German

[dé yǔ]

Indo European Germanic Family West Germanic Branch Language

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synonym German (The official language of Germany, Austria and other countries) generally refers to German (the West Germanic branch language of the Indo European Germanic family)

German (German: Deutsch; English: German language) of Indo European Germanic languages West Germanic Branch , its standard form is called Standard German Germany 、 Austria 、 Switzerland 、 Liechtenstein 、 Belgium 、 Luxembourg and Italy Of Borzano Autonomous Province Of official language , using latin alphabet Writing.

The number of people who use German accounts for about 3% of the world's population. It is the sixth language in the world in terms of the number of countries that use German power One of the languages, and European Union The most widely used mother tongue 。 According to the data from the European Language Management Center in September 2015, there are nearly 177 million German speakers and learners worldwide, including 95 million native speakers, 12 million second language speakers and 70 million foreign language learners, making it one of the most frequently learned foreign languages in the world.

The formation of German standard common language can be traced back to Martin Luther yes Latin 《 Bible 》Translation work. Most German words come from Indo European Germanic languages Some words come from Latin and Greek , and some from French and English 。

There is a huge gap between German dialects, including High German And Low German Dozens of dialects in the two branches; vocabulary 、 grammar Different, we can't talk to each other. High German Distributed on The Alps And the neighboring mountains in southern Germany, Low German It is mainly distributed in the northern coastal areas of Germany, and lowland German is usually divided into East Low German 、 Low Saxon , Lowland Frankish. The German word Hochdeutsch is often used to refer to Standard German , rather than the dialects of High German.

Chinese name: German
Foreign name: Deutsch (German)
German (English)
Language family: Indo European

Language family: Germanic languages
Linguistic branch: West Germanic Branch
Number of users: About 177 million
Learning difficulty: On the high side
Region of use: Germany 、 Austria 、 Switzerland etc.

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Historical evolution

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the medieval times In the early days, the word German first appeared. his Root From Germanic languages In the people （ thioda , adjective thiodisk ）The word "" means that it is a language used by ordinary people. In contrast, at that time Franks The senior class of Latin ”, later evolved into French 。 German was not a unified language at that time, it was in many places dialect The general name of.

the medieval times Germany Domestic Vassals The separatist regime, together with the inconvenience of transportation German dialect The development of is very different. Although attempts have been made to establish a common language, it is generally limited to various regions and is only used in a certain class. For example, in North Germany Low German stay Hanseatic League At its peak the north sea and the Baltic Coastal areas have become the common language for local business.

In the 16th century Reformation ， Martin Luther Set《 Bible 》Translated into a dialect of German, it plays a very important role in the unification of German. The German dialect used in the Lutheran Bible has become very popular Standard German The foundation of.

1781 Johann Christoph Adelung Published the first German language Dictionaries 。

Since 1852 Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm The brother began to edit the most extensive German dictionary. The work was not completed until 1960.

In 1880, Conrad Duden published a complete German writing dictionary. After minor modifications in 1901, the dictionary became a model of standard German. Its contents were not revised until 1998 to match the controversial 1996 German orthography reform.

During the transition period, the new spelling was taught in most schools, but the media mixed the old and new spelling. German Federal Constitutional Court It points out that the states can still decide whether to adopt the new orthography, and it is only mandatory in schools. This means that people can still use the old orthography in areas other than school.

In 2007, without the intervention of the German Parliament, a major review of orthography was made. In 2007, some old spellings finally failed. The most obvious effect of the new orthography is that the - ss at the end of the word, such as dass and muss, becomes acceptable spelling. This spelling is not allowed in the traditional orthography. It must be written as da ß and mu ß.

geographical distribution

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German is one of the most frequently learned foreign languages in the world Second Foreign Language Teaching.

In Europe, German speaking countries and regions are:

Distribution map of German speaking areas (yellow area)

How often German is used in Europe

letter

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alphabet

German writing use latin alphabet 。 German alphabet except standard 26 latin alphabet In addition, there are three others with umlaut vowel ∨/ä, Ö/ö, ∨/ü and a special letter ẞ/ß.

Das Deutsche Alphabet
A a	B b	C c	D d	E e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n
O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	T t	–
U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z	–
Ä ä	Ö ö	Ü ü	ẞ ß	–	–	–
German alphabet

Random code problem

Because of the German computer code Western European language, international standard It is ISO-8859-1, so GB series or BIG5 Coded Chinese system (such as common Windows Some plain text in series) cannot display metaphone characters correctly, and German text must be converted to Unicode The code can be displayed normally in the text editing tool.

Especially when using the default GB2312 A browser that does not give a language code will also display garbled code when viewing German web pages. But in the Chinese version GNU/Linux Due to preset use in UTF-8 It avoids garbled code. If the metaphone character is saved directly with GB series or BIG5 code and opened again, it will become garbled.

