Bus Rapid Transit (BRT for short) is a kind ofRapid rail transitAnd generaltransitNew public passenger transport system, its investment andoperating costs thanrail transitLow, and the operation effect is close to that of rail transit.It uses modern public transportation technology to cooperate with intelligent transportation andoperation management, open bus lanes and build new bus stations, realize rail transit type operation services, and achieve a unique light rail service levelUrban passenger transport system。[1][5]
As a mode of public transportation, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is defined as "a flexible, rubber tyred bus rapid transit operation mode. It is a system integrated by BRT stations, BRT buses, services, operation modes, intelligent transit system (ITS) and other elements.The BRT system has its own distinctive characteristics and can form a unique image of the city. "In short, BRT system is a comprehensive public transport operation system that can improve the speed and reliability of public transport operation and improve the condition of public transport system.
As a new operation system between rail transit and conventional transportation, BRT uses modern public transportation technology to cooperate with the operation management of intelligent transportation, so that the traditional public transportation system can basically reach the service level of rail transit, and its investment and operation costs are lower than rail transit and close to conventional public transportation.
fromurban public transport From the perspective of BRT, the most important purpose of BRT is to give priority to passengers rather than vehicles, so BRT attaches importance to the transport capacity of passengers.stayUrban transportationIn the network, public transport vehicles are given priority in the main passenger transport corridors to achieve a high level of passenger transport capacity.Under the guidance of the "bus priority" strategy, BRT provides high-capacity and high-frequency services, so as to achieve a service level close to that of rail transit.It is much cheaper to save time for passengers by improving bus operation speed than to increase road capacity to meet the requirements of car growth.
BRT system is a kind of large capacity, convenient and fast public transport mode that uses improved public transport vehicles to operate on the public transport dedicated roads, maintaining the characteristics of rail transit, while having the flexibility of ordinary public transport.It is composed of fastbus station、Express bus, service, operation mode, intelligent public transportation system (ITS) and other elements.[2]
background
Announce
edit
The BRT system originated from the integrated transportation network (in Portuguese: Rede Integrada de Transporte, RIT) launched in Curitiba, Brazil in 1974. Later, it inspired many systems similar to the Brazilian RIT, such as TransMilenio (in Spanish: TransMilenio) launched in Bogota, Colombia in 2000.As of November 2013, more than 166 cities have implemented the BRT system, with a total length of 4336 km (2694 miles).It is estimated that there are about 27 million bus rapid transit systems used every day in the world, including 55 bus rapid transit systems in Latin America, and about 17 million bus rapid transit systems used every day in the world, which is the largest region in the world.Among the 33 major cities in Brazil, this service has one of the world's largest route systems - 60, with an estimated number of passengers of about 19.7 million.
Typical BRT has the following four differences from ordinary buses:
1. Drive in the middle of the road with a dedicated lane (to prevent the rear traffic jam caused by left and right switching and parking, and to reduce the front being occupied by private cars);
2. Off vehicle charging (by using the toll gate in the station, the time for passengers to swipe their cards, vote for change, and check tickets is exempted);
3. Intersection priority, including priority sign system (through the control of traffic signal delay, give priority to BRT with high traffic volume to pass the intersection, and ensure the accuracy rate);
4. There is no height difference between the bus floor and the station platform, and multiple doors can enter and exit at the same time (save the time of queuing up and climbing up and down, and form a barrier free friendly space).
significance
Announce
edit
Due to the rapid development of motor vehicles, energy is scarce and expensive, urban traffic is increasingly congested, and urban environment is deteriorating. Bus rapid transit system is recognized by international BRT as an effective means to deal with the above urban traffic problems.In cities with serious traffic congestion in the world, both developed and developing countries are implementing BRT systems in succession.
The core idea of infrastructure construction in a city should be to pay equal attention to improving the quality of life of residents and protecting the environment.The development and construction of public transport system can meet the above two needs.An efficient and reliable public transport system can protect the environment, save natural resources, save residents' travel time, protect public health, stimulate economic development, reduce dependence on crude oil, promote social equalityMaintain urban harmony and strengthen community cohesion.
