This term is certified by the Children's Sex Education Research Group of Beijing Normal University.
Paediatric is a kind of "sexual preference" mental disorder defined by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), which refers to that adolescents over 16 years old or adult patients believe that children under 13 years old are sexually attractive.Paedophilia involves persistent interest in adolescent children, such as having persistent sexual intentions, having sexual fantasies and pressing sexual demands, sexual arousal and having sex with children[1]。
Paedophilia is not a special legal term in China's laws, that is to say, it is not illegal to consider children as sexually attractive[2]。Therefore, paedophilia can only be considered as a behavioral motive of sexual crimes at present, which is not equivalent to sexual crimes. However, it should be noted that paedophilia may commit crimes such as child sexual assault and child sexual abduction.The content of paedophilia is also an important part of comprehensive sex education.Learners need to understand not only the specific manifestations of paedophilia, but also how to treat paedophilia correctly, prevent criminal acts caused by paedophilia, and how to seek help after being injured[3]。Although there are difficulties in judging and counting paedophiles, the existing data still shows that most paedophiles have experienced abuse in their childhood, so researchers conclude that the transformation from victim to perpetrator may be one of the reasons for paedophiles[4]。At present, there are two therapies for paedophiles: medication and psychotherapy, but these two therapies are not applicable to all paedophiles[5][6]。
Paedophilia refers to the phenomenon that teenagers or adults over 16 years old think that children under 13 years old have the main sexual attraction, or that only they have sexual attraction[1]。According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), people with paedophilia must be at least 16 years old and more than 5 years older than the children they think have sexual attraction[1]。However, the concept of paedophilia is not included in the Chinese Mental Disease Diagnostic (CCMD-3 for short)[7]。
Pathological interpretation
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The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association defines paedophilia as a mental disorder that has strong and repeated sexual impulses and fantasies for children under 13 years of age, and has taken action or caused problems with such sexual impulses[1]。
The paedophilia will appear before or during puberty, and will be accompanied by lifelong[8]。Patients will find their own paedophilia tendencies that are not under their own choice or control[9]。Based on the above characteristics, some insiders will regard it as a sexual orientation, similar to homosexuality or heterosexuality.However, the existing research evidence does not support the "de sickening" of paedophiles, because paedophiles may cause harm to others, and there are studies that show that they can avoid harmful behaviors to children with the help of professionals[10]。
Relevant laws, regulations and policy documents of China
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Paedophilia is not a special legal term in the law of our country, that is to say, it is not illegal to think that children are sexually attractive.Therefore, paedophilia can only be considered as a behavioral motive of sexual crimes at present, which is not equivalent to sexual crimes. However, it should be noted that paedophilia may commit crimes such as child sexual assault and child sexual abduction.
The relevant laws and regulations of our country involve the content related to the crime caused by paedophilia.Among them, the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (revised in 2020), the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors (revised in 2020), and the Opinions on Punishing Crimes of Sexual Infringement on Minors in accordance with the Law (2013) described the possible criminal acts caused by paedophilia from the perspective of punishment,These laws, regulations and policy documents jointly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of children in the face of crimes caused by paedophilia.
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (revised in 2020)
Article 236
Whoever rapes a woman by violence, coercion or other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.Whoever rapes a girl under the age of 14 shall be regarded as raping and given a heavier punishment.Whoever rapes a woman or rapes a girl under age shall, under any of the following circumstances, be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death:
（1） Raping a woman or having sexual intercourse with a young girl, the circumstances of which are flagrant;
（2） Raping women or raping young girls;
（3） Raping a woman in public in a public place;
（4） Gang rape by two or more persons;
（5） Causing serious injury or death to the victim or causing other serious consequences.
Article 237
Whoever acts indecently against another person or insults a woman by violence, coercion or other forced means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention.Whoever gathers a crowd or commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph in public in a public place, or if there are other serious circumstances, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.Whoever molests a child shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.
Article 358
Whoever organizes or forces another person to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined;Whoever falls under any of the following categories shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined or sentenced to confiscation of property:
（1） Organizing others to engage in prostitution, and the circumstances are serious;
（2） Forcing a girl under the age of 14 to engage in prostitution;
（3） Forcing more than one person to engage in prostitution or repeatedly forcing others to engage in prostitution;
（4） Forcing prostitution after rape;
（5） Causing serious injury, death or other serious consequences to the person who is forced to engage in prostitution.
Whoever falls under any of the circumstances listed in the preceding paragraph, if the circumstances are especially serious, shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or death and also to confiscation of property.Whoever assists in organizing others to engage in prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined;If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.
Article 359
Whoever lures, shelters or introduces another person to prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance and shall also be fined;If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined.Whoever lures a girl under the age of 14 into prostitution shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined[2]。
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors
Article 17
Parents or other guardians of minors may not commit the following acts:
（1） Maltreat, abandon, illegally place out minors or commit domestic violence against minors;
（4） Indulge or instigate minors to smoke (including electronic cigarettes, the same below), drink, gamble, wander and beg or bully others;
Article 22
If the parents or other guardians of minors are unable to fully perform their guardianship duties within a certain period of time due to reasons such as going out to work, they shall entrust a person with full civil capacity to take care of them on their behalf;Without proper reasons, they shall not entrust others to take care of them.
