Stellar brightness

astronomy

Bright stars are bright because of their luminosity Higher and/or closer to the earth. In fact, the whole sky is brighter than the apparent magnitude+11 fixed star Almost all are on record, and the exploration of darker objects continues.

Chinese name: Stellar brightness

Alias: luminosity
Causes: luminosity Higher or closer to the earth

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Planetary brightness

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In contrast, the brightest luminosity of non stellar objects in the solar system is below the apparent magnitude of+2.50 Moon （-12.7）、 Venus （-4.6）、 Jupiter （-2.9）、 Mars （-2.9）、 Mercury （-1.9）、 Saturn （-0.2）。

Partition magnitude

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In the second century BC, Greece astronomer When compiling the catalog, Hipparchus divided the stars into six grades according to their brightness. The greater the brightness, the smaller the star magnitude. The star just visible to the naked eye is a sixth order star. A star of magnitude l is about 100 times brighter than a star of magnitude 6. Astronomers refer to the brightness and magnitude of stars observed on the earth as apparent brightness or apparent magnitude.

The apparent magnitude of a star is the brightness that people observe with the naked eye and telescope, which does not represent the real luminous intensity of the star. Because of the influence of the distance between the star and the observer, the farther the distance, the smaller the apparent brightness. Therefore, to compare the true brightness of stars, they should be mentioned at the same distance from us. Astronomers imagine that the apparent magnitude of a star is called "absolute magnitude" when the star is moved 10 seconds away from the earth (i.e. 32.6 light years). If the sun is placed 10 seconds away from the earth, then the sun we see is only slightly brighter than a dark star of magnitude 5.

Determine luminosity

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The true brightness of a star can also be expressed as "luminosity". Like the sun, the thermonuclear fusion reaction is also taking place inside the star, and the heat generated is continuously transferred to the outer layer, and finally shot into space from the star surface. Astronomers call the light energy released from the surface of stars every second the luminosity of stars. Generally speaking, the luminosity of a star is proportional to its mass. The greater the mass of the star, the stronger its luminosity.

The luminosity of stars varies greatly. The star with the highest luminosity is 1 million times stronger than the sun; The star with the smallest luminosity is only 1/1000000 of the sun's luminosity. Interestingly, the sun is in the middle of the star's entire luminosity range. Therefore, astronomers often express the luminosity of stars in terms of the luminosity of the sun. Generally, stars whose luminosity is about 100 times larger than the sun are called giant stars. The diameter of giant stars is usually 20 or 30 times larger than the diameter of the sun. Stars with low luminosity are called dwarfs, and their volumes are also relatively small. Giant stars and dwarfs are like giants and dwarfs in the world of stars, and the sun is a yellow dwarf. The one whose luminosity is bigger than that of a giant star is called a supergiant. Tianjin IV is a supergiant star, whose luminosity is about 60000 times stronger than that of the sun. The companion star of Sirius, the darkest star in the sky that we can see with the naked eye (the brighter one is called the master star, and the darker one is called the companion star) is a white dwarf star luminosity Not available sunlight 1/10000 of.

Bright star list

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Note: IAU It is stipulated that bright stars refer to stars with apparent magnitude greater than 3.

