Hengshan contains two concepts in the narrow sense and the broad sense.Hengshan Mountain in a narrow sense, namely the so-called "North Mountain Hengshan", also known as "Taiheng Mountain", which was called Xuanwu Mountain, Guoshan Mountain, Gaoshi Mountain, Xuanyue Mountain, etc. in ancient times, was identified as“China's five great mountains”Hengshan Mountain in the north.It is located 10 kilometers south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province,The main peak, Tianfeng Ridge, is 2017 meters above sea level[63], known as the "North Pillar of Man and Heaven" and the "Fortress Mountain".Hengshan Mountain, or Hengshan Mountains in a broad sense, isDatong, Shanxi ProvinceSoutheast, Hebei ProvinceZhangjiakou Citysouth,Sanggan River、Hutuo RiverThe general name of a series of mountains between them, roughly extending from southwest to northeast, is about 300 kilometers long from east to west and 80 kilometers wide from south to north. The highest peak is Mantou Mountain at the border of Shanyin County and Ying County, with an altitude of 2426 meters.
Hengshan lies between the northern plateau of Shanxi Province and the central Hebei Plain. Because of its steep natural mountains and geographical location, it has become a place of war.Daoma Pass in the valley between mountainsZijingguan Pass、Pingxingguan、Yanmen PassNingwu Pass is a dangerous place, and it is the key point between the Northern Plateau and Taiyuan Basin and the Central Hebei Plain.Many emperors and famous generals fought here, and many ancient battlefield relics such as ancient passes, castles and beacon towers have been preserved.
Since the Ming Dynasty, it has been listed as the North Mountain. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the national sacrifice of the North Mountain has gradually moved from Quyang in Hebei to Hengshan in Hunyuan, and the culture of the Five Mountains has been integrated into Hengshan culture.Hengshan Taoism began in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Wei Dynasty, becoming the mainstreamQuanzhen SectSanctum.
The Hengshan Mountains are also rich in mineral resources in Shanxi Province, and are the main coal and iron producing areas in the northeast of Shanxi Province.
Chinese name
Mount Heng
Alias
Xuanwu Mountain、Guoshan, high is a mountain, and Xuanyue
Mountain system
Taihang Mountain Branch
geographical position
At the foot of Hengshan Mountain in the southeast suburb of Hunyuan County, Datong
Trend
Southwest Northeast
Length
Nearly 300 kilometers
Width
About 80km
Starting point
The southwest starts from the east bank of Huihe River in Shuozhou (Yangfangkou)
End
Northeast China ends at the west bank of Sanggan River in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province
Location and mountain system composition of Mount Hengshan
Hengshan Mountain, or Hengshan Mountains in a broad sense, generally extends from southwest to northeastDatong, Shanxi ProvinceSoutheast, south of Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province.The highest peak isShanyin County、Ying CountyBoundarySteamed bun mountain, 2426m above sea level.Hengshan Mountain in a narrow sense is located in the middle of Hengshan Mountain and 10 kilometers south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province. The main peak, Tianfeng Ridge, is located in the south of Hunyuan County, with an altitude of 2017 meters[63](First, 2016.1 meters[62], say 2016.8 meters[1]）。
The main vein of Mount Hengshan is located in the south of Sanggan River, between the valley in the upper reaches of Hutuo River and Lingqiu Basin, extending in the northeast direction and extending eastward into Hebei ProvinceDatong basin AndXinding BasinThe boundary of.Southwest andLuliang MountainPulseYunzhongshanIt is connected with the Huihe River in the westGuancenshan MountainLook at each other.Hengshan Mountain stretches about 200 kilometers in Shanxi Province.Another branch stretches out to the north of Hun RiverLiuleng MountainIt is the highest with an altitude of 2375m.The Liuling Mountain extends northeast to Hebei Province and is divided into two branches. The north branch is connected by the Liuling Mountain, which is called Xionger Mountain between Yangyuan County and Yuxian County.The south branch is in the south of Yuxian County, called Nanshan of Yuxian County, and connects Xiaowutai Mountain to the east.Hebei Province extends nearly 100 kilometers (measured on map).Therefore, the Hengshan Mountains are nearly 300 kilometers long from east to west.[2]It is reported that 150 kilometers.[3-4]It is also reported that the west of Hengshan Mountain is 250 kilometers long.[5]
In a narrow sense, Hengshan Mountain, the main peak area of Hengshan Mountain, is located in Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province. It covers an area of 147.51 square kilometers, and its geographical coordinates are 39 º 23 ′ to 39 º 44 ′ north latitude and 113 º 36 ′ to 113 º 57 ′ east longitude.[6]
Main peaks
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Hengshan mountain system can be roughly divided into three parts: main vein, north branch and south extension branch according to the distribution of mountain peaks.The main vein is mainly in Shanxi Province, between the Hun River and the Hutuo River, a tributary of the Sanggan River, and across the Hutuo River and the Wutai Mountains.The north branch is located between Sanggan River and Hunhe River, a tributary of Sanggan River.The south branch extends from the north of Lingqiu County to the northeast to the south of Yu County, Hebei Province.Southeast of Mount Hengshan, the parallel mountains areWutai MountainIt is also reasonable that some data also classify them as Hengshan Branch (South Branch), but modern geography lists them as mountains of the same level.
Around the main peak
The main peak area of Mount Hengshan, namely Mount Hengshan in a narrow sense, is the so-called "North Mountain Hengshan", which is mainly composed of two opposite peaks, Tianfeng Ridge and Cuiping Mountain.Moyukou, on the west side of the main peak, stands on the west cliff, with a stream flowing in the middle. Huanglong Gorge is a dangerous mountain. In ancient times, it was the only way from Datong Basin to Hebei Plain via Daomaguan and Zijingguan.[7]The main peak, Tianfeng Ridge, is known as "the North Pillar of Man and Heaven" and "the famous mountain of fortress". With its towering peaks and majestic momentum, it is known as the leader of the mountains in the North.[8]
Mountains in main peak area
Main peak area Moyukou
Tianfeng Ridge
Tianfeng Ridge, the main peak of Mount Hengshan, is 2017 meters above sea level and 4 kilometers south of Hunyuan County. It is one of the five famous mountains in China.On the mountainside to the south of the main peak, there is the Beiyue Temple, a place where emperors and people of all dynasties worship.There are also famous "Eighteen Sceneries of Mount Hengshan", such as "Hanging Root Pine", "Qin and Chess Table", "Sunset Reflection", "Guolaoling", "Buyun Road", "Tiger Tuyere", "Qianlong Spring", "Huixian Mansion", "Baiyun Cave", etc.The place is dangerous, the mountain is magnificent, the scenery is beautiful, the landscape is wonderful, and it is delightful. There are many tourists from ancient and modern times.
Cuiping Mountain
Cuiping Mountain is located in the west of the main peak of Hengshan Mountain, 4 kilometers away from Hunyuan City, 2 square kilometers in circumference, and 1648 meters above sea level.It stands in the south of the Hunhe River. The grass on the mountain is like grass, and the mountain is like a knife to open the sky gate. It looks like a green screen, so it is called Cuiping Mountain.Half way up the east wall of the mountain is the National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit "Hanging Temple", the south foot of the mountain is the "Luohan Cave" (which has been flooded by the Hengshan Reservoir), the north side of the mountain is the "Sanqing Palace", and the ancient "Shiming Xing". It is said that Liu Puppet, the number one scholar in the Jin Dynasty, and Su Baoheng, the right prime minister, both studied and practiced martial arts here.《Water injection》It is said that Cuiping Mountain "has stone inscriptions on the mountain and four characters of the northern boundary of Jizhou".[3]
Main vein
The main vein is located from Shuocheng District of Shuozhou City in the west, the junction of Shanyin County and Dai County - Ying County, the southern part of Hunyuan County - the junction of Lingqiu County and Guangling County, and the junction of Shanxi and Hebei in the east.The west of Daixian County in the west is generally called Yanmen Mountain (formerly called Gouzhu Mountain), and the east of Shanyin County to the main peak is generally called Cuiwei Mountain.In Shanxi Province, the mountains with an altitude of more than 2400 meters mainly include: Shiren Mountain (2249 meters, at the junction of Hunyuan and Lingqiu), Mima Zongliang (2173 meters), Longshan Mountain (2267 meters, all within Hunyuan), Woyang Farm (2233 meters, at the junction of Hunyuan and Yingxian), Paomaliang (2265 meters, within Yingxian), Guandi Temple Liang (2123 meters)Yingjialiang (2155 meters, at the junction of Yingxian County and Fanshi County), CaoI Mountain (2396 meters, in Daixian County).[2]
Longshan Mountain, located 15 kilometers southeast of Jingzhuang Village, is shaped like a dragon, with an altitude of 2226.8 meters.Also known as Fenglongshan, there was Longshan Temple in ancient times.There is Manjusri Rock on the mountain, and there is Xuancao Slope on the top of the mountain. It looks like a rainbow after rain in summer.There is Yuquan Mountain within five miles of the northeast, and Huiling Mountain in the northeast of the mountain. The scenery is beautiful, also known as Xiuli Mountain.There is Black Dragon Pool at the foot of the mountain. The clouds are rising, and it will rain in three days.To the east of the pool is Wufeng Mountain, and on the mountain is Sanyang Cave, which occupies dozens of miles.The term "Longdui" in Shuijingzhu refers to Longshan Mountain, where there are four caves and the wind blows at four seasons.In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Li Zhi, Yuan Haowen and Zhang Dehui visited Longshan together, known as the "Three Elders of Longshan".There are poems written by famous people such as Uncle Liu Jingshu and Ma Beizhi in the mountain.
Shenxi Mountain, also known as Phoenix Mountain, is located in the north of Shenxi Village, Xiahan Village Township. It is 4 kilometers away from the county seat, 1160 meters above sea level, and covers an area of about 1 square kilometers. The water of Shenxi originates from the foot of the mountain. There is a lot of clay on the mountain, which is the raw material for painting houses.According to the Records of Hunyuan Prefecture (Qianlong Edition of the Qing Dynasty), Sun Cong, the minister of the Ming Dynasty, built the "Fengshan Academy" at the foot of the Phoenix Mountain, and repaired the Fengming Pavilion, Cuiwei Building, Deyue Pavilion, Qiuxiang Garden, Library, Guqin Cave, Yiqi Platform, Gouyuji, Bishuidou, Caiyun Rock, Jinyutang, Ruilian Pool.People call it the most beautiful place.These precious ancient buildings have disappeared due to years of disrepair.At the foot of the mountain is the "Temple of Lulu", which still remains.In the old society, the incense temple fair was held here on the first day of the fifth lunar month every year.Although the current bad habits are banned, the tourists are still connected.[3]
Thousand Buddha Ridge
Qianfo Ridge, about 25 kilometers south by west of Tianfeng Ridge, the main peak of Hengshan Mountain, is known as the "Little Yellow Mountain" beyond the Great Wall.There is a natural rock on the top of the Thousand Buddha Ridge, on which is built a small wooden brick tower more than 7 meters high, engraved with the words "Thousand Buddha Pagoda".There are three caves on the south side of the rock under the tower, named "Thousand Buddha Cave", hence the name.Bifeng Temple is built in the northwest of Thousand Buddha Cave.