When determining the entrusted person, the parents or other guardians of minors shall take into account their moral character, family status, physical and mental health, emotional connection with the life of minors, and listen to the opinions of minors who have the ability to express their will.
Under any of the following circumstances, a person may not be an entrusted person:
（1） He has committed crimes such as sexual assault, maltreatment, abandonment, trafficking and violence.
Article 40
Schools and kindergartens shall establish a working system to prevent sexual assault and harassment of minors.Schools and kindergartens shall not conceal illegal and criminal acts such as sexual assault and sexual harassment of minors, and shall report them to the public security organ and the education administrative department in a timely manner, and cooperate with relevant departments to deal with them according to law.
Schools and kindergartens shall carry out age appropriate sex education for minors, and improve their self-protection awareness and ability to prevent sexual assault and harassment.Schools and kindergartens shall promptly take relevant protective measures against minors who have suffered sexual assault or harassment.
Article 54
Abduction and trafficking, kidnapping, maltreatment, illegal adoption of minors, and sexual assault and harassment of minors are prohibited.
Article 62
When a unit that has close contact with minors recruits staff, it shall inquire the public security organ and the People's Procuratorate whether the applicant has any record of sexual assault, abuse, trafficking, violence and other crimes;Those found to have the aforesaid behavior records shall not be employed.
Units that have close contact with minors shall regularly inquire whether their staff members have the above-mentioned illegal and criminal records every year.If any of its staff members is found to have committed any of the above acts through inquiry or other means, they shall be dismissed in a timely manner.
Article 98
The State has established an information inquiry system for criminals involved in sexual assault, abuse, trafficking, violence and other crimes, and provides free inquiry services to units in close contact with minors[11]。
Opinions on Punishing Sexual Offences against Minors in accordance with the Law
Basic Requirements
1. The crimes of sexual assault against minors mentioned in this opinion include the crime of rape against minors, the crime of forced indecency, the crime of insulting women, the crime of indecency against children, the crime of organizing prostitution, the crime of forced prostitution, the crime of luring, shelteringIntroduce the crime of prostitution, the crime of luring young girls into prostitution, the crime of whoring and sleeping with young girls, etc.
2. Crimes of sexual assault on minors shall be severely punished according to law.
3. When handling cases of sexual assault on minors, full consideration should be given to the immature physical and mental development and vulnerability of minor victims, and the principle of special and priority protection should be implemented to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors.
4. If minors commit crimes of sexual assault on minors, they should adhere to the principle of two-way protection. When protecting the legitimate rights and interests of juvenile victims according to law, they should also protect the legitimate rights and interests of juvenile criminal suspects and juvenile defendants according to law.
5. When handling cases of sexual assault on minors, judges, procurators, investigators, lawyers and other litigation participants shall keep confidential the identity information of minor victims, minor suspects and minor defendants, as well as the information that may infer their identity information and the details of sexual assault.
The public litigation documents shall not disclose the identity information of minor victims and other materials that may infer their identity information. Attention shall be paid to describing the facts of sexual assault in an appropriate way.
6. Criminal cases of sexual assault on minors should be handled by judges, procurators and investigators who are familiar with the physical and mental characteristics of minors. If the minor victim is a female, female staff should participate.
If the people's court, the people's procuratorate or the public security organ has a special working agency or special working group for handling juvenile criminal cases, the special working agency or special working group may give priority to handling cases of sexual assault on minors.
7. People's courts, people's procuratorates, public security organs and judicial administrative organs at all levels should strengthen the contact and cooperation with civil affairs, education, women's federations, the Communist Youth League and other departments as well as juvenile protection organizations, jointly do a good job in preventing crimes against minors and psychological appeasement and guidance of juvenile victims, and from the perspective of benefiting the physical and mental health of minors,Give them necessary help.
8. People's courts at higher levels, people's procuratorates, public security organs and judicial administrative organs should strengthen guidance and professional training for their subordinates.People's courts, people's procuratorates, public security organs and judicial administrative organs at all levels should strengthen the judicial concept of giving special and priority protection to minors, improve the working mechanism, and improve the ability and level of handling cases.
Requirements for case handling procedure
9. Persons with special duties of guardianship, education, training, rescue, care, medical treatment, etc. for minors (hereinafter referred to as persons with special duties), as well as other citizens and units, have the right and obligation to report cases or reports to public security organs, people's procuratorates, and people's courts when they find that minors have been sexually abused.
10. The public security organ shall accept the reports, charges and reports of sexual abuse of minors in a timely manner and promptly review them.If, upon examination, the conditions for filing a case are met, the case shall be immediately filed for investigation.
If the public security organ discovers that a minor may be sexually assaulted or receives relevant clues, regardless of whether the case is under the jurisdiction of the unit, it shall promptly take emergency measures to stop illegal and criminal acts, protect the victim, protect the scene, and when necessary, it shall notify the relevant departments to provide temporary resettlement and assistance to the victim.