Bright star list
ranking	Apparent magnitude	number	Chinese name	English name
zero	-26.73	nothing	sunlight	Sun
one	-1.46	Canis Major alpha	Sirius A	Sirius A
two	-0.72	Bottom seat α	Elderly Star	Canopus
three	-0.04 var	Hercules alpha	Arcturus	Arcturus
four	-0.01	Alpha Centauri	Alpha A	Rigel Kentaurus A
five	zero point zero three	Lyra alpha	Vega	Vega
six	zero point zero eight	Auriga alpha	Capella	Capella
seven	zero point one two	Orion beta	Rigel	Rigel
eight	zero point three eight	Procyon	Nanhe III	Procyon
nine	zero point four six	Poseidon alpha	Water Commission I	Achernar
ten	0.58 var	Orion alpha	Betelgeuse	Betelgeuse
eleven	zero point six one	Centaurus beta	Agena	Hadar
twelve	zero point seven seven	Aquila alpha	Hegu II （ Niulang Star ）	Altair
thirteen	0.85 var	Taurus alpha	A desperate battle	Aldebaran
fourteen	zero point nine six	Scorpio alpha	Antares	Antares
fifteen	zero point nine seven	Virgo alpha	Cornucopia	Spica
sixteen	one point one four	Gemini β	Beihe III	Pollux
seventeen	one point one six	Southern Pisces alpha	Beiluo School	Fomalhaut
eighteen	one point two five	Southern Cross Beta	Cross III	Becrux ， Mimosa
nineteen	one point two five	Cygnus alpha	Tianjin IV	Deneb
twenty	one point three three	Alpha Centauri	Alpha B	Rigil Kentaurus B
twenty-one	one point three five	Leo alpha	Xuanyuan XIV	Regulus
twenty-two	one point five	Canis Major ε	Sagittal Seven	Adhara
twenty-three	one point five eight	Southern cross α one	Cross II -1	Acrux
twenty-four	one point six three	Southern cross γ	Cross One	Gacrux
twenty-five	one point six three	Scorpio λ	Ursula	Shaula
twenty-six	one point six four	Orion gamma	Betelgeuse	Bellatrix
twenty-seven	one point six five	Taurus beta	Five cars five	Elnath
twenty-eight	one point six eight	Ship base β	South Ship Five	Miaplacidus
twenty-nine	one point seven	Orion ε	Betelgeuse	Alnilam
thirty	one point seven four	Crane alpha	Alnair	Alnair
thirty-one	one point seven seven	Epsilon Ursa Major	Alioth （ Alioth ）	Alioth
thirty-two	one point seven nine	Ursa Major α	Dubhe (Beidou I)	Dubhe
thirty-three	one point eight	Perseus alpha	Tianchuan Three	Mirfak
thirty-four	one point eight two	Sail seat γ 2	Tiansheji	Suhail ， Regor
thirty-five	one point eight five	Sagittarius ε	Jisusan	Kaus Australis
thirty-six	one point eight six	Canis Major δ	Wezen	Wezen
thirty-seven	one point eight six	Bottom seat ε	Haishi I	Avior
thirty-eight	one point eight six	Ursa Major η	Wobble star (Beidou VII)	Alkaid ， Benetnasch
thirty-nine	one point eight seven	θ Scorpio	Caudal Five	Sargas ， Girtab
forty	one point nine	Auriga beta	Five cars and three cars	Menkalinan
forty-one	one point nine two	South Triangle α	Triangle three	Atria
forty-two	one point nine three	Gemini γ	Inoue Suzuki	Alhena
forty-three	one point nine four	Peacock alpha	Peacock Eleven	peacock
forty-four	one point nine six	Sail seat δ	Tianshe III	Delta Velorum
forty-five	one point nine eight	Canis Major β	Junshi I	Murzim
forty-six	one point nine eight	Serpentine alpha	Xingxiu I	Alphard
forty-seven	one point nine nine	Gemini alpha	Beihe II	Castor
forty-eight	2 (at the brightest)	Cetacea o	蒭 Gaozeng'er	Mira
forty-nine	two	Aries alpha	Lou Susan	Hamal
fifty	2 (at the brightest)	North Corona T	North Corona T	T Coronae Borealis
fifty-one	2.01 var	Ursa Minor α	Polaris （ Gou Chen Yi ）	Polaris
fifty-two	two point zero two	Sagittarius σ	Dousu IV	Nunki
fifty-three	two point zero four	Cetus beta	Diphda	Diphda
fifty-four	two point zero five	Zeta Orion	Alnitak	Alnitak
fifty-five	two point zero six	Andromeda alpha	alpheratz	Alpheratz
fifty-six	two point zero six	Andromeda beta	Mirach	Mirach
fifty-seven	two point zero six	Orion κ	saiph	Saiph
fifty-eight	two point zero six	Centaur θ	Warehouse building III	Menkent
fifty-nine	two point zero eight	Little Bear Beta	emperor (Arctic II)	Kochab
sixty	two point zero eight	Ophiuchus alpha	Hou	Ras Alhague
sixty-one	two point zero nine	Southern cross α two	Cross II -2	α2 Crusis
sixty-two	two point one one	Sagittarius beta	Crane Two	Beta Gruis
sixty-three	2.12 var	Perseus beta	Five Tombs	Algol
sixty-four	two point one four	Leo beta	Five Emperors One	Denebola
sixty-five	two point one seven	Centaurus gamma	Storeroom 7	Muhlifain