Mima Zongliang is located between Shizui, Shaliang and Baiqianggou villages in Huanghuatan Township, 10 li long from north to south, 5 li wide from east to west, and 2173.4 meters above sea level.It is said that there was a general village in ancient times, with many war horses.
Yindongliang, located in the east of Xinigou Village, Qingciyao Township, is 2 kilometers long from north to south, 1 kilometers wide from east to west, and 2050 meters above sea level. There are silver ores on the mountain, suitable for forest, and now there are 1000 mu of young forests.
There are two Dajianshan, one is located between Xiaohuapigou, Xiachaishagou, Xiaochuanling and Xinigou Village in Qingciyao Township.The main peak is in the northwest of Yinbeigou Village, with an altitude of 2047 meters. There are many birches on the mountain.Another mountain located in the southeast of Jingzhuang Village, Jingzhuang Township is also called Dajian Mountain, which is named because the top of the mountain is pointed, with an altitude of 1892.8 meters.
Sun Bin Village is located in the south of Longzui Village, 35 kilometers away from the county seat, covering an area of 1000 square meters, and 1805 meters above sea level.It is said that during the Warring States Period, Sun Bin once built a stronghold here, so it was named Sun Bin Stronghold.There is a Thousand Buddha Cave in the south of the foothills, which is made of stone.Pangjuan Stronghold is located in the west.
Qiangfeng Ridge, located in the north of Xiangyang Village, Zhongzhuangpu Township, is 25 kilometers away from the county seat. Its main peak is 1653 meters above sea level and covers an area of 3000 square meters. It is the watershed between the Hun River and the Tang River. The Hun River flows northward;The Tanghe River flows southward.
Daliang Straw Hat Mountain, near Yinniugou Village, Shagetuo Town, covers an area of 5 li, with an altitude of 2167.2 meters. The top of the mountain looks like a straw hat, and there is a state-owned forest farm on the mountain.
Daliang Mountain is located at the junction of Shagetuo Village, Shagetuo Town and Datong County, with an altitude of 201l meters, a ridge like a roof, and a state-owned forest farm on the mountain.
Huashan Mountain, 1 km northeast of Sanling Village on Hunyuan Datong Highway, is 1784.8 meters above sea level. There are many birches on the mountain, so it is called Huashan Mountain, which is often called Huashan Mountain.
Mulituo, located at the junction of Hunyuan and Fanshi counties in the southeast of Xiaoniuhuan Village, Xihekou Township, covers an area of 15 square kilometers and is 1932 meters above sea level.It is said that when the Great Wall was built in the Qin Dynasty, Meng Jiangnv searched for her husband and cried bitterly all the way. There would be no tears when she cried in this mountain, so it was named (no) Tear Tuo.
Damamian Mountain, 2.5 kilometers southeast of Niuxingbao, Wenzhuang Township, is 2011 meters above sea level.The hillside is gentle and flat like a horse's face.
Wangbage Pagoda, 7 kilometers east of Wenzhuang Village, covers an area of 700 mu with an altitude of 2098 meters.
Huziling is located in the southeast of Jiebangou in Tuling Township, bordering Ying County. There are many foxes on the mountain, so it is called Huziling.
Temple Taiwan Mountain is located at the border of Xionggou Village in Tuling Township and Ying County, with an altitude of 2107 meters. There is a small river called Temple Taiwan River at the foot of the mountain.
Mu Guiying Mountain, at the junction of Mujiazhuang Village in Tuling Township and Fanshi County, is 1983.5 meters above sea level. It is said that Mu Guiying once set up a village on this mountain in the Song Dynasty.
Heilugou Ridge starts from Dongwangpu in Darenzhuang Township in the west, ends at Goat Valley in Guangling County in the east, and ends at Dahonggou and Toad Temple in Shagetuo Town in the north. It is 7 kilometers long from east to west, 5 kilometers wide from south to north, and 2249.4 meters above sea level. There are huge stones on the top of the mountain, like people, so it is also called Shiren Mountain.
Wufeng Mountain, located in the east of Jingshi Village, Darenzhuang Township, is 19l9 meters above sea level and runs from northwest to southeast, with a length of 4 kilometers.The mountain has five peaks, which are as steep as a knife, with caves in the middle.
Hengshan, located in the west of Baofengzhai Village, Xiliu Township, covers an area of 30000 square meters, with an altitude of 1783 meters.All mountains in the county are east-west, but this mountain is south-north, across the Hun River, so it is named Hengshan.The city site of Jiuguo County is on its left side. There was a "Baofeng Temple" temple at the foot of the mountain. During the Republic of China, a high school was set up here.In the 5th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Fang San gathered people to revolt and set up camp in this mountain.
Dijin Mountain, 11km west of the county seat, occupies 3km with an altitude of 1100m.Sun Gongliang, minister of the Ministry of Work of the Yuan Dynasty, lived here after he resigned.According to the old records, Sun Gongliang's ancestral tomb is located here.
Yuquan Mountain, 2.5 kilometers northeast of Longshan Mountain, is 1300 meters above sea level and is part of Longshan Mountain.There is a spring on the mountain from a crack in the stone. The old record called "Yuquan Cold Current", which is one of the eight scenic spots in China.According to the Records of Hunyuan Prefecture, Liu Qi's "Guiqian Hall" was built on this mountain at the end of the Jin Dynasty.Yuquan Mountain is surrounded by peaks, with Boshan Temple in the east, Yuquan Temple in the west, and Wangjingtai in the west.The list of peaks and the puff of clouds are actually another scenic spot of Longshan Mountain.[9]
Recumbent sheep farm
Recumbent sheep farm, located at the junction of the southeast of Ying County and Hunyuan County, belongs to Hengshan Mountain system.In the north of Yaoyu Village, it borders Hunyuan.From northwest to southeast, it covers an area of about 2.5 square kilometers. The main peak is 2333.4m above sea level, which is the second highest mountain in Shuozhou.There is a hole in the mountain where shepherds take shelter from the rain, and the foot of the mountain is also a place where sheep often lie down, so it is named.Woyangchang Mountain is located between Shagou Village, Tuling Township and Liuping Village, Ying County. With an altitude of 2333 meters, the mountain top is flat and 11 wide. It is a good place for sheep herding and the highest mountain in the county.
Steamed Bun Mountain, the main peak of Cuiwei Mountain
Cuiwei MountainLocated in the southeast of Shanyin County, it is a branch of Hengshan Mountain, connecting Hunyuan County in the east, Yanmenguan in the west, Dai County in the south, and Shanyin Basin in the north.The total area is 99.3 square kilometers.The main peak, Mantou Mountain, is 2426 meters above sea level, the highest mountain in Shuozhou.The mountain range extends from east to west, mainly granite gneiss.There are many plants, shrubs, larch and birch on the mountain.Beacon towers appear intermittently on the hillside, which is one of the important places for ancient wars.The shrub on the mountain grows luxuriantly and verdant, so it is named.
Zijin Mountain
Zijin Mountain is located 30 kilometers southeast of Shuocheng City, with a perimeter of about 25 kilometers. Its main peak is 2122 meters above sea level. There are many shrubs and wild animals on the mountain, which is the boundary between the south of Shuocheng City and Ningwu County.This mountain grows a deciduous shrub called Bauhinia, which can be used as Chinese medicine. It is named Bauhinia Mountain because of its vegetation, and later it is homophonic to Zijin Mountain.[10]
Caodao Mountain
CaoI Mountain (2396 meters in Daixian County), namely Fosu Mountain.The second volume of the Annals of Shanyin County in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) contains: "The Buddha Mountain is 35 miles to the south of the county. The King of Gold arch tablet says: 'Master Wenshu's lodging place'. The water at the foot of the mountain is called Hejiaquan, also known as Fusu Mountain, commonly known as Caoduo Mountain." It is 35 miles (ancient system) from Gucheng Village, Gucheng Town, Shanyin County.Because Master Manjusri stayed overnight, it is called Fushu Mountain, which is also called Caoduo Mountain today.It is located in the Yuzhi Cuiwei Mountain of the Hengshan Mountains and looks like a "haystack", hence its name.The Buddha Mountain is towering and towering, with peaks straight into the sky, white clouds surrounding it, and rain falling down.[11]
Jockey beam
Jockey beam, belonging to the Hengshan vein system, is the top of the mountain area in the south of Ying County, with an altitude of 2287 meters (recorded in the annals of Shanxi Province: 2265 meters). The top surface is large and flat, with an area of 20 square kilometers, which can be easily controlled.It is said that Li Cunxiao held the Langling Pass at the end of the Tang Dynasty and stationed his troops in the mountain. He once herded horses here and trained his troops, hence the name Paomaliang.Paomaliang is 30km away from Yingxian County, Baimashi Township.There are more than 30000 mu larch forests, including more than 10000 mu timber forests. The soil is deep and fertile, and the humus content is rich. There are about six categories of more than 300 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines growing everywhere.[12]
Yanmen Mountain
Yanmen Mountain, the section of Hengshan Mountain from the west of Daixian County, formerly known asGou Zhu Shan, also known as Yanmen Mountain.It is named because of the winding mountain shape, the two peaks facing each other like a gate, and the flowing water.The main peak is Machangliang, 2057m above sea level.Its steep and solid mountain, bordering Ningwu Pass in the west and Yanmen Pass in the east, is the throat from Yanbei area to the hinterland of Shanxi Province. In history, it was the main channel for northern minorities to go south to the Central Plains.[7]
North Branch
It is mainly the mountainous area at the junction of the northern part of Hunyuan County, Datong County and Yanggao County, located between the south bank of Sanggan River and the north bank of Hunhe River, extending from the Shanxi Hebei border to Xionger Mountain in the east.
Liuleng Mountain
Huangyangjian, the main peak of Liuling Mountain
Liuling Mountain, located in Guangling County, Shanxi ProvinceYanggao CountyAt the junction, the highest peak, Huangyangjian, is 2420m above sea level. It is the highest peak in Datong, known as "the roof of Datong".There are white marble stone forests near Huangyangjiao, the main peak, and hundreds of acres of meadow on the top of the south hall of the main peak.In 2012, Shanxi Provincial Government designated Liuling Mountain as a provincial scenic spot, which consists of Liuling Mountain Scenic Area, Nanda Temple Baofeng Temple Scenic Area and Shengjianyu Valley Scenic Area.Liuling Mountain stores a large amount of high-quality white marble, and many white marble stone sculptures of places of interest come from Guangling. Some departments or units specify that Liuling Mountain should be open white marble.[13]
Dianding Mountain
Dianding Mountain, 48km south of Liuling Mountain in Guangling County, has a high mountain meadow with a total area of 66km2.There are many kinds of plants and flowers here.There is a strange mountain in the core area.Dianding Mountain is 2008 meters above sea level.[14]
Yufeng Mountain
Yufeng Mountain, also known as Sanfeng Mountain, is located in the southwest of Chuagutuan Town, west of Yangyuan County. It is composed of three peaks high in the middle and low on both sides, shaped like a pen holder.It is said that it was a pen holder used by Cangjie when he was creating characters, and the local people called it "Bijia Mountain".The Bijia Mountain is more than 2000 meters above sea level. The original vegetation is preserved on the mountain, mainly including primitive sub forests, shrubs, more than 200 kinds of herbs, and more than 30 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines. The vegetation coverage rate is more than 90%.