11. If the People's Procuratorate believes that the public security organ should file a case for investigation but fails to do so, or if the victim, his legal representative or the person who has special responsibilities for minors raise an objection to the People's Procuratorate accordingly, the People's Procuratorate shall request the public security organ to explain the reasons for not filing a case.If the People's Procuratorate considers that the reason for not filing a case is untenable, it shall notify the public security organ to file the case, and the public security organ shall file the case after receiving the notice.
12. When investigating cases of sexual abuse of minors, the public security organ shall collect fixed evidence in a timely and comprehensive manner in accordance with legal procedures.Timely investigate the crime scene of sexual assault, conduct physical examination on minor victims and criminal suspects, extract biological samples such as body fluid, hair, residues in the nails of victims and criminal suspects, fingerprints, footprints, shoe prints and other traces, clothes, buttons and other items;Timely collect documentary evidence such as accommodation registration form, on-site monitoring video and other audio-visual materials;Timely collect the victim's statement, witness's testimony, criminal suspect's statement and other evidence.
13. If the investigators go to the school, unit or residence of the minor victim and his relatives, the minor witness to investigate and collect evidence, they should avoid driving a police car, wearing uniforms or taking other ways that may expose the identity of the victim, affect the reputation and privacy of the victim.
14. The judges, procurators, investigators and lawyers shall adhere to the principle of non injury, choose the residence of the minor or other places where the minor feels psychologically safe, and notify their legal representatives to be present.If it is impossible to notify, the legal representative cannot be present, or the legal representative is a criminal suspect or defendant of sexual assault, it may also notify other adult relatives of the minor victim or representatives of the school, grass-roots organization in the place of residence, juvenile protection organization and other relevant personnel to be present, and record the relevant information.
The questioning of minor victims should be conducted in a gentle manner, taking into account their physical and mental characteristics.The facts related to the crime of sexual assault should be comprehensively inquired, and repeated inquiries should be avoided as far as possible based on the principle of one inquiry.
15. When handling cases of sexual assault on minors, the people's courts and the people's procuratorates shall promptly inform the minor victims and their legal representatives or close relatives that they have the right to entrust agents ad litem, and inform them that if they have financial difficulties, they can apply to legal aid institutions for legal aid.Those who need to apply for legal aid shall be assisted in applying for legal aid.Legal aid institutions shall promptly appoint lawyers who are familiar with the physical and mental characteristics of minors to provide them with legal assistance.
16. The People's Court, the People's Procuratorate and the public security organ shall inform the victim and his legal representative of the progress of the case and the result of the case in a timely manner, and explain the relevant situation, except for the circumstances that hinder the handling of the case.
17. After the people's court determines the date of the hearing of a case of crime against minors, it shall notify the juvenile victims and their legal representatives of the time and place of the hearing.The legal representative of a minor victim may accompany or represent the minor victim to participate in the court proceedings and state his opinions, except that the legal representative is the defendant of a sexual assault crime.
18. If it is really necessary for a minor victim or witness to appear in court when a people's court holds a court session to hear a case of sexual assault on minors, it shall take protective measures such as not exposing their appearance and true voice according to the circumstances of the case.If conditions permit, statements and testimonies of minors can be broadcast by means of video, and protective measures should also be taken for video broadcast[12]。
Relevant educational documents of Chinese ministries and commissions
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As a mental disorder, paedophiles may cause harm to children. Although China's education documents do not directly describe paedophiles, they will tell children how to better protect themselves from the perspectives of protecting their private parts, preventing and responding to violence, and media literacy.Among the relevant educational documents issued by various ministries and commissions in China, the Core Information of Health Education for Chinese Teenagers (2018 Edition) emphasizes the importance of teenagers' acceptance and participation in comprehensive education, the Guidelines for Public Safety Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2007), the Guidelines for Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2008), the Health Education Standards in Primary and Secondary Schools (2011)The Guidelines for Students' Mental Health Education (2012) and the Guidelines for Health Education in Ordinary Colleges and Universities (2017) emphasize the necessity of sexual safety education from the perspective of prevention of sexual abuse, and the Guidelines for Legal Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2007) and the Standards for Physical Education and Health Curriculum in Ordinary High Schools (2017) emphasize the necessity of legal education from the perspective of law,These are important contents of comprehensive sex education.
Core Information of Health Education for Teenagers in China
7、 Master the correct reproductive and sexual health knowledge, avoid premature sexual behavior, and prevent sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.
（1） Accepting and participating in comprehensive sex education can improve adolescents' awareness of sexual and reproductive health, and enhance their sense of responsibility to protect themselves and respect the physical and mental health of others.