sixty-six	two point two	Cygnus gamma	Tianjin I	Sadr
sixty-seven	two point two one	Sail seat λ	Tianji	Suhail
sixty-eight	two point two three	Cassiopeia alpha	Wang Liangsi	Schedar
sixty-nine	two point two three	Orion δ	Betelgeuse A	Mintaka A
seventy	two point two three	Corona Borealis alpha	Alphecca	Gemma
seventy-one	two point two three	Draco gamma	Eltanin	Eltanin
seventy-two	two point two five	Stern seat ζ	Sagittal increased by 22	Naos
seventy-three	two point two five	Bottom seat	Haishi II	Aspidiske
seventy-four	two point two six	Andromeda γ 1	General Tian No.1	Almach
seventy-five	two point two seven	Cassiopeia beta	Wang Liangyi	Caph
seventy-six	two point two seven	ζ Ursa Major	Mizar A	Mizar A
seventy-seven	two point two nine	Epsilon Scorpii	Tara	Wei
seventy-eight	two point three	Centaur ε	South Gate I	Al birdhaun
seventy-nine	two point three	Jackal alpha	Riding Officer Ten	Kakkab
eighty	two point three one	Centaur η	Storeroom 2	Eta Centauri
eighty-one	two point three two	Scorpio δ	Teresa Fang	Dschubba
eighty-two	two point three seven	Beta Ursa Major	Merak (Beidou II)	Merak
eighty-three	two point three nine	Pegasus ε	Endangered Sleeping Three	Enif
eighty-four	two point three nine	Phoenix alpha	Firebird VI	Ankaa
eighty-five	two point four	Herdsman ε	izar	Izar
eighty-six	two point four one	Scorpio κ	Girtab	Girtab
eighty-seven	two point four two	Pegasus beta	Room lodging 2	Scheat
eighty-eight	two point four three	Ophiuchus η	Song Dynasty （ Tianshi Zuoyuan No.11 ）	Sabik
eighty-nine	two point four four	Cepheus alpha	Sky hook five	Alderamin
ninety	two point four four	Canis Major η	Sagittal two	Aludra
ninety-one	two point four four	Ursa Major γ	Phecda (Beidou III)	Phad
ninety-two	two point four six	Cygnus ε	Tianjin IX	Gienah
ninety-three	two point four seven	Cassiopeia gamma	Policy	Navi
ninety-four	two point four nine	Pegasus alpha	markab	Markab
ninety-five	two point five	Vela κ	Tianshe Five	Markab
ninety-six	two point five three	Cetacea alpha	Day 1	Menkar
ninety-seven	two point five five	Zeta Centauri	Storeroom 1	Alnair
ninety-eight	two point five six	Leo δ	Westward upper facies （ Taiwei Youyuan Five ）	Zosma
ninety-nine	two point five six	Zeta Ophiuchus	Han （ Zeta Ophiuchi ）	Zeta Ophiuchi
one hundred	two point five eight	Aplysia alpha	Toilet 1	Arneb
one hundred and one	2.58 var	Centaur δ	Cauda equina	Delta Centauri
one hundred and two	two point five eight	Corvus gamma	Zhen Suyi	Gienah
one hundred and three	two point six	Sagittarius ζ	Dousu VI	Ascella
one hundred and four	two point six one	Libra β	Dizuosi	Zubeneschamali
one hundred and five	two point six two	Unukalhai	Shu （ Tianshi Youyuan Seven ）	Unukalhai
one hundred and six	two point six two	Beta Scorpio	Acrab	Acrab
one hundred and seven	two point six three	Aries beta	Lou Suyi	Sheratan
one hundred and eight	two point six four	Pigeon alpha	Phact	Phact
one hundred and nine	two point six five	Auriga θ	Five cars four	Mahasim
one hundred and ten	2.65 Var	Corvus beta	Kraz	Kraz
one hundred and eleven	two point six six	Cassiopeia δ	Penthouse Path III	Ruchbah
one hundred and twelve	two point six eight	Herdsman η	Right camera lift I	Mufrid
one hundred and thirteen	two point six eight	Lupus beta	Cavalry officer four	Ke Kouan
one hundred and fourteen	two point six nine	Auriga	Five cars one	Kabdhilinan
one hundred and fifteen	two point six nine	Sail seat μ	Two seamounts	Mu Velorum
one hundred and sixteen	two point six nine	Musca alpha	Bee Three	Alpha Muscae
one hundred and seventeen	two point seven	Scorpio	Tail Night Nine	Lesath
one hundred and eighteen	two point seven one	Stern π	Arc and arrow nine	Pi Puppis
one hundred and nineteen	two point seven two	Sagittarius δ	Ji Su Er A	Basket Antares A
one hundred and twenty	two point seven two	Aquila gamma	Hegu III	Tarazad
one hundred and twenty-one	two point seven three	Ophiuchus δ	beam （ Yed Prior ）	Yed Prior
one hundred and twenty-two	two point seven four	Draco η	Underkill (Ziwei Zuoyuan III)	Eta Draconis
one hundred and twenty-three	two point seven four	Bottom seat θ	Nanchuan III	Theta Carinae
one hundred and twenty-four	two point seven four	Virgo gamma	Eastern upper facies (Taiwei Zuoyuan II)	Porrima