Dapingtuo Mountain
Dapingtuo Mountain, 1993 meters above sea level.It is located at the junction of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, and Guangling County, Shanxi Province, 8 miles east of Zhengjiayao Village, Yu County, Hebei Province (with a long history of firing ceramic urns).Yuanwang looks like a huge iron weight, so the local people call it Dapingtuo.There are rich coal resources at the foot of the mountain. Hongqi Coal Mine in Guangling County, Shanxi Province, Xiyao Coal Mine in Yangyuan County and Jieguwan Coal Mine were once mined here.
Qingtianbei, the main peak of Xiong'er Mountain
Xiong'er Mountain, located in the south of Yangyuan Basin, is the north branch of the eastern extension of Hengshan Mountain. Its main peak is Qingtianbei, with an altitude of 2046 meters.It is the highest peak in Yangyuan.It is named because the mountain is steep, the top of the mountain is gentle, like a person's back, and you can reach the sky at the top.stayHebei ProvinceYangyuan County andShanxi ProvinceAt the junction of Guangling County.Tiantai Mountain, 1974 meters above sea level, is the second highest peak of Xiong'er Mountain.[15]
Southern branch
The south branch of Hengshan starts from Taibai Mountain in the middle of Lingqiu County in the west, crosses the border of Shanxi and Hebei, and ends at Xiaowutai Mountain in the east.It is mainly Nanshan Mountain in Yuxian County, and Xiaowutai Mountain belongs to this vein in terms of terrain.
Mountains around Pingxingguan, Fanshi County (starting point of the south branch)
Taibai Mountain
Taibai Mountain, located in Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, has a main peak of 2234 meters above sea level and a circumference of 65.5 kilometers. It is composed of Mesozoic volcanic rocks and runs east-west. It is the head of Lingqiu Mountains.According to the "Datong Prefecture Annals" and "Lingqiu County Annals", "Taibai Mountain, whose veins come from the Hengshan Mountain, if broken, if continued, to the south of Lingqiu County, it rises again twenty miles from the ground, with the highest cloud surface, which is the top of all the mountains in Yizhu. [Liao History] refers to Weibai Mountain, and today the natives still call it Taibai Wei".Ruiquan Temple is located in Dongtuoshui Village at the foot of Taibai Mountain. It is one of the nine scenic spots of Lingqiu, "Ruiquan Temple of Black Donkey Camel Water".There are rich silver deposits. There are more than 20 ancient silver mines in the southern foot of the mountain, which is a large silver mine base in northern Shanxi during the Ming and Qing dynasties.[16-17]
Xiaowutai Mountain
Xiaowutai Mountain, located at the junction of Zhuolu County and Yu County.There are five mountains with flat peaks, which are similar to Mount Wutai in Shanxi Province, but the altitude is lower than Mount Wutai.Dongtai of Xiaowutai Mountain is the highest peak in Hebei Province, with an altitude of 2882 meters.It is 2838 meters in the north, 2801 meters in the middle and 2743 meters in the south.The west platform is 2671m long.From the overall climbing, Xiaowutai Mountain is the roof peak of Hebei Province.Xiaowutai Mountain is 45 kilometers long from north to south, 40 kilometers wide from east to west, and covers a total area of 1800 square kilometers.In geological structure, it is an anticline structure, in the direction of northeast southwest, turning northward to northwest southeast.Its lithology is relatively complex, including sedimentary rocks, large areas of magmatic rocks (such as quartz porphyry) and metamorphic rocks.There is a deep normal fault between the north side of Xiaowutai Mountain and Yuxian Basin. The north slope is a steep fault cliff, and the south slope is gentle, becoming a fault block mountain uplifted along the fault.Xiaowutai Mountain has high mountains and deep valleys, and is rarely visited. Large areas of natural secondary forests are distributed on shady slopes and semi shady slopes. There are 674 species of seed plants belonging to 336 genera and 84 families.There are some wild animals living in the forest, including rare birds, brown eared pheasant.Xiaowutai Mountain has been designated as a national nature reserve. The protected objects are temperate forest ecosystems and rare birds, brown eared pheasants.The reserve covers an area of 22573 hectares.[18]
Yuxian Nanshan
South Mountain of Yuxian County is the general name of the western mountain of Xiaowutai Mountain in the south of Yuxian Basin. It is the southern branch of the eastern extension of Hengshan Mountain. It is in the direction of South Sicily North East. During the neotectonic movement, due to the tilting uplift along the major fault on the north side of the mountain, a fault block mountain with steep north slope and gentle south slope and broad top was formed.Geologically, it is a syncline, with Mesozoic volcanic rocks exposed at its axis, and early Paleozoic limestone and sand shale exposed at both wings of the syncline.There are nine peaks with an altitude of more than 2000 meters. According to their elevations, they are in order: Tea Mountain, with an altitude of 2524 meters, which is the second highest peak in Hebei Province.Baijiantuo, 2307m above sea level, is the fifth highest peak in Hebei Province.Ziliang, Dongdian, 2153m above sea level, is the 16th highest peak in Hebei Province.Luoqieya Mountain, 2143 meters above sea level, is the peak of Hebei Province's Jing17.Xidian Ziliang, 2121 meters above sea level, is the 20th highest peak in Hebei Province.Matianling, 2110m above sea level.Xiaopingliang, 2053m above sea level.The beam of Laoye Temple is 2050 meters above sea level.Safety ditch beam: 201 m above sea level.[15]
Yakou Pass
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Hengshan Mountain is the north-south barrier of Datong Basin and Xinding Basin, and the east-west barrier of Xinding Basin and Hebei Plain, becoming a place of war.In the Spring and Autumn Period, the country lived on Mount Hengshan;During the Warring States Period, Yan and Zhao established themselves in the world by virtue of Mount Hengshan;In the Han Dynasty, the Huns used Mount Hengshan to fight for the world;In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Murong's family was the most powerful in Hengshan;In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Tuoba family divided the country according to Mount Hengshan;Song Dynasty fought Hengshan Mountain to defend the world;Gold whips the world with Hengshan Mountain;The destruction of the Yuan Dynasty and the unification of the Qing Dynasty also relied on the natural dangers along the Great Wall with Mount Hengshan as the main body.Many emperors and famous generals fought here, which is the most proud of the five mountains of Mount Hengshan.Historically, there were many beacon towers and castles built at the pass and valley of the mountain, and their remains remain.Pingxing Pass, Yanmen Pass, Yangfangkou, Ruyue Pass, Guangwukou, Baicaokou and other important passes are strategically located and have served as military strongholds and transportation channels in past dynasties.Dayun (Datong Yiyuncheng) Expressway, Beitongpu (Taiyuan Datong) Railway pass through the mountains, and Jingyuan (Beijing Yuanping) Railway passes along its southern foot.[7]
Yanmen Pass
Yanmen Pass, also known as Xixing Pass, is located in Yanmen Mountain, about 20 kilometers north of Daixian County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China. It is an important pass on the Great Wall and is called "Outer Three Passes" together with Ningwu Pass and Pianguan Pass.In 2001, Yanmen Pass was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as one of the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Yanmen Pass has been the channel for the ancient minorities in the northern part of the Great Wall to invade the mainland. From the 4th century BC to the 20th century, there have been more than 140 wars taking place here, according to incomplete statistics. In particular, the story of the war between Yang's army in the Song Dynasty and the Liao's army here is well-known to the Chinese people.[19]
Ningwu Pass
Ningwu Pass is now the county seat of Ningwu.The north entrance of Ming Yanmen Pass is adjacent to Yunzhongshan Mountain in the south, Guanhun Mountain in the northwest, Hengshan Mountain in the northeast, Luya Mountain in the southwest, which is a fortress where four mountains converge.Among the three internal passes, Yanmen can be defended in the east, Pianguan can be assisted in the west, and Shuozhou and Datong can be supported in the north, so it is a place of great importance for military strategists of all dynasties.It is the place of ancient loufan (ancient tribal name) in northern Shanxi.During the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao once set up the Loufan Pass here to prevent the Huns.Ningwu, the county of Loufan in the Qin and Han Dynasties, has a Loufan Pass.Ningwu County was established in the Tang Dynasty. It was first called Ningwu County, which was derived from the tail words of Guangning County and Shenwu County.It was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit on August 18, 1986.[20-21]
Pingxingguan
Pingxingguan is located at the junction of Fanshi County and Lingqiu County.In ancient times, it was called bottle shaped village. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called Pingxing Lingguan. Later, it was renamed Pingxing Pass.Guancheng was built in the sixth year of Zhengde of the Ming Dynasty (1511), with one gate in the north and one in the south.There is Liulang City in the north of Guancheng, which is said to be the place where Yang Yanzhao, the general of the Song Dynasty, was stationed.This pass controls Taihang in the east and screens Yandai in the west. It is a place where ancient and modern military strategists must contend.There are simple roads in the Pass.It leads to Hunyuan and Datong in the northwest, Lingqiu and Laiyuan in the northeast, Daying Town in Fanshi County in the south and connects with the Jingyuan Highway. It is an important pass for foreign enemies to attack the hinterland of Shanxi or ask Beijing around along the Jingyuan Highway.At the beginning of the Anti Japanese Warfight of Ping XingguanOccurs here.Tai'an Ridge, 14 kilometers west of Pingxingguan, lies between Fanshi and Hunyuan. The Yangquan Datong Highway passes through here.Like Pingxing Pass, it is an important pass from the eastern end of Hengshan Mountain to Yanbei and back to Beijing.