（6） Premature sexual behavior, early pregnancy or induced abortion will cause great physical and mental damage to teenagers.Unsafe sex can lead to the infection of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea.Teenagers should avoid having sex prematurely and refuse sexual harassment, temptation and violence[13]。
Guidelines for Public Safety Education in Primary and Secondary Schools
Grade 4-6 of primary school
Module I: Prevention and response to social security accidents or incidents
·Understand the harm and scope of social security emergencies or events, and do not participate in activities that affect and endanger social security;
·Learn how to deal with suspicious strangers, and improve self prevention awareness;
·Understand the general methods to deal with extortion, intimidation and sexual assault, and improve self-protection ability[14]。
Junior high school grade
Module I: Prevention and response to social security accidents or incidents
·Strengthen self-discipline awareness and consciously avoid entering places unsuitable for minors.Gradually develop the habit of consciously observing and maintaining the order of public places;
·Learn the basic skills to deal with blackmail, intimidation, sexual assault and other emergencies[14]。
Senior high school
Module 2: Prevention and response to public health accidents
·Learn a healthy way of heterosexual communication, learn to use appropriate methods to protect themselves and prevent sexual abuse.When you are sexually harassed, you should use the law to protect yourself[14]。
Guidelines for Legal Education in Primary and Secondary Schools
Legal education for primary school students
·Have a preliminary understanding of the basic content of minors' rights, understand the content of citizens' basic rights stipulated in the Constitution, know that the right to life and health, personal freedom, name, custody, rest, privacy, property, inheritance, education and other basic rights should be protected, and enhance the awareness of rights;
·Master preliminary self-protection methods, know how to seek legal protection when rights are violated, and know the channels to seek legal protection[15]。
Legal education for junior high school students
·Understand the relevant content of the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, know the meaning of illegality and crime, know the harm of illegality and crime, know that bad behavior is likely to lead to illegality and crime, and illegal crime will be punished by law.Resist bad temptation and form the habit of observing discipline and law.Understand that minors should act bravely under the condition of ensuring their own safety, and know that exposing the accusation, timely reporting to the police, self-defense, etc. are effective means to fight against crime;
·Understand that the rights and interests of minors should be protected by the state, know the main contents of the Juvenile Protection Law on family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection, master the methods of self-protection and rights protection, and learn to use litigation or non litigation methods to safeguard legitimate rights and interests[15]。
Legal education for ordinary high school students
·Understand the basic principles of international law and important international conventions ratified by China, especially international human rights conventions, World Trade Organization conventions, international conventions on the protection of human environment and other relevant knowledge, and build a global awareness[15]。
Guidelines for Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools
Junior high school
disease prevention
·Skills for judging safe and unsafe behaviors and rejecting unsafe behaviors;
·Learn how to find ways and means to help.mental health
·The principle of heterosexual communication.Safety emergency and risk avoidance
·Identify the risk factors that are prone to sexual abuse and protect yourself from sexual abuse;Preventing Internet Addiction[16]。
Norms for Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools
Junior high school
Prevention of sexual assault
·Identify risk factors that are prone to sexual assault;
·Protect yourself from sexual abuse[17]。
Student Mental Health Education Guide
Primary school stage
·Preliminary understanding of the significance of sexual organs in life;
·Identify sexual harassment and sexual assault, raise awareness of prevention, and initially master the methods to prevent sexual harassment and protect yourself.
Middle school stage
·Master the way of communication with the opposite sex, understand gender roles and gender differences;
·Preliminary understanding of sexual ethics and morality[18]。
Curriculum Standards for Physical Education and Health in Ordinary High School
mental health
·Try to control the interference caused by sexual attraction;
·Correctly understand the difference between normal heterosexual communication and sexual crimes;
·Law abiding concept on reinforcement[19]。
Guidelines for Health Education in Ordinary Colleges and Universities
Sexual and reproductive health
·Methods and skills to prevent sexual assault.
Safety emergency and risk avoidance
·Skills and methods for preventing network security risks and screening unscientific and unhealthy information[20]。
Relevant international documents
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Some international documents also elaborated on the topic of child protection related to "paedophilia" from the perspective of human rights and children's rights.Charter of the United Nations adopted by the United Nations（United Nations Charter）The Universal Declaration of Human Rights（Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights）International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights（International Covenant on Economic，Socialand Cultural Rights）The Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations emphasizes the protection of civil rights from the perspective of human rights（Convention on the Rights ofthe Child）It emphasizes the protection of children's rights from the perspective of children's rights.The details are as follows:
China signed the UN Charter in 1945（United Nations Charter）[21]1948 Signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights（Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights）[22]Signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1997（International Covenant onEconomic，Social and Cultural Rights）[23]Signed the Convention on Civil and Political Rights in 1998（Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights）[24]Signed the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993（Vienna Declaration andProgramme of Action）[25]And other human rights charters.Although these documents do not mention paedophilia as a motivated sexual crime, they undoubtedly provide a theoretical basis for international law.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child promulgated in 1989（Convention on the Rights of the Child）And its Optional Protocols, which require States parties to recognize that every child has the right to a standard of living adequate to promote his or her physical, psychological, spiritual, moral and social development[26]。On August 29, 1990, the Permanent Ambassador of China to the United Nations signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on behalf of the Government of the People's Republic of China, making China the 105th signatory.