The construction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is to implement the national public transport priority strategy:
★ On June 24, 2004, Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan gave instructions on the Report on Giving Priority to the Development of Urban Public Transport submitted by the Minister of the Ministry of Construction: the Ministry of Construction should further take measures to guide local governments to give priority to the development of public transport and promote the healthy development of cities.
★ On June 25, 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao gave instructions in the Report on Giving Priority to the Development of Urban Public Transport issued by the Ministry of Construction that giving priority to the development of urban public transport is the correct strategic idea of urban development and transport development in line with China's reality.
★ In 2004, the Opinions of the Ministry of Construction on Giving Priority to the Development of Urban Public Transport [No. 38 Document]: The large volume express bus operation system is a new public transport mode that uses large capacity dedicated public transport vehicles, operates in dedicated road space and is controlled by dedicated signals. It has the characteristics of large traffic volume, speed, safety, etc., and the project cost and operation cost are relatively low.Cities with conditions shall actively develop BRT system in combination with urban road network reconstruction.
★ In September 2005, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Notice of the Ministry of Construction and other departments on the Opinions on Giving Priority to the Development of Urban Public Transport (GBF [2005] No. 46): (I) Vigorously develop buses and trolley buses.（2） Develop urban rail transit in an orderly manner.（3） Moderately develop large volume express buses.
The construction of BRT system can solve urban traffic congestion: with the acceleration of urbanization, the number of motor vehicles has increased, the degree of road traffic congestion in many cities has become increasingly serious, and the level of bus operation service has gradually declined, especially the operating speed of bus is less than 15 kilometers per hour.The main problems existing in public transportation are the speed, slowness, low punctuality and poor comfort of public transportation.
form
Announce
edit
The bus rapid transit system (BRT) mainly has the following seven components: dedicated lanes, stations and hubs, characteristic vehicles, routes, toll collection system, intelligent transportation system, and services.These seven parts are combined to form a complete BRT system that is convenient for passengers and improves effectiveness.
(1) Exclusive carriageway
Vehicles of BRT system generally run on the exclusive lane or road and enjoy the exclusive right of way.
There are many ways to set bus rapid transit lanes, such as central dedicated lanes, one-way two-way dedicated lanes, dedicated lanes on both sides, reverse dedicated lanes, and dedicated bus lanes under elevated roads;In addition, there are public transport dedicated roads set up in cities for public transport only. The common setting methods include fully closed elevated dedicated roads, fully closed dedicated tunnels and regular public transport dedicated roads.
(2) BRT stations and hubs
The stations and hub facilities of BRT system are used for stopping vehicles and bus passengers to get on and off.The BRT system is to build a waiting platform as high as the bus carriage floor, and can also use a low chassis bus to quickly and smoothly get on and off the bus horizontally.Generally, BRT stops are equipped with overtaking lanes to ensure that running vehicles avoid overtaking vehicles at the arrival station.The station and overtaking lane can be offset to reduce the width of the bus road.
(3) Characteristic BRT
The BRT system adopts new high-capacity public transport vehicles different from ordinary public transport. Large articulated vehicles are used to improve the transportation capacity of the system and reduce the average operating cost. The use of clean public transport vehicles with less impact on the environment has also become a development trend.The express bus should be uniform in appearance, bright in color and attractive.
(4) BRT lines
The lines of BRT system are flexible and diverse. In general, there are the following forms: first, a single line, similar to rail transit, and second, multiple combined lines.Compared with rail transit lines, the composition of BRT lines is more flexible, mainly because different lines of the BRT system can be combined on the main corridors. Of course, the lines can also be flexibly extended outward at the starting and ending points of the trunk lines.The selection of line structure can affect the economy, vehicle performance and departure frequency of the BRT system, and should match the travel demand and traffic capacity.