Changzuikou, located in Changzui Village at the junction of Fanshi County and Ying County, is 15-1000 meters wide, 5-30 meters high and 8000 meters long. It is the deep pass of Dashikou in Ying County.The valley to the north of the pass is wide and has a broad vision;The valley to the south is short and the terrain is fragmented.The road from Shahe to Yingxian passes through the pass, reaching Datong in the north, Yangquan in the south, and Moyuan and Yixian in the east. It is an important gateway at the eastern end of Hengshan Mountain.[21]
Ciyaokou Pass is on the left side of Hengshan Mountain, 17 miles south of Hunyuan County.Lu Tongling Qiu, also known as Cixiakou, built a fort and set up a patrol department in the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371).Since the Tang Dynasty, it has been rich in magnetic ware, hence its name.There are many ancient kiln sites nearby.[22]
Ru Yuekou
Ruyuekou, one of the eighteen Yanmen passes, is one of the main traffic arteries that cross the Hengshan Mountains from north to south and connect Xinzhou Basin and Datong Basin.Yingxian County lies to the north and Nantong is bustling.The mountain on the left side of Yukou is 1436 meters high, and the mountain on the right side is 1317 meters high.From Ruyuekou to Guoping Village, the main valley is about 10 kilometers long, reaching Tiejialing, 2111 meters above sea level.According to the Annals of the County, "at the end of the Tang Dynasty (905), Ruyuekou was built and left and right roads were opened." From September 27-29, 1937, the 203rd Brigade (Brigadier Liang Jiantang) of the 69th Division of the 34th Army of the Kuomintang attacked more than 2000 members of the Japanese Suzuki Brigade Group in Ruyuekou. Ruyuekou's position was broken by the Japanese because of the shortage of grain bombs. General Liang Jiantang led the rest of his troops to fight with the Japanese and died a heroic death.It is an important part of the Great Wall War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.Since then, Ruyuekou has been recorded in history as a permanent memory of the Chinese nation.[23]
Flying fox mouth
Feihu Xing is the sixth of the eight Taihang Xings.Xingju is located at the northeast end of the Taihang Mountains, at the intersection of the Taihang Mountains and its Yanshan branch, Hengshan Mountains, north of Laiyuan County and south of Yuxian County, Hebei Province.Beiyukou is accessible to Yuxian County, and Nanyukou is connected to Horseshoe Ridge. Locals call it "Forty Li Valley" or "Flying Fox Valley".It is the main road connecting Shanxi Plateau and Hebei Plain.
geographical environment
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climate
Mount Hengshan is located in a mild semi-arid area in the northeast of Shanxi Province with a mid temperate monsoon climate.The annual average temperature in this area is 2.0 - 10.8 ℃ in most areas, except for a few alpine areas where the temperature is below 0 ℃.The extreme maximum temperature is 35 ℃ - 40.2 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 35 ℃ - 18.0 ℃.The heat index is between 40-96 ℃, and the accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 ℃ is between 1500-3000 ℃. The average frost free period in most areas is between 75-170 days.The total annual solar radiation is 131-144 kcal/cm2.The annual average precipitation is 370-900mm, mainly in July August.Major meteorological disasters: hail, frost, drought and high wind days in high mountain areas.Due to the high altitude of Hengshan area, the climate changes vertically obviously.[24]
vegetation
Hengshan Mountain belongs to Picea Forest (Yunshan, Larix gmelinii), Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus liaotungensis forest areas. The terrain fluctuates greatly. The altitude ranges from 700 meters in the basin to 3058 meters in the mountains. The soil is mainly light cinnamon soil.There are mountain brown soil and mountain meadow soil in the mountain area, and saline soil in the poor drainage area in the basin is distributed in spots.Among the natural vegetation, Picea (Picea, Larix), Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus liaotungensis are the most widely distributed.The vertical distribution is obvious.The natural vegetation is average.Compared with the regions at the same latitude, Picea acuminata forest, Hippophae rhamnoides and Stipa stipa shrub and grassland are widely distributed in the Hengshan Mountains.Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese medicine abundant in mountain areas, is famous both at home and abroad.[25]
The vertical distribution is as follows: below 1300 meters, it is agricultural land. On the dry hillside, there are mainly white sheep grass, yellow back grass, iron pole, and mixed with sparse seabuckthorn and other shrubs and grasslands;1300-1800 meters, the soil is mountainous cinnamon soil, and there are Chinese pine, Liaodong oak, etc., as well as Tuzhuang Spiraea, tiger stick and other shrubs;1800-2300m, the soil is mountain leaching cinnamon soil, mainly including spruce forest and mixed forest composed of aspen and birch;The shady and semi shady slopes of 2300-2600 meters are mountainous brown soil with moist soil, including Larix principis rupprechtii and Abies odorata and Picea schrenkiana forests;2600-2800 meters, a subalpine shrub composed of Caragana sagittata and Salix davidiana;Above 2400m is subalpine meadow.It is 2400-2700 meters long, mainly composed of compositae, leguminosae, rosaceae plants and some mixed carex.[25]
hydrology
Mount Hengshan is the birthplace and watershed of many rivers in the Haihe River basin. Between the main vein and Mount Wutai is the upper reaches of the Hutuo River. Between the main vein and the northern branch is the Hun River, a tributary of the Sanggan River. The northern foot of the northern branch flows into the upper reaches of the Sanggan River. The southeast end of the northern branch is the birthplace of the Huliu River. Between the southern branch and the main vein is the origin of the Tang River, which flows to Hebei Province.
Sanggan River, alsoSangqian RiverIn ancient times, it was called Luoshui (Luoshui), and it was called Qiushui (Shiquanshui). There are two rivers in the upstream, namely, Zihe River and Huihe River.The mainstream Huihe River originates from the watershed village of Guanshen Mountain in Ningwu, and the Yuanzi River originates from the Jiekou Mountain in Zuoyun County.When the two rivers meet in Mayi Village, Shuo County, they are called Sanggan River.It flows through Shuo County, Shanyin, Ying County, Huairen, Datong to Weijia Xiaobao Village in Yanggao County and enters Hebei Province.In Huailai County, Hebei ProvinceZhu GuantunIt flows into the Yanghe RiverGuanting Reservoir。The river is 506 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 23900 square kilometers. The Shanxi border is 252 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 15464 square kilometers.[26]
Huangshui River, formerly known as water control, is also known as wet water.Originating from Wangwanzhuang in Shuocheng District, it passes through Shuocheng District and Shanyin County to Yingxian County, where it flows into Sangqian River.The domestic length is 103 km, the drainage area is 3630 km2, and the clean water flow is 0.13 m3/s~1.5 m3/s.The river is as muddy as yellow soup, and the riverbed is uncertain, which has done great harm to farmland and villages on both banks in history.In recent years, the amount of water has decreased, and it often dries up without water.[10]
Hunhe River originates from Luanlingguan in Shagetuo Town in the east of the county, flows from east to west, passes through Yangzhuang, Caicun, Xiahan Village, Zhangzhuang, Xiliu, Dongfangcheng, Peicun, Xifangcheng, Tuofeng and other townships, crosses Hunyuan Pingchuan, reaches Renying County in Xiaoxinzhuang in the west, and flows into Sanggan River.It is basically a perennial river.According to the Records of Hunyuan Prefecture, Hun River, Luanlingguan River, Yuanwangyu River, Shenxi River, Guochuan River, Ciyaokou River, Liyu River, and Ruquan River are eight hydrated and muddy, hence the name Hun River.According to Shuijingzhu, Guochuan water flows out of Guoshan County (Guozhang County in Wang Mang's time) in the south of the old city and flows eastward into wet water.At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Hunyuan County was set up, and the water flowed out of Hunyuan and changed from Guochuan River to Hunhe River.[26]
Tangyu River, one of the tributaries of Hunhe River, is called "Ciyao Gorge Water" in the old records. It originates in Linchang Township, flows into Hengshan Reservoir through Qingciyao Township and Daciyao Town, flows out of Tangyukou from the reservoir to the north, passes through Dongfang urban and rural areas, and flows into Hunhe River in the east of Huading Village, Xiahan Village.The river, bounded by Hengshan Reservoir, is divided into two sections. To the south of Yukou, it is called Tangyu River, with a total length of 25 kilometers, an average river width of 100 meters, and a drainage area of 164.5 square kilometers.
Dayu River, one of the tributaries of Hun River, originates from the "West River" in Tuling Township and converges with the "East River" in Guan'er Township. From south to north, it flows into Hun River near Dagou via Pei Village, with a total length of 27 kilometers, an average river width of 20 meters, and a drainage area of 228 square kilometers.The average annual flow is 0.3 m3/s, and the total flow in a normal year is 19.2 million m3.It is a perennial flowing river with a steep riverbed, which is often flooded in flood season.This water is called "Lingyun Water" in Hunyuan Prefecture Annals, and it is one of the tributaries of Hunhe River.
Wangqianzhuangyu, one of the tributaries of the Hun River, is also known as Yugou, which was called Yuanwangyu in ancient times. This water originates near Guangnigou Village, Darenzhuang Township, and is divided into two valleys at the fork, one leading to Huanghuatan Township, the other to Darenzhuang Township, with a total length of 50 kilometers.The river is 100 meters wide, with a drainage area of 190 square kilometers, a clear water flow of 0.35 cubic meters per second, and a normal annual runoff of 19.68 million cubic meters. It is a tributary of the Hun River, that is, the "Yuanwangyu Water" in the Hunyuan Annals.Guanziyu, also known as Huangtulu Valley, originates from Huangtulpo Village in Daren Township and flows into Wangqianzhuangyu at a fork. It is 13 kilometers long and 80 meters wide.
Xiaonanyu, one of the tributaries of Hunhe River, originates from Daxigou, Jingzhuang Township, and flows into Hunhe River from south to north to Sanhe.The total length is 7 kilometers, the drainage area is 24.3 square kilometers, and the total annual runoff in a normal year is 1.94 million cubic meters, which is the Liyu water mentioned in the Hunyuan Annals.[27]
Huliu RiverIt originates from Shaquan, about 15 kilometers west of Guangling County, Shanxi Province, and 66 kilometers inside Guangling County.Sujiatuan (Suguanbao) Village, located in the south of Nuanquan, Yuxian County, Hebei Province, flows into Yuxian County from the north, crosses most of Sichuan District of Yuxian County from the west to the east, with a flow length of 73 kilometers, and flows out of the county from Beimaquan Village to the west.It enters Yangyuan County from the north spring of Yuxian County to the west, and joins Sanggan River in the west of Xiaodukou Village, which is 52 kilometers away from Yangyuan.