Character substitution

In some cases, the four special characters ä, ö, ü and ß in German can be replaced by ae, oe, ue and ss respectively.

Writing font

The French archaic round writing is very aesthetic, which is very different from the Roman style, and the German archaic and Roman style are also very different. The archaic printing is difficult for beginners who are not familiar with German. However, many places in Germany, such as beer parlors, still use traditional typography to display tradition, so German learning also needs to know German fonts.

German is divided into Druckschriften (printed) and Schreibschriften (written) in terms of printing. The writing style is generally the boldface Gebrochene Schrift we know. Black print can be divided into Schwabacher print, Fraktur print, etc. The writing style can be divided into S ü tterlinschrift, Offenbacher Schrift, Kurrentschrift, etc.

voice

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Pronunciation Details

The following description of pronunciation method conforms to phonetics Angle, see vowel 、 consonant 、 international phonetic alphabet Etc.

Letter or combination	phoneme	Pronunciation method	Phoneme appearance	example	remarks
a	[aː]	When pronouncing, the surface of the tongue drops to the lowest position, and the lips open to show an open shape. It is similar to "ah" in Mandarin Chinese.	a ah aa	Tag, Name nah, Bahn Waage, Saal, Maal	–
a	[a]	It is basically the same as the long sound, but more short.	a	Mann, dann, Ball	–
ä	[εː]	When you pronounce, the front of the tongue falls down to Semilow The lip shape is flat.	ä äh	Bär, Käme, Däne Nähe, nähen	–
ä	[ε]	It is basically the same as the long sound [ε ː], but shorter.	ä	Bälle, kälte, kämmen	–
b	[p]	The upper and lower lips close to form an obstruction, and air is sent to flush the obstruction. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [p] It is a clear consonant.	b	ab, Dieb, gab	B at the end of the word
b	[b]	The upper and lower lips close to form an obstruction, the weak airflow breaks through the obstruction, and the vocal cords vibrate. [b] It's a voiced consonant.	b	baden, bitte, bad	–
c	[k]	Lift the back of the tongue to the soft jaw to form an obstruction, and then send air to flush the obstruction. [k] It is a clear consonant.	c	Computer, Café, Camping	Mainly used for loanwords
c	[ts]	When pronouncing, make [t] preparatory action to form an obstacle, and pronounce [s] at the same time when the airflow breaks through the obstacle. It is similar to "Yi" in Mandarin.	c	Celsius, Cent	Mainly used for loanwords
d	[t]	The tip of the tongue is against the gum to form an obstruction, and the obstruction is blown away. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [t] It is a clear consonant.	d dt	Band, Land, Stadt	D at the end of the word
d	[d]	The tip of the tongue is against the gum to form an obstruction, the weak airflow breaks through the obstruction, and the vocal cords vibrate. [d] It's a voiced consonant.	d	Daten, dumm, das	–
e	[eː]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises to Half height The lip shape is flat.	e ee eh	eben, beten, neben Kaffee, Beet, Meer gehen, sehen, dehnen,	–
	[ε]	When you pronounce, the front of the tongue falls down to Semilow The lip shape is flat. Shorter than [ε ː].	e	Geld, kennen	–
	[ə]	When pronouncing, the tongue surface rises to center Location. Similar to "er" in Mandarin Chinese.	e	Name, Katze, Bombe	In weak syllables
f	[f]	The lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth, forming a small gap, and the air flow is squeezed out by friction from the gap. [f] It is a clear consonant.	f ff ph	Faden, fein, fett Neffe, Muffe, Affe Phon, Photo	–
g	[k]	The back of the tongue surface contacts with the hard palate to form an obstruction, and the obstruction is blown away. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] It is a clear consonant.	g	Tag, mag, klug	G at the end of the word
	[g]	The back of the tongue surface contacts the hard palate to form an obstruction, and the weak airflow breaks through the obstruction, and the vocal cords vibrate. [g] It's a voiced consonant.	g gg	Gabe, geben, gibt Dogge	–
	[ç]	The central part of the lingual surface is in contact with the hard palate, and the airflow is squeezed out by friction between the lingual surface and the hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [ç] is a clear consonant.	ig	Richtig, fleißig, wichtig	–
	[ʒ]	The lingual lobe (that is, between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) contacts the back of the gingiva, and the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap between the lingual lobe and the back of the gingiva, causing the vocal cords to vibrate. The lips are rounded. [ʒ] is a voiced consonant. It has the same pronunciation as [ʒ] in English and French.	g	Ingenieur, Garage	Mainly used for loanwords
h	[h]	The air flow is squeezed out of the vocal cords to form a sound. [h] It is a clear consonant.	h	Haar, Hafen, hier, hei	–