Relevant teaching contents in comprehensive education
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Learning objectives
Paedophilia is one of the contents related to children's sexual protection.In the comprehensive sex education, the learning of the content related to children's sexual protection also involves the key points of knowledge, related skills, and emotional attitudes and values.In the United Nations International Technical Guidelines for Sex Education (revised version), the related learning goals mainly appear in the first theme "violence" and the second theme "permission, privacy and physical integrity" under the core concept 4 "violence and security".In addition, the third theme "tolerance, tolerance and respect" under core concept 1 "relationship" and the fifth theme "seeking help and support" under core concept 5 "health and well-being skills" run through the three age groups of 5-8, 9-12 and 12-15 years old, and the specific learning goals are as follows:
Core Concept 1: Relationship
Learning objectives (5-8 years old)
Key points: Everyone is unique, can contribute to society, and has the right to be respected. Learners will be able to:
► Describe the meaning (knowledge) of treating others with justice, fairness, dignity and respect;
► Give examples to illustrate that although there are differences between people, everyone can contribute to the society (knowledge);
► List all kinds of harms (knowledge) caused by laughing at others;
► Recognize that all people are unique and valuable, enjoy dignity and should be respected (attitude)[3]。
Learning objectives (9-12 years old)
Important points: It is rude and hurtful to harass and bully others because of their social status, economic and health status, nationality, race, origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or other differences
Learners will be able to:
► Explain what harassment and bullying are (knowledge);
► Describe why harassing and bullying others is rude and hurtful (knowledge);
► Recognize that everyone has the responsibility to openly oppose harassment and bullying (attitude);
► Show a variety of ways (skills) to deal with harassment and bullying[3]。
Learning objectives (12-15 years old)
Key points: stigma and discrimination based on differences (such as HIV infection, pregnancy or health status, economic status, nationality, race, origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or other differences) are manifestations of lack of respect, will endanger the well-being of others, and is a violation of their human rights
Learners will be able to:
► Master the concepts (knowledge) of stigma, discrimination, prejudice, prejudice, intolerance and exclusion;
► Analyze the consequences of stigma and discrimination on the sexual and reproductive health and rights of others (knowledge);
► Agree that everyone has the responsibility to protect people who are being stigmatized and discriminated against (attitude);
► Deeply realize the importance of inclusiveness, non discrimination and diversity (attitude);
► Seek help (skills) when suffering stigma and discrimination;
► Practice how to speak for inclusion, non discrimination and respect for diversity (skills)[3]。
Core concept 4: violence and security
Learning objectives (5-8 years old)
Important: It is very important to be able to recognize bullying and violence and recognize that it is wrong
Learners will be able to:
► Define teasing, bullying and violence (knowledge);
► Understand that bullying and violence from family members or other adults are wrong, and that bullying and violence are not the fault (attitude) of the victim;
► Demonstrate how to safely deal with peer bullying or violence (skills)[3]。
Important: Everyone has the right to decide who can touch which parts of their body in which way
Learners will be able to:
► Describe the meaning of "physical rights" (knowledge);
► Identify private parts of the body (knowledge);
► Recognize that everyone has a "right to body" (attitude);
► Demonstrate how to deal with physical contact that makes you feel uncomfortable (for example, say "no", "go away", and tell trusted adults) (skills);
► Identify and describe how to communicate with parents/guardians or trusted adults when experiencing uncomfortable physical contact (skills)[3]。
Learning objectives (9-12 years old)
Important points: Sexual abuse, harassment and bullying (including cyber bullying) are harmful. It is very important to know how to seek help in these situations
Learners will be able to:
► Describe examples of sexual abuse (including rape, incest and online sexual exploitation), sexual harassment and bullying (including online bullying) (knowledge);
► Understand that child sexual abuse is illegal, and there are many authorities and related services that can help children who are suffering from sexual abuse (knowledge);
► Recognize the importance (attitude) of seeking support when suffering from sexual abuse, harassment, incest or bullying;
► Demonstrate how to respond effectively when knowing that someone is suffering from bullying, sexual abuse or sexual harassment (skills);
► Show how to seek help (skills) when you or someone you know is subjected to sexual abuse, harassment, incest and bullying[3]。
Key points: In the process of growth, we need to understand what is unwelcome sexual attention and what is privacy needs
Learners will be able to:
► Explain that for adolescent boys and girls, physical privacy and private space become more important;For girls, the use of toilets and water is particularly important (knowledge);
► Define unwelcome sexual concerns (knowledge);
► Recognize that unwelcome sexual attention is a violation (attitude) of their privacy and physical rights, regardless of boys or girls;
► Protect your privacy and fight against unwelcome sexual concerns (skills) through decisive and confident communication[3]。
Learning objectives (12-15 years old)
Key points: sexual abuse, sexual abuse, intimate partner violence and bullying are violations of human rights
Learners will be able to:
► Compare and contrast bullying, emotional violence, physical violence, sexual abuse, sexual assault and intimate partner violence (knowledge);
► Agree that sexual abuse, sexual abuse, intimate partner violence and bullying committed by adults, young people or authorities are not the fault of the victims, and that these acts are violations of human rights (attitudes);