one hundred and twenty-five	two point seven five	Orion	Fa San	Hatsya
one hundred and twenty-six	two point seven five	Centaurus	Column XI	Iota Centauri
one hundred and twenty-seven	two point seven five	Libra α 2	Zubenelgenubi	Zubenelgenubi
one hundred and twenty-eight	2.76 var	Ophiuchus beta	Zong Zhengyi	Cebalrai
one hundred and twenty-nine	two point seven seven	Eridana beta	Cursa	Dhalim
one hundred and thirty	two point seven seven	Jackal gamma	Riding officer I	Gamma Lupi
one hundred and thirty-one	two point seven eight	Hercules beta	In the river （ Tianshi Youyuanyi ）	Kornephoros
one hundred and thirty-two	2.78 var	Southern cross δ	Cross IV	Decrux
one hundred and thirty-three	two point seven nine	Draco beta	Tripterygium gallatum	Rastaban
one hundred and thirty-four	two point eight	Aquarius beta	Snake Tail I	Beta Hydri
one hundred and thirty-five	two point eight one	Hercules Zeta	Tianji II	Zeta Herculeis
one hundred and thirty-six	two point eight one	Tau Scorpio	Antares III	Alniyata
one hundred and thirty-seven	two point eight one	Stern seat ρ	Sagittal increased by 32	Rho Puppis
one hundred and thirty-eight	two point eight two	Sagittarius λ	Dousu II	Kaus Borealis
one hundred and thirty-nine	two point eight three	Pegasus gamma	Murakami	Algenib
one hundred and forty	two point eight four	Rabbit Beta	Toilet II	Nihal
one hundred and forty-one	two point eight four	South Triangle Beta	Triangle Two	Betria
one hundred and forty-two	two point eight four	Zeta Perseus	Rolling Tongue IV	Menkhib
one hundred and forty-three	two point eight four	Temple of Heaven Beta	Pestle three	Beta Arae
one hundred and forty-four	2.85 var	Temple of Heaven alpha	Pestle two	Tchou
one hundred and forty-five	two point eight five	Taurus η	Pleiades Six	Alcyone
one hundred and forty-six	two point eight five	Virgo ε	Dongci Jiang (Taiwei Zuoyuan VII)	Vindemiatrix
one hundred and forty-seven	two point eight five	Capricorn δ	Deneb Algedi	Deneb Algedi
one hundred and forty-eight	two point eight six	Hydra alpha	Snake head I	Head of Hydrus
one hundred and forty-nine	two point eight six	Cygnus δ	Tianjin II	Delta Cygni
one hundred and fifty	two point eight six	Gemini μ	Inoue Sumichi	Tejat Posterior
one hundred and fifty-one	two point eight six	Rhododendron alpha	Bird beak I	Alpha Tucanae
one hundred and fifty-two	two point eight seven	South Triangle Gamma	Triangle One	Gatria
one hundred and fifty-three	two point eight eight	Sagittarius θ 1	Tianyuan VI	Acamar
one hundred and fifty-four	two point eight eight	Sagittarius π	Jiansan	Al Baldah
one hundred and fifty-five	two point eight nine	Canis Minor β	Gomeisa	Gomeisa
one hundred and fifty-six	two point eight nine	Orion alpha	Chang Chenyi	Cor Caroli
one hundred and fifty-seven	two point eight nine	Scorpio π	Fangsuyi	Fang
one hundred and fifty-eight	two point nine	Perseus ε	Rolling tongue II	Epsilon Persei
one hundred and fifty-nine	two point nine	Scorpio σ	Antares One	Alniyat
one hundred and sixty	two point nine	Aquarius beta	Xu Su One	Sadalsuud
one hundred and sixty-one	two point nine one	Perseus γ 1	Tianchuan II A	Capulus A
one hundred and sixty-two	two point nine two	Bottom seat	Haishiwu	Upsilon Carina
one hundred and sixty-three	two point nine three	Pegasus η	Matar	Eta Pegasi
one hundred and sixty-four	two point nine three	Stern seat τ	Old people increase by one	Tau Puppis
one hundred and sixty-five	2.94 var	Corvus δ	Algorab	Algorab
one hundred and sixty-six	two point nine four	Aquarius alpha	Endangered lodging I	Sadalmelik
one hundred and sixty-seven	two point nine five	Ganges gamma	Tianyuan No.1	Zaurak
one hundred and sixty-eight	two point nine seven	Zeta Taurus	Tianguan	Alheka
one hundred and sixty-nine	two point nine eight	Leo ε	Xuanyuan Jiu	Algenubi
one hundred and seventy	two point nine eight	Sagittarius γ 2	Ji Su Yi	Nushaba
one hundred and seventy-one	two point nine nine	Serpent gamma	Pingyi	Gamma Hydrae
one hundred and seventy-two	two point nine nine	Eagle ε	Wu Yue （ Tianshi Zuoyuanliu ）	Deneb el Okab
one hundred and seventy-three	two point nine nine	Scorpio	Ursula	Apollyon

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