h	[ː]	Indicates that the preceding vowel sounds long.	-h	Stahl, war, Zahl, ihn	–
i	[iː]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to highest The lip shape is flat at the position where there is no friction on the anterior calcaneal hard palate. It is similar to the "clothes" in Mandarin Chinese.	i ih ie ieh	Dina, Ina, Tide ihn, ihr, ihm die, bieten, Bier Vieh	–
i	[ɪ]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to Secondary height The lip shape is flat. Shorter than [i ː].	i	bitte, dick, innen	–
j	[j]	The surface of the tongue is close to the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out from the gap between the surface of the tongue and the hard palate. [j] It's a voiced consonant.	j	ja, Jahr, jeder	–
k	[k]	The back of the tongue surface contacts with the hard palate to form an obstruction, and the obstruction is blown away. [k] It is a clear consonant.	k	Kate, kunde, kommen	–
l	[l]	The tip of the tongue against the upper gum forms an obstruction, the vocal cords vibrate, and the air flow flows out from the gaps on both sides of the tongue. [l] It's a voiced consonant.	l ll	laden, lesen, Lust Ball, Null, pelle	–
m	[m]	The upper and lower lips close to form an obstruction, the soft palate droops, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows through the nasal cavity. [m] It's a voiced consonant.	m mm	im, ihm, Miete dumm, Gummi	–
n	[n]	The tip of the tongue against the upper gum forms an obstruction, the soft palate droops, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows through the nasal cavity. [n] It's a voiced consonant.	n nn	Name, nehmen, Nadel Kinn, Kanne, dann	–
o	[oː]	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue surface rises to Half height The lip shape is round. It is similar to "Oh" in Mandarin, but the tongue position is higher.	o oo oh	oben, loben, Politik Boot, Moor Mohn, Rohr, Bohnen	–
o	[ɔ]	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue falls down to Semilow The lip shape is round. Shorter than [o ː]. It is similar to "Oh" in Mandarin, but the tongue position is lower.	o	Tonne, Dock, Optik	–
ö	[øː]	[ø ː] is the round lip sound corresponding to [e ː]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises to Half height The lip shape is round.	ö öh oe	öfen, Löwe, böse fröhlich Goethe	–
ö	[œ]	[œ] is the round lip sound corresponding to [ε]. When you pronounce, the front of the tongue falls down to Semilow The lip shape is round.	ö	öffnen, Löffel,können	–
p	[p]	The upper and lower lips close to form an obstruction, and the obstruction is flushed away with strong air supply. [p] It is a clear consonant.	p pp	Piep, Puck, Peter tappen, nippen, Kippe	–
q	[kv]	After sending [k], send [v].	qu	quer, Qualität	Always used with u
r	[r]	The wide form phonetic notation [r] is used to indicate that the actual pronunciation can be a trill [ʀ] or a fricative [ʁ], and the gingival trill [r] is also found in the dialect. It is a voiced consonant, but it often turns clear when it follows the clear consonant. Flutter of the tongue [ʀ]: When the back of the tongue surface contacts the tongue, and the airflow flows from the back of the tongue surface to the tongue, it causes the vibration of the tongue. Sublingual fricative [ʁʁ]: the back of the lingual surface contacts the lingual surface, and the airflow is squeezed out by friction from the narrow slit between the back of the lingual surface and the lingual surface. Gingival tremor [r]: When the tip of the tongue is in contact with the gum, the air flow flows from the tip of the tongue to the gum, causing the tip of the tongue to vibrate. After a short vowel, the actual pronunciation can also be [ɐ̯̯], but its pronunciation in the dictionary does not change. For example, if the pronunciation of vierzig is [ˈ f ɪ rts ɪ ç], the actual pronunciation can be [ˈ f ɪ ts ɪ ç], [ˈ f ɪ ts ɪ ç], or [ˈ f ɪ ts ɪ ç].	r	Rasen, reisen, Rost vierzig [ˈfɪrtsɪç]	Before vowels and after short vowels
	[ɐ]	When pronouncing, the surface of the tongue drops to the next lower position, and the lip is not round. It is between "ah" and "er" in Mandarin Chinese.	er	Hafer, klappern,	–
	[ɐ̯]	Same as [ɐ]; Non syllabic vowels follow long vowels.	r	ihr, Uhr, Haar	After long vowel
s	[s]	The tongue is in contact with the gum, and the airflow is squeezed out by friction between the tongue and the gum. [s] It is a clear consonant.	s ss	das, was, bis dass, muss, Fluss Mass, Fuss,	–
s	[z]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [s], but the vocal cords need vibration. [z] It is a voiced consonant.	s	sehr, lesen, sie	Before vowels
t	[t]	The tip of the tongue is against the upper gum to form an obstruction, and the obstruction is blown away. [t] It is a clear consonant.	t tt dt th	Tag, tut, tun, Kant Gatte, bitte, matten Stadt, Schmidt Thema, Theater, Theke	–