Hutuo RiverIn ancient times, it was also called Tuanchi (pronounced as "Hutuo") or Hutchi, commonly known as the Grape River by local people, which is one of the main rivers in the Haihe River system.The Hutuo River originates in the area of Qiaoergou Village, Taixi Mountain, Fanshi County, Shanxi Province. It flows southwestward between Mount Hengshan and Mount Wutai, turns eastward to the Jiehe River, cuts through Zhoushan and Taihang Mountains, and flows eastward to Zangqiao, Xianxian County, Hebei Province, where it joins the Fuyang River to form Ziya River and then flows into the sea.The total length is 587 kilometers, and the drainage area is 27300 square kilometers.[26]
TangheIn ancient times, it was called Hutuo, Ouyi, Zhishui, Tangshui, etc. According to the Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty, it got its name because the water flow increased after flowing through Tangxian County.The source or tributary of the Daqing River in the Haihe River Basin.Originating from Cuiping Mountain in the south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, Tang River was historically called the main source of the Daqing River.Through Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, Laiyuan County, Tang County, Shunping County, Dingzhou City, Wangdu County, Qingyuan County, Anxin County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, it flows into the northern inland famous lakes in AnxinBaiyangdianAnd then into the Daqing River.[28]
Heima River originates from Dahugou and Gantuling Village in Zhongzhuangpu Township, flows from north to south, and flows into Tanghe River at Longzui Village, with a total length of 14km and a width of 30m.[27]
Tangtou Hot Spring is located in Tangtou Village, Wangzhuangbao Town, so it is called Tangtou Hot Spring.The spring has a long history and was found and used as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty.Shuijingzhu said: "If it is warm like soup, it can cure hundreds of diseases, so it is called hot spring".The water flows eastward into the Tanghe River.In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a royal palace, which was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. In 1974, a spa was established, with facilities for traditional Chinese and western medicine, physiotherapy, and hydrotherapy.[27]
terrain
Hengshan main peak zone and Hunyuan basin
Hengshan has experienced several orogenic movementsCrustIt is a fault mountain formed by ascending and descending movement. The rock stratum is the ancient Cambrian Ordovicianlimestone, 500 million years ago.The bedrock is exposed, severely weathered and broken, with sharp peaks and deep valleys, with a relative height difference of more than 1000 meters.
The arrangement and shape of Mount Hengshan are controlled by faults.Along the fault subsidence zone, Sanggan River Valley, Hun River Valley, and the upper reaches of Hutuo River Valley are developed, and the uplift zone between them forms Liuleng Mountain and Hengshan Mountain in parallel.These mountains are fault block mountains rising in the north. The north slope of these mountains is extremely steep, with flat ground and steep cliffs;The south slope is gentle, and the watershed is to the north.The formation of small intermountain basins is controlled by structures, among which Guangling and Lingqiu basins are fault basins, and Guangling basin corresponds to Hun River valley, and Lingqiu basin corresponds to the upper reaches of Hutuo River valley, which seems to have structural connections.
The mountain is mostly composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock series. It was originally an ancient land that had been uplifted for a long time and suffered denudation. It was denuded and leveled in the Beitai period and became a peneplain ground.The ancient land was disintegrated due to the differential fault block uplift since the Himalayan movement.Weathering and gravity collapse occupy a prominent position.[29]
Hengshan Mountain, in terms of landform, is dominated by the fault block middle mountain. The mountain top is about 2000 meters above sea level, with a relative height difference of 1000 meters up and down.Its extension direction is controlled by the NE and NNE fault structures, and fault uplift occurs along the anticline side.Mount Hengshan is a tilted table fault block mountain, with a steep northern slope and a gentle southern slope. The top of the mountain is often preserved with a north platform planation surface.Table fault block mountains are mostly composed of ancient metamorphic rocks;The unilateral fault block mountain only exposes ancient rock series on one side, and the other side is composed of Lower Paleozoic carbonaceous rocks.Most of the gullies are developed directly with the fault line, short, deep and steep. Cliffs, cliffs and fault triangles often appear in front of the mountain.The piedmont proluvial fan is developed and cut from the old proluvial fan.A large number of new or buried pluvial fans are also developed. It can be seen that the mountains are still rising since the Quaternary, forming a clear contrast with the subsidence of adjacent basins.[30]
natural resources
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mineral resources
Hengshan area, Hunyuan, Guangling, Lingqiu and other counties belong to the non-metallic mineral combination area in the northeast of Shanxi Province, which is dominated by non-metallic minerals, including all reserves of perlite, bentonite and crystalline apatite.In addition, there are also minerals with unproved reserves that have been mined, such as zeolite, turpentine, pumice, kaolinite, asbestos, marble, granite, etc.Pearlite is rich in resources, among which Lingqiu Tadi Pearlite Mine is the largest, with the proven reserves of 58.563 million tons, accounting for 33.5% of the country. The ore body occurs in the middle Jurassic acid volcanic rock series, appearing as a stratoid.It has been exploited and utilized.
Distribution of coal producing areas in Hengshan area
Shuoxian, Ningwu, Shanyin and Daixian belong to Ningwu coal and aluminum mineral combination area, which is mainly gas coal and fat coal. The coal seam in the north is thick, and the open-pit mining conditions are good.And there are bauxite, refractory clay and other minerals.Ningwu coalfield is an important coking coal base, which is mainly coking coal.The southwest end of Hengshan is located in the core area of Ningwu Coalfield, one of the eight major coalfields in Shanxi, and the middle section has two major coal producing areas in Shanxi Province: Hunyuan and Fanshi.Hunyuan has 1.7 billion tons of coal reserves and 100 million tons of bentonite reserves. It is one of the largest high-quality calcium based bentonite deposits in China, and 400 million tons of zeolite reserves, the only place of origin in Shanxi;The reserve of granite is 193 million cubic meters, especially the black granite is the world's top stone product.Bauxite, the proven large and medium-sized deposits are mainly Xuangang Yangfangkou mining area in the southwest of Hengshan.It mainly occurs at the bottom of Carboniferous Benxi Formation and belongs to shallow marine sedimentary deposit.The horizon is stable, the reserves are rich, and the ore quality is good. All of them are monohydrate diaspore, which is characterized by high aluminum, high silicon, and low iron.
Daixian County and Fanshi Mountain are located in the Wutai Hengshan iron and gold ore combination area, which is mainly the old metamorphic rock outcrop area. The mineral resources are mainly iron ore and gold ore, as well as qin (rutile), barium, key, copper, pyrite, phosphorite, silica, mica, asbestos and other minerals.The proved gold deposits are mainly distributed in Fanshi, Daixian, Lingqiu and other places at the southern foot of Hengshan Mountain, where Fanshi is a gold vein gold deposit in the mountain, Lingqiu Liaoyan mining area is a placer gold deposit, and the rest are mostly associated with copper, lead, zinc deposits.Fanshi Yixingzhai is a primary gold deposit, which occurs in the gold bearing sulfide quartz vein in the phlogopite gneiss of the Taizidi Formation of the Wutai Group, an ancient rock series. The largest vein is intermittently extended by 1190 meters, intermittently extended 460-610 meters deep, and up to 1-2 meters thick.The average grade of gold ore in the whole mining area is 11.72 g/t, the average grade of silver is 0.45%, and the reserve of gold ore is 10.6 tons, which is the largest gold deposit in the province.
Titanium ore is mainly distributed in Daixian County.The ores in Nianzigou mining area in Daixian County are hosted in the biotite hornblende granulite in the upper section of Nianzigou Formation of Wutai Group, which is a large deposit of rutile with a single mineral type, shallow burial, large ore body thickness and easy mining.The Heishangou mining area in Daixian County belongs to high temperature hydrothermal vanadic magnetite. The ore is vanadium titanium bearing magnetite, which has not been used yet.
Mica is mainly distributed in several ancient metamorphic rock mountain areas that have been uplifted for a long time, concentrated in Fanshi, Xinzhou, Wutai, Hunyuan, Guangling, Lingqiu, Daixian, etc.
Phosphate ore is mainly distributed in Pingxingguan, Lingqiu.It occurs in Precambrian contemporaneous rocks and is a phosphorus bearing gneiss deposit.The grade is relatively low. After flotation, the concentrate grade reaches 25-38%, and qualified phosphate fertilizer can be produced.Pingxingguan Phosphate Mine is large in scale, mostly exposed to the surface in layers, with reserves of 93.6 million tons.[31]
Forest resources
The ancient forestry in Hengshan area was prosperous.In the 6th century AD, Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty described the Sanggan River area in Yanbei as a place where forests are densely covered with birds and animals.Since the Liao Dynasty, the forests in the upper reaches of the Sanggan River have been cut on a large scale. The Yongding River (the upper reaches of the Sanggan River) was originally a "beneficial river" for navigation because of its dense forests, abundant water sources and clear water. According to the Shuijingzhu, before the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Yongding River was called the "Qingquan River". Due to the deforestation in the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the humus soil was washed away and the water color became brown,Black is reed.It has been known as "Lugou River" for a long time.When the Yuan Dynasty built Dadu, the forests in the north of Shanxi suffered more havoc. A large number of trees were transported out from the Sanggan River by water. It is recorded that "the mountains in the west are bare, and Dadu is out";The destruction of forests in the basin led to serious water and soil loss, which made the Yongding River increasingly turbid (it was used to be called Hun River in the early Ming Dynasty), often diverted and flooded, and it was renamed Wuding River in the late Ming Dynasty.The Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty "bestowed" the name "Yongding River".[32]
The north of Mount Hengshan, Mount Wutai and Mount Taihang was densely forested until the Ming Dynasty.For example, the "Key Draft of Song Hui" records that the middle and northern section of Taihang Mountain is "densely forested" and "pine forests are everywhere".The Cool Mountain Annals described Mount Wutai in the Song Dynasty as "surrounded by green mountains and mountains, and the sound of pines in thousands of valleys".The Biography of Hu and Gao Ergong's Forbidden Expedition written in the Ming Dynasty records that "since ancient times, there are more than seven hundred miles inside and outside the five peaks, with lush forests and towering forests, and birds are not crossing. It is still true at the beginning of the country (referring to the early years of the Ming Dynasty)".Twenty years before the Ming Jiaqing era (1541), there was a forest more than 100 miles wide around the Gouzhu Mountain of the Inner Great Wall. "The big one embraced the sky, and the small one was as dense as a comb".The Ming Dynasty built palaces, mausoleums and royal residences in Beijing, and carried out large-scale land reclamation and deforestation.Most of the materials used in Beijing Palace are from Daizhou (Wutai, Daixian, Fanshi, Yuanping).[32]
Distribution Diagram of Wood Resources in Hengshan Area
The forest land within Shanxi Province in Hengshan Prefecture is mainly distributed in the mountainous area at the junction of Fanshi, Yingxian and Daixian, belonging to Wutai Forest Region of Shanxi Province.Shanyin, Daixian and Yingxian in the southwest belong to Sangganhe forest area.