► Demonstrate how to report sexual abuse, sexual assault, intimate partner violence and bullying (skills);
► Demonstrate how to seek help from trusted adults and institutions to prevent sexual abuse, sexual assault, intimate partner violence and bullying, and provide support (skills) for survivors[3]。
Important: Everyone has the right to protect their privacy and physical integrity
Learners will be able to:
► Describe the meaning of privacy and physical integrity (knowledge);
► Agree that everyone has the right (attitude) to protect their privacy and physical integrity;
► Express their views on their privacy and physical integrity (skills)[3]。
Core Concept 5: Health and Wellbeing Skills
Learning objectives (5-8 years old)
Important: Friends, family, teachers, religious leaders and community members can and should help each other
Learners will be able to:
► Describe what is a trustworthy adult (knowledge);
► Describe the specific ways (knowledge) that people help each other;
► Agree that all people have the right to be protected and supported (attitude);
► Show how to ask trusted adults for help (skills)[3]。
Learning objectives (9-12 years old)
Key points: schools and a wide range of communities can provide a variety of help and support channels
Learners will be able to:
► Recognize that children need help with certain problems (such as abuse, harassment, bullying, disease), and know where to get help (knowledge);
► When recalling being abused, harassed or bullied, it is necessary to inform reliable personnel or institutions (knowledge);
► Recognize that some problems need to seek help (attitude) outside the school and community;
► Show ways (skills) to seek and receive help in the wider community[3]。
Learning objectives (12-15 years old)
Key points: It is very important to evaluate the help and support provided by service agencies and media, which helps to obtain high-quality information and services
Learners will be able to:
► List the individuals or institutions (knowledge) that provide help and support on sexual and reproductive health and rights;
► Describe the characteristics (including confidentiality and privacy protection) of the person or organization providing good support and help (knowledge);
► Understand that people can obtain sexual and reproductive health services from some institutions (such as counseling, testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections/HIV; modern contraception, sexual abuse, rape, domestic violence and gender violence, abortion and post abortion care, stigma and discrimination) (knowledge);
► List the characteristics (knowledge) of reliable media resources (such as websites) that can provide help and support;
► Recognize the importance (attitude) of critical assessment of health and support sources[3]。
How to carry out relevant education in comprehensive education
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Education on the content of sex education in kindergartens
According to the learning objectives given in the United Nations International Technical Guidelines for Sex Education (Revised), sex education on child protection in early childhood is included in education related to sexual violence, mainly focusing on recognizing and protecting the private parts of the body.In Cherishing Life - Picture Book of Preschool Sexual Health Education (9 volumes in total) edited by Professor Liu Wenli of Beijing Normal University, the three volumes of Our Body, Wonderful Feelings and Good Secrets and Bad Secrets all involve relevant educational content[[27]。
Our Body is mainly to help children understand what is a private part. "Girls' reproductive organs, buttocks and breasts are girls' private parts, while boys' reproductive organs and buttocks are boys' private parts".At the same time, children should be stressed to protect their own private parts, and should not be allowed to see and touch others' private parts at will[28]。
Cherish Life -- Our Body in the Picture Book of Infant Sexual Health Education
The book Wonderful Feelings mainly teaches children to recognize different feelings, distinguish comfortable feelings and uncomfortable feelings, and express them in time when they feel uncomfortable, and seek help from trusted adults[29]。
Cherish Life -- The Wonderful Feeling of Children's Sexual Health Education Picture Book
Good Secrets and Bad Secrets teaches children to say "no" bravely on the basis of consolidating their knowledge about body privacy parts, and know how to respond when their body privacy is violated, and which trustworthy adults should seek help.It is also emphasized in this volume that you should never help bad people who hurt you to keep secrets[30]。
Cherish Life -- The Good Secret and the Bad Secret of Children's Sexual Health Education Picture Book
Education of relevant contents in primary sex education
In addition to explaining the content related to the protection of private parts of the body, sex education in primary schools can also talk more frankly about "sexual violence" related topics with children.
Teach children to resolutely refuse uncomfortable physical contact and protect their bodies.On this basis, the theme of "private parts of the body" mainly emphasizes the importance of recognizing the private parts of the body for children's body protection.This part helps students understand the exact position of the body's private parts by telling three knowledge points: "where is the private part of the body", "who can touch the private part of the body" and "protect the private part of the body";Name the organs of private parts of the body;Know who can touch the private parts of his body under what conditions, and who cannot touch the private parts of his body;Protect the private parts of your body;Seek help from trusted adults.By learning this theme, children can scientifically understand the private parts of the human body, and understand that the parts covered by vests and underpants are private parts of the body, which cannot be shown to others.Only parents and doctors can touch our private parts when our bodies need cleaning and examination.If someone wants to touch your private part or let you touch his private part, firmly say "no" and learn to tell trusted adults in time.
