volume, and only with "big" objects.Huishi retorted: "No thickness, no accumulation, and it is thousands of miles away." He believed that if matter ("small one") does not accumulate into thickness, there will be no volume;But the area of the plane formed by matter can be infinite.In the later period, Mohist school strictly distinguished "poverty" and "infinity" in space. The "Mohist Classics" said: "There is poverty without a ruler; there is infinity without a ruler." It believed that there is no line in front of individual areas, which is "poverty";On the contrary, space is boundless, which is "infinite".Huishi retorted that "the south is infinite and poor", which means that although the south is infinite, there is still an ultimate place in the end.Later Mohist believed that the end points from the "middle" (the center point) to the opposite sides were "the same length".Mozi Sutra said: "The middle is the same as the long." Huishi retorted: "I know the center of the world, the north of Yan (the northernmost vassal state at that time), and the south of Yue (the southernmost vassal state at that time)." Because the space is boundless and infinite, everywhere can become the center.Later Mohist school thought that the same height was called "level". "Mo Zi Jing Shang" said: "level means the same height." Huishi retorted: "The sky and the earth are low (" low "means close), and the mountain and the river are flat."Because the position of the measured person is different, the height seen is different.Standing in the distance, the sky and the earth are almost close;Standing at the edge of the lake on the top of the mountain, the mountains are flat.
Huishi regards everything as being in a state of change, for example, "The Japanese side is leery of the Chinese side (" leery "means sideways), and the thing side is alive and dead."As soon as the sun rose to the middle, it began to tilt westward;A thing has just been born, and at the same time it is going to die.This view, to a certain extent, recognizes the dialectical process of the movement of contradictions in things.However, he unconditionally admitted that "there is also this" and only talked about transformation rather than the conditions of transformation, thus denying the relative stability of the quality of things and inevitably falling intorelativismIn the mud.
HuishiweiSengokuThe ideological giants in the ideological trend of "name debate", andGongsunlongJointly push the theory of name debate to its peak.He made a pioneering contribution to the development and understanding of ancient Chinese logicmetaphysicsIt provides a method to understand the essence of things.yesthe Daoist school of philosophyThe logical understanding of "inaction" has the possibility of explanation, and even becomes the logical premise of understanding the art of criminal law.Moreover, many academic opinions can be inferred from their basic principles.
Huishi was able to pass on his knowledge only because of Chuang Tzu, and now he can't understand his appearance.Although Chuang Tzu had some humble words about Huishi's knowledge, he respected him a lot.After Huishi's death, Chuang Tzu sighed: "Since the death of my master, I have no quality, I have no words!".