The forest area of Wutai Mountain is rich in forest resources, which are distributed in Fanshi, Wutai, Daixian and other places. The tree species are mainly larch and spruce, and there are Chinese pine, birch and a small amount of fir.There are 337000 mu of forests, of which 63% are natural forests, 37% are artificial forests, and the forest coverage rate is 8.66%. It is the forest area with the lowest forest coverage rate in Shanxi, and the timber volume is 1102200 cubic meters.[33]
Sangganhe poplar high-yield forest area governs Yanggao, Datong, Huairen, Zuoyun, Youyu, Shanyin, Yingxian, Shuoxian and Xinrong District of Datong between the Great Wall inside and outside Yanbei, with a total area of 1.257 million mu, 1.1841 million mu of forest, including 1.1651 million mu of artificial forest.The main tree species are poplar, accounting for more than 85% of the forest area, followed by Chinese pine, Scotch pine, etc., with a total forest stock of 470000 cubic meters.This area has obvious natural characteristics of the Loess Plateau. At an altitude of 900-1300m, the yellow sandy soil is poor in soil fertility, organic matter is only 0.4-0.8%, and fertility is 5-6i.The climate is cold, dry and windy, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The crop growth period is about 120 days.Although Sanggan River traverses from east to west, it is still difficult to use water for forestry due to insufficient water source.[34]
Grassland resources
In Hengshan area, Majialiang Grassland is a large grassland, located 30 li south of Shuo County, covering an area of 300000 mu.With an altitude of 1100 meters, the terrain is flat, and it is a continuous concentrated sandy soil beam. It is a grassland suitable for grazing.The water sources include river wells and springs, which are convenient for drinking livestock. The pastures include Lespedeza davurica, yellow white grass, cottonweed, reed grass, pennyweed, etc.Shuo County Horse Farm is located here.In addition, there are Hengshan Grassland (Hunyuan and Yingxian), Taibai Mountain Grassland (Nanshan of Lingqiu County), and Matziliang Grassland between Guangling and Lingqiu.[35]The natural grassland of Yangyuan County in the east is 680000 mu, of which the perennial forage grass dominated by alfalfa is more than 100000 mu.[36]
Cultural relics
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Main peak area
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were temples on Mount Hengshan.The main temple in the Feishi Grottoes is an ancient building built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and rebuilt in the Tang, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Hengshan had a large number of temples. People called it "three temples, four ancestral temples, nine pavilions and pavilions, seven palaces, eight caves and twelve temples". It is also known as the eighteen scenic spots of Hengshan.Unfortunately, it was damaged later, and there was not much left.After visiting Mount Hengshan, Xu Xiake, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, recorded his experiences in Mount Hengshan in his Travels of Xu Xiake.In the 1980s, after years of construction, the main peak area was built into a national scenic spot. See the following for the landscape of the main peak area:Hengshan Scenic Area。[4][37]
Hengshan Hanging Temple
Hengshan Hanging Temple, located in Hunyuan County, Datong City, Shanxi Province, 62 kilometers away from the urban area of Datong, is a national key cultural relics protection unit. It is the only unique temple integrating Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism in China.Hengshan Hanging Temple is about 50 meters high from the ground. The Hanging Temple has developed the Chinese architectural tradition and style, and its architectural characteristics can be summarized as "strange, hanging and ingenious".There are 40 halls and pavilions in the whole temple. When the suspended temple was built, it was adapted to local conditions and made full use of the natural state of the cliffs to arrange and build all parts of the temple buildings. The layout and shape of general temple plane buildings were built in three-dimensional space, including the mountain gate, bell and drum tower, main hall, side hall, etc.There are more than 80 Buddha statues in the temple.It is said that in the 23rd year of the Kaiyuan era of the Tang Dynasty (735), after Li Bai visited the Xuankong Temple, he wrote the word "spectacular" on the cliff. Xu Xiake, a great traveler of the Ming Dynasty, called the Xuankong Temple "a grand sight in the world".
Beiyue Temple
The Hengshan Temple Group was built in the first year of Taiyan, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, it was rebuilt in the Tang, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 60 temples and shrines on the main peak alone.However, most of them have disappeared, only 20 of which were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.The whole building complex covers an area of 1400 meters from east to west and 900 meters from south to north. The main palaces include: Hengzong Hall, Bedchamber, Huixian Mansion, Jiutian Palace, Chunyang Palace, Guandi Temple, Wenchang Temple, Lingguan Temple, Dragon King Temple, Mountain God Temple, Chuang Temple, Horse God Temple, Ten Kings Hall, Deyi Temple, Yandao Temple, Ziwei Pavilion, Kuixing Tower, Yuhua Hall, Jieguan Hall, Longquan Temple, etc. Among them, the Imperial Palace is also called the Staff Spirit Palace,It is the main temple of Mount Hengshan and the largest temple in Mount Hengshan;The dormitory is the oldest building in Hengshan;Huixian Mansion is the largest fairyland residence in Hengshan, with the figures Tie Guai Li, Zhang Guolao, Lv Dongbin, He Xiangu, etc.There are also nearly 200 cliff inscriptions, dozens of ancient steles for imperial sacrifices and pagodas.The Hengshan architectural complex has a grand scale and profound cultural heritage. It has been the holy land of Chinese Taoism since ancient times, and is known as the "fifth small cave".
other
The Inner Great Wall on Yanmen Mountain
The Inner Great Wall mainly refers to the Great Wall built along the Taihang Mountains and Luliang Mountains in the north of Shanxi Province, Hebei Province.The Northern Wei Dynasty and Ming Dynasty's long Inner Great Wall in Shanxi Province roughly ran from Juyongguan to Lingqiu in the southwest, then to the west, through Pingxing Pass, Yanmen Pass, Ningwu Pass, and then to Piantou Pass in the northwest, then to Beiyajiao Mountain in the old camp of Pianguan, connecting with the Outer Fortress. Most of its westward extension was on the Hengshan Mountains.[38]
Shenxi National Wetland ParkLocated 2 kilometers northwest of Hunyuan County, the park is full of springs and rippling blue waves. The famous "Shenxi Night Moon" is one of the eight ancient landscapes in Hunyuan, and has rich cultural landscapes such as ancient stages and ancient folk houses.It was listed in the first batch of provincial wetland parks in Shanxi Province in 2009, and was approved as a pilot unit of national wetland parks by the former State Forestry Administration in 2013.In 2018, it officially became a national wetland park.[39]
Dayun Temple, formerly known as Dayun Temple, is located in Jingzhuang Village, Jingzhuang Township, Hunyuan County.It was founded in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.The temple was originally large, but now only the three pillars of the Mahavira Hall remain, which are relics of the Jin Dynasty.It was repaired in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Guanghua Mountain Guandi Temple
Guanghua Mountain Guandi Temple. Guanghua Mountain is located in the north of Hunyuan Ancient City. In the opera "Walking on the Snow Mountain", the snow mountain refers to Guanghua Mountain.During the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty, Cao Shangshu, the official department of Datong, was framed by Wei Zhongxian, an eunuch, and killed all over the house. Miss Cao escaped with Cao Fu, an old servant. Zhaoxue, Miss Cao also fulfilled her promise to renovate the Guandi Temple.This story is widely spread in Datong, and it can be said that women and children know it. In view of this, Guanghua Mountain is also widely known.
Tangtou Hot Spring is located in Tangtou Village, a hundred miles southeast of Hunyuan County. The water temperature out of the ground is about 60 degrees Celsius, which is suitable for bathing.As early as the Tianci period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, officials came here to bathe and cure diseases. In the first year of Xingguang (454), Emperor Wencheng "Xingling Qiu, to the Hot Spring Palace", that is.Shuijingzhu: The water from the east meets the water from the hot spring. The water comes out of Xuangu Valley in the northwest. The water is as warm as soup, which can cure hundreds of diseases. Therefore, it is called the hot spring.[22]
Hengshan Temple in Yingxian County
Ying CountyHengshan Temple, located on the Damiao Mountain in the southwest of Beiloukou Village, Ying County, Shanxi Province.According to the records in the annals of Fanshi County, the Hengshan Temple at Beiloukou was first built in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and was renovated in the sixth year of Wanli. It has a history of more than 400 years.In the early 1960s, it was listed as a provincial cultural relics protection unit.
Lingqiu Jueshan Temple
Jueshan Temple in Lingqiu is located on the Jueshan mountainside 15 kilometers southeast of Lingqiu County.Jueshan is also called Xuanzhong Mountain and Puzhao Temple.The temple is surrounded by high mountains, and the ancient cypresses in the temple are dense. The scenery is pleasant.The temple was founded in 483, the seventh year of Taihe, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.There are brick carvings of kabuki around the temple tower base, which is a treasure of brick carvings in the Liao Dynasty.Also known as Puzhao Temple, it is now a key cultural relics protection unit in Shanxi Province. The brick pagoda with dense eaves of the Liao Dynasty in the temple is a national cultural relics protection unit.[40]
Ruiquan Temple, Lingqiu County
Ruiquan Temple in Lingqiu County is located in Dongtuoshui Village at the foot of Taibai Mountain. With convenient transportation and beautiful scenery, it is one of the nine scenic spots in Lingqiu County, "Ruiquan Temple in Black Donkey Camel Water".The east and west side hall is newly completed with a solemn hall and a Buddha statue. It is scheduled to hold a Buddha statue enlightenment ceremony on April 26 of the lunar calendar. May all Buddhas from all over the world be merciful, fearless and bright, and be destined for all beings.[17]
Xiaoxuangkong Temple
The Small Hanging Temple, located in the Hushan Mountain in the south of Guangling County, is jointly called the "Small Hanging Temple", with the Tuas Temple and the Water God Temple (Shengquan Temple).The temple was built on the top of the mountain.It was founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty and preserved as a relic of the Ming Dynasty.The source of abundant water flows out around the mountain, and the Huhe River converges with the abundant water to form a huge pool of more than 100 mu.[41]
Guanglingshui Temple
Guangling Water Temple, located in the southeast of Guangling County, is connected to the county seat.It is composed of ancient buildings in Hushan, the Chinese famous spring water shrine, spring lake, forest land and green land.The Shuishentang Spring is a lake formed from the springs around the Hushan Mountain. The water quality is natural mineral water, with a flow rate of 0.55 cubic meters per second. The local people call it "Shenquan".Huquan has a large flow, and two natural mineral spring reservoirs are gathered in its southeast, called pillow river reservoir and Xiahewan reservoir respectively.[42]
Dianziliang Aerial Grassland
Dianziliang Kongzhong Grassland is located in the southeast of Diaoquan Village, Liuke Township, Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, at the junction with Laiyuan and Wei County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. It is long and narrow from east to west, wide from north to south, and 2159 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by steep hillsides, wide and flat at the top, covering an area of 30000 mu. It is called the Aerial Grassland.[43]
Yang Zhongwu Ancestral Temple, also known as Yang Ling Ancestral Temple, commonly known as Yang Family Ancestral Temple, is located in Lutijian Village, 20 kilometers northeast of Daixian County. It is an ancestral temple built by Yang Ye's descendants to worship the Yang Ye couple and Yang's descendants.It is the third batch of key cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province.It was founded in the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279 AD).In the third year of Yongxi's reign (AD 986), Yang Ye died in battle in Chenjiayu. Later, the Song Dynasty presented him as a posthumous gift and hanged him as "Zhongwu". The descendants of the Yang family shared the name of the temple.[44]
socioeconomic
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Agriculture
Hengshan area belongs to the agricultural area of the northern Shanxi basin, which has less people and more land, and has greater production potential.Most places are basin terrain (including Datong Basin, Guangling Basin and Lingqiu Basin), with flat terrain and vast cultivated land.There is a large area of saline alkali beach and sandy wasteland in the area, which is the place where arable wasteland is concentrated in the province.The terrain of this area is more than 1000 meters above sea level, the climate is warm and cool, the frost free period is only one hundred and thirty days, the potential is low, and the accumulated temperature of 10 ℃ is mostly around 2700-2900 ℃, which belongs to the mid temperate spring wheat area, and it is a one crop area every year.