In this way, when encountering sexual assault, children will use the knowledge and skills they have learned to actively face risks and treat potential aggressors with caution. They can distinguish whether they have suffered sexual assault according to whether their private parts have been invaded and whether they have uncomfortable physical contact. They can timely refuse or take the initiative to ask trusted adults for help,So as to reduce the harm caused by sexual assault。
Education of relevant contents in junior high school sex education
Sex education in junior high school is no longer a general introduction to the upper concept of sexual violence.In the teaching content of Grade 7, different types of sexual violence are discussed as independent topics, including sexual abuse. Teenagers will try to explore their understanding and concepts of sexual abuse to form a deeper understanding and thinking.Grade 8 further explores the content related to permission and refusal, helps teenagers identify the situations where sexual abuse may exist, and practices coping styles[31]。
Disputes and discussions about paedophilia on the Internet
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On Douban, there was a discussion about the existence of paedophiles. Some netizens pointed out that almost all paedophiles are born, and it is not certain that people who have paedophiles will commit crimes. Criminals will commit crimes regardless of whether they have paedophiles or not.If the existence of paedophiles has damaged children by producing films, novels and other works about paedophiles, it should be attributed to the paedophiles who have watched such works and hurt children, rather than to the creators of related works.Everyone has the possibility of committing a crime, which has nothing to do with whether or not they are paedophiles, and paedophiles should not be regarded as criminals[32]。
On Zhihu, there was a discussion about the phenomenon of paedophilia in different regions of the world. Some netizens pointed out that paedophilia is a concept within the scope of law. The laws in some regions have different provisions on the age of marriage, so the discussion on paedophilia needs to limit national, regional and local customs[33]。
Related research
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Etiological study
Blanchard et al. found that among the people who reported head injuries in childhood, the proportion of paedophilia was higher than other people[34]。Cantor et al. found that the IQ score of paedophiles is not only lower than that of ordinary violent attackers but also lower than that of other types of sexual attackers such as rape. The lower the IQ score of attackers, the higher the number of victims under 12 years old.The performance of speech learning and memory is also lower than that of ordinary people.The proportion of left-handed children is not only higher than that of normal people (nearly three times), but also higher than that of people with autism, Down's syndrome and other neurological disorders[35]。Blanchard et al.'s latest research in 2007 also found that paedophiles have lower IQ and higher left handedness ratio[36]。Low IQ, high left-handed ratio, childhood head trauma and other factors indicate that paedophiles may have different neural basis from ordinary people.
According to different studies, the proportion of paedophiles who were sexually abused in childhood was between 28% and 93%. The proportion of female paedophiles who were sexually abused in childhood was even as high as 47% to 100%, which was higher than 15% of the random population. Homosexual children were more abused than heterosexual paedophiles.It may be a social learning, a reflection of the sexual arousal model established by the abuse experience, or a solution to the psychological conflict caused by the abuse experience by becoming an abuser to identify with the aggressor[37]。
The attachment theory believes that the attachment relationship in childhood has a great relationship with children's emotional and social development in the future.If there is no good attachment relationship in childhood, it will affect the formation of personality traits and the establishment of interpersonal relationships in adulthood.Lyn and Burton found that paedophiles are more likely to have insecure attachment than normal people[38]。
Diagnosis of paedophilia
Self reporting and scale measurement
According to the distorted cognition reflected in the self report of the measurer, the researchers developed a variety of cognitive distortion scales to identify paedophiles.Currently, there are three commonly used scales: Abel and Becker Cognitions Scale (ABCS)[39], molest[40]Child Molester Scale (CMS)[41]。Another commonly used scale is the Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI)[42]It identifies paedophiles according to the four characteristics of victims of sexual abuse.These four characteristics are: whether there are male child victims, whether there are multiple child victims, whether the victims are under the age of 12, and whether there are victims other than family members.
Visual reaction time
The principle of this method is that the fixation time of visual stimulus is positively related to the attraction of the stimulus and the degree of sexual arousal caused by the stimulus.The subjects were presented with some pictures of men and women dressed, half naked and fully naked. The subjects observed the pictures and then answered questions or rated the attractiveness of the characters in the pictures.The subjects watched the pictures at their own speed, and the researchers measured the visual reaction time of the subjects.Visual reaction time is highly correlated with self-report and biochemical reaction indicators.This method can identify adult paedophiles, but can not identify adolescent paedophiles very well[43]。
Treatment of paedophiles
medication
During the treatment of paedophiles, some drugs and methods to reduce sexual desire are often used, such as testosterone lowering drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), surgical castration, etc.The drugs frequently used to reduce testosterone are Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), Cyproterone acetate (CPA), Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH), such as Leuprelide Acetate (LA),Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GNRH), such as Triptorelin[44]。MPA can cause Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.Compared with MPA, GNRH has less side effects and good efficacy, and is used more clinically.SSRI was initially used to treat some paedophiles with abnormal serotonin and difficulty in impulse control, but SSRI also has the side effects of reducing sexual fantasy and impulse, so it is also an effective method for treating paedophiles.Drug therapy is not applicable to all paedophiles. It is most helpful for those who have strong sexual impulses that are difficult to suppress or have negative emotions such as depression and/or anxiety[45]。