(5) Efficient toll collection system
The toll collection system is an important part of the BRT system. The setting of the toll collection system is related to its operation management system. The toll collection method is similar to that of rail transit, that is, the toll collection is completed at stations or hubs, which is conducive to rapid boarding and alighting of passengers, and can improve the operation efficiency of the entire system.The form of charge includes useCoin、Magnetic stripe、billandsmart card4 kinds.
(6) Intelligent public transportation system technology
Intelligent public transportation systemThe technology mainly includes: passenger information system, intersection bus signal priority, automatic positioning system, parking lot charging control, etc.
(7) High level of service
Compared with non isolated public transport, BRT system can generally provide better services.The most outstanding performance is the large capacity, fast speed, and the ability to provide high-frequency all-weather service (more than 16 hours a day, the maximum departure frequency in off peak hours is 20 minutes, and the maximum departure frequency in peak hours is 10 minutes).[2]
characteristic
Announce
edit
(1) Fast - close to rail transit
Due to driving on the bus lane,CrossroadsAgainbusOfRight of way, so that the speed of the bus is higher than that of ordinary vehicles;Horizontal boarding and ticket selling outside the BRT bus station reduce the detention time of BRT vehicles in the station, thus improving the operation speed.The operation speed of BRT should be 30%~100% higher than that of conventional buses, and close to that of light rail.
The operation speed of BRT also depends on the lane type and service mode.When BRT vehicles run on the non-stop or dedicated expressway lane, the speed per hour will generally reach 60~80km.If the service mode includes stops on the dedicated lane, the average speed per hour is generally 30~50km, which depends on the interval between stations and the length of vehicle stay.In the same operating environment, this speed is comparable to that of light rail.
(2) High capacity - similar to rail transit
The passenger transport capacity of BRT is greater than that of regular bus transit.Since most of the special BRT vehicles are articulated, with many seats and a standing area of 100~300 people per vehicle, the number of one-way passengers per hour can reach 10000~20000, which is close to the light rail and 2~4 times higher than the regular bus.The transportation capacity of a successful BRT can be as high as 20000 to 60000 person times/h, while the transportation capacity of ordinary bus transit is 3000 to 10000 person times/h.
(3) Comfort - similar to rail transit
The new bus with elegant environment and comfortable riding gives passengers a new look;The adoption of horizontal boarding mode enables passengers to easily get on and off the train;The closed design of BRT station is convenient for drivers to get in and out of the station and keep passengers getting on and off in good order;Reliable release of operation service information can communicate with passengers in time and reduce their anxiety and anxiety.The design of new BRT vehicles makes it possible to reduce energy consumption and emissions.At the same time, the introduction of bus lanes and intersection priority improves the speed, avoids repeated acceleration, deceleration and parking in congestion, and can also effectively reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.
(4) Saving – far better than rail transit
The construction investment of BRT is far lower than that of rail transit.According to general experience, the construction cost of rail transit is as high as 300 million to 600 million yuan per kilometer. For both domestic big cities and some international big cities (such as London, Paris, New York and Tokyo) that already have perfect rail network systems, the capital investment during the construction period is huge.Moreover, the formation of most urban rail transit networks usually takes about 20 years.In contrast, BRT has low construction cost and shorter construction time than rail transit.At the same time, the actual operating cost of BRT is also relatively highrail transitLow.[1]
advantage
Announce
edit
Many people may worry about whether the city's tense road resources will become more tense and whether the city's road congestion will become more BRT serious after the opening of bus rapid lanes.If we clarify the distribution principle of urban road resources, we will find that such concerns are unnecessary.