This area is rich in water resources, with a high degree of water conservancy. The per capita irrigated land reaches 1.1 mu, second only to Jinzhong District, ranking second in the province.However, most of the agriculture is flooded with water, and the waste of water is very serious.As this area is the location of Datong and Pingshuo coal thermal power bases, the water consumption of industry and mining is increasing, and the contradiction between industry and agriculture has become increasingly prominent.
The agriculture in this area is mainly planted with spring wheat, corn, millet, potato, beet and flax.Taking Yangyuan County as an example, at the beginning of the 21st century, the total area of perennial grain crops in the county was about 540000 mu, and the area of oil crops was about 60000 mu.The planting area of large apricot flat is 300000 mu, the fruit bearing area is 113000 mu, the planting area of Buddha apricot is 10000 mu, and the fruit bearing area is 5000 mu.[36]The grain production in this area has developed rapidly. The climate is warm and cool, there are many saline and alkaline lands, and the land is wide. The contradiction between food and vegetables is easy to solve. In addition, Datong Sugar Factory is nearby for processing, which has great economic benefits.This area is the best place to develop sugar beet production conditions in the province.In addition, 110000 mu of sugar beets were planted in 1982, with a total output of 128.71 million kg, accounting for more than 50% of the province.
The main problems existing in agricultural production in this area are serious wind and sand hazards, serious desertification of land, salinity, frost damage and drought also pose a certain threat to agriculture.[45]
Animal Husbandry
Diandingshan Pasture
There are many horses in Hengshan area, and some good horse breeding farms have also been established.The main state-owned horse farms are located in Shuo County (Yanbei Hongqi Horse Farm), Pingxingguan and other places, which are the supply base of good breeding horses in rural areas of Shanxi Province.
Guangling, in the northeast of Hengshan Mountain, is the base of fine donkey breeds in Shanxi.Guangling thrush donkey is a primitive local breed, which is produced in Guangling and Lingqiu.It is mainly distributed in the eastern counties of Yanbei and Xinzhou, and Laiyuan and Yuxian in Hebei.In the 1980s, there were more than 3000 painted donkeys in Guangling County alone.Over the years, more than 1200 horses have been sold and more than 10 exported to 13 provinces, cities, 33 counties and the PLA horse farms.
Dairy cattle are mainly distributed in Shuozhou, Shanyin and other counties and cities.Shanyin County is an important milk production base in Shanxi Province.[46]
In 1978, Daixian, Fanshi, Ningwu and other counties were designated as sheep improvement base counties in Shanxi Province.In 1979, Shanxi Province determined Fanshi and other counties as the production base counties of semi fine wool sheep in the whole province.In 1987, Shanxi Province designated Ningwu and other counties as provincial cashmere goat base counties.[47]
Mining industry
Coal mining and utilization in Shuozhou, the southern end of Hengshan Mountain, began from the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, and began to take shape in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.During the Republic of China, it was mainly distributed in Fanshi, Ningwu and other counties.Mining increased after the founding of the People's Republic of China, including Yangfangkou, Dongfen, Linggou, Qiliwa and other mines in Ningwu.[48]
Iron ore mining. Since the 1980s, Dongshan Iron Mine, Pingxingguan Iron Mine and Hengjian Concentrator have been built in Fanshi County;Daixian Baiyuli Iron Mine, Zhangxianbao Iron Mine.During this period, small iron ore mines run by villages and towns in each county mainly include Fanshi Yantou Concentrator, Daixian Xingao Concentrator, etc.[49]
Tourism development
Hengshan Scenic Area, Hunyuan North Mountain, was announced by the State Council as one of the first batch of national key scenic spots in 1982.According to the 1984 plan, the Panorama Area consists of four levels of reserves and one nature reserve.1、 The second level reserve covers an area of 62.10 square kilometers, centering on Tianfeng Mountain and Cuiping Peak, which stand side by side with two peaks, including Tianfeng Mountain Scenic Area, Cuiping Peak Scenic Area, Qianfo Mountain Scenic Area, Hot Spring Scenic Area and Hunyuan City Scenic Spot Group;Longshan area is a nature reserve.[50]
Shuozhou City has developed a series of humanistic scenic spots based on cultural relics such as the Small Hanging Temple and the Water God Hall with the help of cultural relics such as Yanmen Pass and Ningwu Pass.With the help of Pingxingguan Victory Memorial Hall, Lingqiu County has developed and constructed Pingxingguan Red Tourist Attraction.The Xiahewan Reservoir in Guangling County, the Huliuhe Reservoir in Yu County, Hebei Province, and the Hengshan Reservoir at the source of the Hun River in the Huliu River basin have all been developed into wetland parks, water tourism and other water conservancy scenic spots.
The highest peak of the Hengshan Mountains in Shuozhou City is in the Mantou Mountain area. In November 2006, the People's Government of Shanxi Province approved the establishment of the Mantou Mountain Forest Park, which is a mountain type provincial forest park with forest landscape resources, geomorphic landscape resources, and water landscape resources as the main body, integrating mountain scenery, forest scenery, water scenery, and cultural landscape.Yuxian Flying Fox Valley, Lingqiu Taibai Mountain and Dianziliang Kongzhong Grassland have good potential for natural scenery development.[51]
Construction history
Hengshan area was occupied by nomadic people in the pre Qin and Spring and Autumn Period.During the Warring States Period, it belonged to the State of Zhao, with Yunzhong, Yanmen and Daijun set up.In the Qin and Han Dynasties, Yanmen Prefecture was established after the Qin Dynasty unified the six countries.During the Han Dynasty, Pingcheng County was subordinate to Yanmen County.The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Three Kingdoms, the Cao Wei Dynasty were under the jurisdiction of Xinxing County, Jizhou.The Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Pingcheng, the capital from the middle of the cloud, and set up the Si Prefecture as the herdsman, the Dai Yin, and the Heng Prefecture, with jurisdiction over eight counties and fourteen counties.The Northern Qi Dynasty changed Beiheng Prefecture into Heng'an Town, which was subordinate to Taiping County of Hengzhou.The Northern Zhou Dynasty changed Taiping County into Yunzhong County.
Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Sui and its land belongs to the three states of Yun, Shuo and Dai.Shi Jingtang of the Five Dynasties ceded the sixteen states of Yanyun to Liao.
In the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the fifth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yunzhong Fu Road was preset. Because of the confrontation between Song and Liao, Datong was occupied by Liao, so Yunzhong Fu Road was just a fiction.Later, it was under the jurisdiction of Jin, with Datong Mansion on Xijing Road, General Manager Mansion on Xijing Road, and Lingshou Division.In the Yuan Dynasty, Datong Zhongshu Province changed Xijing Road into Datong Road, governing eight prefectures, five counties and seven villages.Shanyin, Yanmen, Mayi, Shanyang, Hongji, Jincheng and Ningwu are located in the Hengshan area.
The Ming Dynasty implemented a three-tier system of provinces, prefectures and counties.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Shanxihang Zhongshu Province was set up, and soon it was changed to Shanxi Chengbao Political Envoy Department, which had jurisdiction over five prefectures, three Zhili prefectures, and seventy-seven counties.Datong Prefecture has jurisdiction over four prefectures, seven counties and thirteen garrisons.Four states: Shuozhou, Yingzhou, Hunyuan and Yuzhou;Seven counties: Datong County, Huairen County, Mayi County, Shanyin County, Guangling County, Guangchang County (Laiyuan County, Hebei Province), Lingqiu County;The Thirteen Guards Station is not within the range of Hengshan Mountain.
After the Qing Dynasty settled down in the Central Plains, it inherited the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty. Shanxi is one of the 18 provinces, governing nine prefectures, ten Zhili prefectures, six scattered prefectures, eighty-five counties, and twelve Zhili halls.Datong Prefecture (governing Datong) governs two prefectures, seven counties and one hall.Two states: Hunyuan and Yingzhou;Among the seven counties in Hengshan area are Datong County, Shanyin County, Guangling County and Lingqiu County;Another Shuozhou is subordinate to Shuoping Mansion.Weizhou is included in Hebei Province.
In the early years of the Republic of China, Datong House was abolished in the first year of the Republic of China. In May of the second year, Minyuan set up Yanmen Road to govern Datong, governing 13 counties in Yanbei and 13 counties in Xinzhou, a total of 26 counties.At that time, the thirteen counties in Yanbei were in Hengshan: Datong County, Ying County, Shanyin County, Shuo County, Pinglu County, Hunyuan County, Lingqiu County and Guangling County.
During the Anti Japanese War, on September 13, 1937, after the Japanese invaders occupied Datong, the "Northern Shanxi Autonomous Government" was established on October 15. In April 1939, the "Northern Shanxi Political Department" was established under the Japanese puppet "Mongolian Joint Autonomous Government", which was changed to "Datong Provincial Office" in 1943.The Eighth Route Army under the leadership of the Communist Party of China opened up an anti Japanese base in the countryside of Datong, established an anti Japanese democratic government, and set up East West Datong County with the Beijing Baotou Railway and the North Tongpu Railway as the boundary. East Datong County belongs to the Shanxi Chahar Hebei Border Region, and Yangyuan County also belongs to it;West Datong County belongs to the Shanxi Suiyuan Border Region.After the liberation of Yantong District on May 1, 1949, together with Yangyuan County and Yu County in the east of Hengshan District, it was under the jurisdiction of Chahar Province.
After liberation, in November 1952, after the revocation of Chahar Province, Hengshan District was under the jurisdiction of Shanxi and Hebei.The period was changed several times. By the 1970s, most of Hengshan Prefecture had returned to Yanbei Prefecture and Zhangjiakou Prefecture, which was consistent with the setting during the Anti Japanese War.In 1992 and 1993, Zhangjiakou District and Yanbei District were cancelled, prefectures and cities were merged, Yingxian County was under the jurisdiction of Shuozhou City, Yanggao, Guangling, Lingqiu, Hunyuan, etc. were under the jurisdiction of Datong City, and the county was governed by the city;Yangyuan County and Yuxian County belong to Zhangjiakou City.[36][52]
Taoism communication
Hengshan is the mainstream of Taoism in the worldQuanzhen SectSanctum.According to relevant data, more than 2000 years ago, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were alchemists who knew about immortals and refined immortals in the Hengshan area of Yanbei, that is, the Immortal Family.In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a alchemist who claimed to be the prince of the Yin Dynasty. He often traveled to Mount Hengshan and did not eat grain, but only grass and plants such as Peng Guo.During the reign of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a man surnamed Mao with the name of Ying and the name of Shushen, who, together with his two younger brothers, Mao Gu and Mao Zhong, practiced the recipe of immortality in Hengshan.In the Biography of Guanglie Immortals, it is said that they have become immortals, also known as Sanmao Zhenjun.There is also a place called Mao San Cave on Mount Heng.