psychotherapy
After comparing the effects of different psychotherapy methods on sexual attackers, researchers found that the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was better than psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy and general psychological counseling.Hanson et al. conducted a meta analysis of 42 studies and found that only CBT was effective. There was a significant difference between the recidivism rate of sexual attackers who received CBT treatment and the control group who did not receive CBT treatment, which were 9.9% and 17.3%, respectively. They also found that CBT helped reduce other types of attacks[46]。
Typical case (Wei Lianzhi's case of child molestation)
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Basic case
Since the beginning of 2009, the defendant Wei Lianzhi has repeatedly molested Wang (male, 13 years old) by means of paying pocket money, touching and letting the victim suck his genitals in the grove and temporary residence of a park in Fengtai District, Beijing.By December 2013, Wei Lianzhi had repeatedly molested six other boys, including Zhang (male, 11 years old), Xie (male, 12 years old), Yin (male, 11 years old), He (male, 11 years old), Zou (male, 13 years old) and Yuan (male, 12 years old), in his temporary residence, near a small pond in Fengtai District and other places[47]。
Judgment result
The People's Procuratorate of Fengtai District of Beijing Municipality initiated a public prosecution on the basis that the defendant Wei Lianzhi was guilty of child molestation.The People's Court of Fengtai District held after hearing that Wei Lianzhi had repeatedly molested several children, which violated the physical and mental health of children. His behavior has constituted the crime of molesting children, and should be given a heavier punishment according to law.The charges charged by the public prosecution organ were found.Although Wei Lianzhi can truthfully state the facts of his crime, he has repeatedly molested several children for a long time, many of whom were under the age of 12, seriously harming the physical and mental health of children, and should be severely punished according to law. In view of his criminal circumstances and social harm consequences, he will not be given a lighter punishment.In accordance with the provisions of the first and third paragraphs of Article 237 and Article 61 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Wei Lianzhi was sentenced to five years of fixed-term imprisonment for the crime of indecency against children.
After the sentence was pronounced, there was no appeal or protest within the statutory time limit.The judgment has become legally effective[47]。
Typical significance
This case is a typical case of molesting boys in the community.In accordance with the Criminal Law, the crime of indecency against children shall generally be given a heavier punishment within the statutory range of imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention.In order to detail the situation of severe punishment and reflect the criminal policy of special protection for minors, the Opinions on Punishing Crimes of Sexual Infringement against Minors in accordance with the Law stipulates that those who commit indecent acts against children under the age of 12, indecent acts against multiple minors, or repeatedly commit indecent acts, should be more strict on the basis of severe punishment.In this case, the defendant Wei Lianzhi repeatedly molested seven boys by means of luring and cajoling them with small favors over a period of five years. Three of the victims were under the age of 12, which seriously violated the physical and mental health of children. Therefore, the court imposed severe punishment according to law and sentenced them to five years' imprisonment within the statutory range of punishment.
During the trial of this case, the defendant Wei Lianzhi and his defender proposed that Wei Lianzhi was alert to adults because of his special life experience. He was a pedophile who was obscene because of his mental illness.Considering that Wei Lianzhi did confess and repent after committing a crime, the court specially invited psychological experts to give him psychological counseling after the trial in order to help him open his heart and avoid more children being hurt.With the patient help of psychological experts, Wei Lianzhi began to face up to his own problems and said that during his sentence, he would carry out psychological correction and adjustment according to the methods taught by psychological experts.
In addition to the reasons of the defendant, the victim is a minor with poor awareness of prevention, and the parents' serious lack of safety education for their children is also a very important reason for the occurrence of this case.In order to remind parents to do a good job in the safety protection education of their children, prevent and reduce the occurrence of such cases, the judge in charge of this case sent a Letter to Parents to the parents, combined with the characteristics of the child molestation case, made targeted suggestions to the parents, and a number of media reported on this case and a series of extended activities,Good publicity effect has been achieved.
In addition, it needs to be emphasized that paedophilia itself is not an illegal act and will become the criminal motivation of some children's sexual assault. The two are not equal, but it is also absolutely not allowed to use paedophilia as a reason to excuse sexual assault criminals[47]。
Related films
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Lolita (1998) [USA]
Lolita, directed by Adrian Ryan and starring Jeremy Irons and Dominic Swan, was released in the United States on September 25, 1998.The film was also translated as "A Pear Blossom Suppresses Begonia", which was adapted from the novel of the same name by the American writer Vladimir Nabokov.
The film tells the story of the middle-aged man Humbert and the underage girl Lolita.University professor Humbert experienced the pain of losing his first girlfriend when he was young. Since then, he has special feelings for underage girls.Once he went to America and became a tenant of Charlotte, a widow. When he saw her daughter Lolita, who was only 14 years old, he fell madly in love with this beautiful girl.In fact, Charlotte hopes to marry Humbert so that she and her daughter can rely on each other.At the same time, in order to stay with Lolita, Humbert married Charlotte.Before long, Charlotte learned that her husband was infatuated with her daughter and died in a car accident when she ran away angrily.Humbert received Lolita who was in the summer camp and traveled with her in the United States without telling her about her mother's death. They also had a love affair.The film triggered public discussion on the phenomenon of "paedophilia"[48]。