According to the correct concept of urban road management, urban road resources should not be allocated according to "vehicles", but according to "people" carried by vehicles. The more people a vehicle carries, the more road resources it should enjoy.Therefore, on the same road, the BRT lanes are unimpeded, and the ordinary lanes are crowded. This is unfair to vehicles, but it is fair to people.Driving a private car or taking a taxi will give you comfort and freedom, but at the same time you will have to face possible road congestion;If you choose BRT, then perhaps your riding environment is not so comfortable and free, but you can avoid congestion and get convenience and speed.If a traffic lane is used by cars, even if it is very congested, it can only pass 700 vehicles and about 2000 people per hour. However, if the lane is used exclusively for BRT, it can only pass 100 BRT vehicles per hour, but it can transport about 15000 people.Under the condition that there are few people in China, the BRT system can effectively use a small part of the road resources to ensure the flow of most people in the city.
Through the construction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), the following can be achieved:
1. Alleviate traffic congestion in cities.
2. It can provide a comfortable riding environment and save the travel time of citizens.
3. Compared with rail transit, it can save huge investment and construction costs.
4. It can balance the development of urban transportation modes.
5. It can improve the quality of urban living environment.
Planning and design
Announce
edit
(1) Comprehensive planning of BRT channel network
BRT channels should be arranged on roads with good conditions as far as possible to realize the exclusive right of way of public transport vehicles, and try not to affect or less affect the passage of ordinary vehicles.In the urban area, BRT shall be arranged on the urban trunk road with more motorways as far as possible;However, in the peripheral areas or suburbs of the city, we can consider choosing expressways or building new BRT dedicated passages.If the passenger corridor cannot plan the exclusive right of way due to the road conditions, the roads with good parallel conditions and fewer cars can be considered, and the public transport priority strategy can be allocated, and the station spacing can be controlled.
(2) Planned urban BRT lane
The planning of BRT lanes can be divided into three modes: Bus way, Bus lane and HOV lane. In the planning, it is necessary to decide which mode to use or how to organize two or all three modes according to the service level of BRT.
(3) Planning and design of BRT station
The station is a key factor in providing sufficient capacity for BRT.For BRT logo and image, the station is also an important factor.The BRT station shall provide sufficient capacity for possible traffic flow and travelers at peak hours.
BRT station has side platform and island platform.As BRT can adopt the operation mode of rail transit, its ride payment process can also be carried out in the station, so as to reduce the delay of passengers' boarding and ticket purchase.
(4) Select BRT special vehicle
When designing and selecting BRT vehicles, the factors to be considered include sufficient capacity, convenience for passengers to get on and off, comfort, light noise and less pollution.Vehicles can clearly convey the identification and image of the transportation system through color or design.BRT vehicles should choose larger models. The standard models commonly used include single car, single articulated vehicle and double articulated vehicle.At the same time, vehicles with reliable performance must be selected to ensure the running speed of vehicles.[1]
Domestic development
Announce
edit
In December 2021, Panjin will rely on Xianghai Avenue, which is 57.7 kilometers long and has the largest passenger flow in the city, and 90 dedicated new energy 5G smart fast buses will be put into operation.With Xianghai Avenue BRT as the backbone and the conventional bus network as the support, Panjin City has continuously optimized and improved the urban bus network. By creating a 5G intelligent bus rapid transit network system of "one axle, four wings and many sides", it has established a hybrid operation mode of "fast track+flexible lines" to comprehensively improve the intelligent level and operation speed of public transportation.Panjin has incorporated the construction of 5G smart bus rapid transit system into the 12 key livelihood issues that the city will go all out to do well in 2022.[3]
In March 2021, Zhuzhou, Hunan Province, started the corridor solution of multi system public transportation system.The intelligent rail adopts the integrated operation scheme of ordinary public transport and intelligent tram, bringing the designated line buses and intelligent trams into the bus rapid transit corridor synchronously, and reconstructing the public transport system.Before the construction of the corridor, the operating speed of Zhuzhou public transportation in peak hours was 8 to 14 kilometers, and after completion, it was increased to 18 to 22 kilometers.In July 2021, the daily average maximum inbound passenger flow of the express corridor will reach 32000 person times and outbound passenger flow will reach 27000 person times, an increase of 33% compared with the initial stage of operation, and the incidence of traffic accidents will decrease by 14.28% year on year.[4]