In the early Tang Dynasty, Taoist temples were built on Mount Hengshan, and many temples were built around the country for Taoist cultivation.It is recorded that in the second year of the Kaiyuan era (7147), Emperor Xuanzong built a Zhuangquan Temple in Hengshan, on which there were two springs (one sweet and one bitter). Li Longji had given a plaque and rebuilt the Hengshan Temple.Zhang Guolao, one of the Eight Immortals, led his disciples to practice alchemy in Mount Hengshan, and the famous Taoist managed the grass to get the enlightenment.Lingqiu creates the concept of white sound.During the reign of Zong Guangde in the Tang Dynasty (763-647), Taoist Yuke and Feng Mingqi established Chongxu Temple in Yingxian County.
During the Five Dynasties period, in July of the fourth year of Tianlu, the Khitan Shizong, the Liao army prepared to attack the Central Plains and sent people to the Hengshan Temple to make divinations. Angered at the unlucky divination, they set fire to the Hengshan Temple.
In the third year of Zhongtong in the Yuan Dynasty (1262), Taoist Kou Shiqian built Yunxi Temple in Xi'anyu, south of Yingxian County, covering an area of 300 mu.In the second year of Yuanyanyou (1315), Taoist Liu Boguang built Xuantong Temple in Wujiadian Village, southwest of Ying County.
In the Ming Shizong period, Hengshan built large temples.Yingxian County has Sanqing Temple and Beixia Temple in the county seat, Shuilu Palace in Dajiazhuang in the southwest of the county seat, and Hengshan Temple in the north and south loukou in the east of the county seat.Guangling County also built many temples at this time, such as Baiyang Lingxiao Temple, Baizhuan Baoqi Temple, Nancun Jixian Temple, etc.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Buddhism was respected and Taoism was suppressed. All Taoism sects were stagnant, and there was no active religious group.Buddhism and Taoism had very close exchanges in the Qing Dynasty, with a tendency to merge Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.For example, the Xuankong Temple is a temple where Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism are integrated. It not only worships Buddhism, Buddhism and Bodhisattva, but also Taoist Laozi, Chunyang Lvzu and immortals, as well as Confucian representatives such as Confucius and Guandi.
In the Republic of China, the Taoist Mission, which had lost its economic foundation, was still powerless, and even it was difficult to maintain its system.However, people still trust their gods and go to temple fairs.At this time, most Taoist temples in the province were complete, but the atmosphere of the past had lost.
During the War of Resistance against Japan and the War of Liberation, after years of war, most Taoists fled and scattered, and the temples were left unattended, so that they were gradually abandoned and most Taoist temples were destroyed by gunfire.
After the founding of New China, Taoists enjoyed civil rights like other people from all walks of life in politics.In 1956, Hengshan Taoist Li Yuantong was elected as a member of the CPPCC Shanxi Provincial Committee, and also participated in the work of Hunyuan Central Hospital.In April 1957, Li Yuantong attended the representative meeting of the Chinese Taoist Association held in Beijing and was received by Chairman Zhu De.However, many people in the society have abandoned their Taoist beliefs, and the number of people who ask Taoists to chant and remove the ominous is greatly reduced. Most of the visitors come to visit the cultural heritage.As a result, many Taoist temples no longer have Taoist residences.
During the "Cultural Revolution", some palaces and temples in Hengshan were destroyed, scriptures were burned, some temples and temples were completely demolished, and some palacesThe temple, temple and temple were unreasonably seized by "rebels" and destroyed arbitrarily;The chimneys, catheads, dripping water and other buildings in various temples were all destroyed and removed, the bells, drums, furnaces, incense and other things were all destroyed, and most of the statues were destroyed and removed.Religious activities have basically ceased.
Hengshan Taoist Activities
After 1982, the provincial, prefectural (municipal) and key county governments at all levels set up religious affairs agencies one after another, which have done a series of work on the implementation of policies for Taoist personnel, the maintenance and management of Taoist temples, the problems of Taoist real estate, the opening of Taoist places, the normal development of Taoist believers and Taoist clergy, and the normal development of religious activities, and have received good results.From 1983 to 1984, Hunyuan Hanging Temple was repaired.In 1983, Hengshan Temple was built and reinforced, and the state allocated 300000 yuan.On July 1, 2013, the Sanyuan Palace in Yuemen Bay of Hengshan Mountain was rebuilt.These places are not only important places for Taoist activities, but also famous tourist attractions at home and abroad.[53-54]
Beiyue Culture
In 2016, the Five Sacred Mountains Praying Dharma Meeting was held in the Sanyuan Palace of Mount Hengshan
The sacrificial activity of Hengshan Mountain, the northern mountain, was moved to Hunyuan with the approval of Emperor Shunzhi in the 17th year of Shunzhi's reign (1660) of the Qing Dynasty.In the summer of the first year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1662), Emperor Kangxi issued a decree to restore the sacrifice of Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan.On the way to Mount Wutai, he climbed Mount Hengshan for a tour and wrote the plaque "Huachui has a long history" in person.[55]
"Hengshan Taoist Music" and "Beiyue Hengshan Sacrifice Activities" have also been protected and carried forward as the intangible cultural heritage of Hunyuan County.[56]
Name change
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The origin of the name of Mount Hengshan is stated in the "General Customs": "Constant, constant, everything in the north, there is constant.[61]”That is to say, Mount Hengshan is located in the north, where Yin ends and begins. Its Tao is permanent and it is the place of constancy, so it is called Mount Hengshan.The folk saying is that because the trend of Mount Hengshan is horizontal, "horizontal" and "constant" are in harmony, it was called Mount Hengshan in ancient times.Wei Yuan of the Qing Dynasty also said in the second column of the North Mountain of the Buddhist Way: "Mount Hengshan is named after Hengshui." Henghe was called Hengshui in ancient times.[57]
In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan's Shuijingzhu records: "In the east, Guochuan River flows into it, and Shuinan flows out of Guoxian County (an ancient county in Hunyuan), so it is south of the city, and Guozhang is Wang Mang's country. The south of the county faces a mysterious mountain, and the right side backs Guoshan Mountain, which is located in the middle of the two mountains, so it is called Guozhang." Here Li Daoyuan calls the mountain in the south of the county a mysterious mountain, rather than a northern mountain or a permanent mountain.Li Daoyuan died in the third year of Xiaochang (527), and Shuijingzhu was written three years earlier than Xiaochang, that is to say, Hunyuan Hengshan was not called Hengshan in the Northern Wei Dynasty.It was also stated that "Hengshan Mountain is the northern mountain, which is located in the northwest of Quyang County in the middle mountain.[58]
However, according to the "Wei Shu Topography Annals" written by Wei Shou, a native of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Hengzhou was once located in the surrounding area of Mount Hengshan. According to the research, the jurisdiction of Hengzhou at that time was equivalent to the scope of modern Datong City. It is possible that Hengshan at that time generally refers to the branch of Taihang Mountain in the southeast of Datong Basin (including the area of Tianfengling).[59]
However, since the Tang Dynasty, there have been two records of Mount Hengshan (or Beiyue) in historical books and records, namely, Tianfeng Mountain in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province and Damao Mountain in Quyang, Hebei Province (within Fuping County, Hebei Province).For example, there are two records of Mount Hengshan in the Kuo Di Zhi of the Tang Dynasty, one is called Mount Hengshan, and the other is Hunyuan: "Mount Hengshan enters Cixia more than ten miles from the south of Zhouzhou, and reaches Yuemiao Mountain Gate five miles away, and Zhiding Peak ten miles away." One is called Beiyue, and in Hebei: "Beiyue has five aliases... Buddhism calls it Qingfeng, Taoism calls it Zongyuan Cave, Tianjin City, and Fudi Mountain, and a Damao Mountain, also called Shenjian Mountain."[58]
There are also two records of Mount Hengshan in the Tongzhi of the Song Dynasty. One is in Hunyuan, called Mount Hengshan in the north, "Mount Hengshan in the north is twenty miles south of the city,..." The other is in Hebei, called Mount Hengshan: "Mount Hengshan is one hundred and forty miles northwest of Quyang, that is, the Damao Mountain in old Fuping, starting from Hunyuan Prefecture and reaching Quyang from Feihu Ridge." There are also two records in Shen Kuo's Dream Stream Tales of the Song Dynasty,In Hunyuan: "Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan Prefecture is more than 300 miles away from Damao Mountain in Fuping County, and its peaks and ridges are connected. Those who cover Hengshan Mountain 3000 miles around, 20 miles to the south of Hunyuan and 140 miles to the northwest of Quyang are really one mountain." In Quyang, it is: "Changshan Mountain in the north, now Damao Mountain, half Li Qidan, is bounded by Damao ridge." Hengshan Mountain in Shen Kuo's writing is actually a mountain range, not a mountain.[58]
Schematic Diagram of Hengshan Mountain Changes in Ancient and Modern Beiyue
According to the Annals of Hebei Province and Geography, "Immortal Mountain: 1870 meters above sea level, located at the junction of Laiyuan, Tangxian and Fuping counties, it was once a northern mountain in history. There were ancient temples in the mountain, and it was one of the famous historical mountains of Taihang Mountain."[15]
Among the numerous Beiyue poems and articles, the description of the location of Mount Hengshan by the poets in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties is the most specific, pointing to Mount Damao in Hebei.In the Jin Dynasty, there were many Hunyuan literati. However, there was no Hengshan or Beiyue in the poetry of Hunyuan literati in the Jin Dynasty. Yuan Haowen, a native of Xinzhou (then known as Xiurong) in the south of Hunyuan, wrote the poem "Great Mao Weiyue Ancient Emperor Sun" (see the Annals of Hunyuan County).It shows that the Northern Mountains in the Song and Jin Dynasties were also Damao Mountains.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Hunyuan began to officially record the information of Hengshan Mountain, whether in county annals or poems, but at that time Damao Mountain in Hebei also continued to maintain its status as Hengshan Mountain, so there was a dispute over Hengshan Mountain.[58]According to the Religious Dictionary, "Mount Hengshan is located in the northwest of Quyang County, Hebei Province, which borders Shanxi Province today. The Xuanwu Mountain in Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, was named Mount Hengshan in the Ming Dynasty".The Unified Annals of the Ming Dynasty written in the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Shun tomorrow (1461): "Hunyuan Prefecture... changed the county into Hengyin at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty...", and the History of the Ming Dynasty · Geographical Annals, completed in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1739 AD), recorded that "Hunyuan Prefecture has Hengshan Mountain in the south, that is, the northern mountain, which borders Quyang County in the north"The History of the Qing Dynasty · Geography" compiled at the beginning of the Republic of China records: "Hunyuan Prefecture...... Southeast: Hengshan Mountain, Beiyue Mountain, moved here from Quyang in the seventeenth year of Shunzhi“。[59]In the 17th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1660), Emperor Shunzhi approved the "sacrifice of Beiyue to Hunyuan".[60]