u	[uː]	When pronouncing, raise the back of the tongue back and up to highest The lip shape is round at the position where there is no friction with the soft palate. It is equivalent to "Wu" in Mandarin.	u uh	du, Nu, gut Kuh, Buhmann	–
u	[ʊ]	When pronouncing, raise the back of the tongue back and up to Secondary height The lip shape is round. Shorter than [u ː].	u	und, unten, Hund	–
ü	[yː]	[y ː] is the round lip sound corresponding to [i ː]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to highest The lips are rounded at the position where no friction occurs on the anterior calcaneal hard palate. It is similar to "Yu" in Mandarin Chinese.	ü üh	Güte, über, sü Süden, kühl, fühlen	–
ü	[ʏ]	[ʏ] is the round lip sound corresponding to [ɪ]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to Secondary height The lip shape is rounded.	ü	gründen, dünn, fünf	–
v	[f]	The lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth, forming a small gap, and the air flow is squeezed out by friction from the gap. [f] It is a clear consonant.	v	vier, Vati, Vater, vor	In the German native language
v	[v]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [f], but the vocal cords need vibration. [v] It is a voiced consonant.	v	Vage, vital, Motive, Video	In many loanwords
w	[v]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [f], but the vocal cords need vibration. [v] It is a voiced consonant.	w	wo, was, wer, wann	–
x	[ks]	After sending [k], send [s].	x chs ks	Axt, Text, Marx Achse, wachsen, Wuchs links	–
y	[yː]	[y ː] is the round lip sound corresponding to [i ː]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to highest The lips are rounded at the position where no friction occurs on the anterior calcaneal hard palate. It is similar to "Yu" in Mandarin Chinese.	y	Typ, Lyrik, Typus	–
	[ʏ]	[ʏ] is the round lip sound corresponding to [ɪ]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue is raised forward and upward to Secondary height The lip shape is rounded.	y	System	–
	[j]	The surface of the tongue is close to the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out from the gap between the surface of the tongue and the hard palate. [j] It's a voiced consonant.	y	Yuan, Yacht, Yoga	–
z	[ts]	When pronouncing, make [t] preparatory action to form an obstacle, and pronounce [s] at the same time when the airflow breaks through the obstacle. It is similar to "Yi" in Mandarin.	z ts tz ds	Zoo, zu, Zeit nichts Satz abends	–
au	[aʊ̯]	From [a] to [ʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊʊ]. [ʊ] is a non syllable vowel.	au	Bau, kaufen , Augen	–
ai ei ey ay	[aɪ̯]	It quickly slides from [a] to [ɪ] and is tightly combined. [ɪ] is a non syllable vowel.	ai ei ey ay	Mai, Maier nein, Eis, mein Meyer Mayer, Bayern	–
eu	[ɔɪ̯]	It quickly slides from [ɔ] to [ɪ], and is closely combined. [ɪ] is a non syllable vowel.	eu äu	neu, heute, neun Bäume, säubern, häufen	–
ch	[x]	The back of the tongue is in contact with the soft palate, and the air flow is from Posterior part of lingual surface It is squeezed out by friction with the narrow gap between the soft palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] It is a clear consonant. It is similar to the initial consonant of "drink" in Mandarin Chinese.	ch	acht, doch, noch	After a, o, u
	[ç]	The central part of the tongue is in contact with the hard palate, and the airflow is from Central part of lingual surface It is squeezed out by friction with the narrow gap between the hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [ç] is a clear consonant.	ch	ich, dich, mich	Behind i, e
	[k]	Lift the back of the tongue to the soft jaw to form an obstruction, and then send air to flush the obstruction. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] It is a clear consonant.	ch	Chor, Chlor, Chrom	dialect
	[ʃ]	The lingual lobe (that is, between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) contacts the back of the gum, and the airflow is squeezed out by friction between the lingual lobe and the back of the gum. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the lips are rounded. [ʃ] is a pure consonant.	ch	Chef, Chance	In French loanwords
	[tʃ]	The tongue leaf (between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) contacts the back of the gum to form an obstruction, and the airflow breaks through the obstruction at the same time [ʃ]. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the lips are rounded. [t ʃ] is a clear consonant.	ch	Couch, Chili	Loanwords in English and Spanish
sch	[ʃ]	The lingual lobe (i.e. the back of the tip of the tongue) contacts the back of the gum, and the airflow is squeezed out by friction between the lingual lobe and the back of the gum. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the lips are rounded. [ʃ] is a pure consonant.	sch s(p) s(t)	schade, scharf, Schein Sport, Spiel, Spiegel Student, Stadt, Staat	Sp, st after prefix
tsch	[tʃ]	The tongue leaf (i.e. the back of the tongue tip) contacts with the back of the gum to form an obstruction, and the air flow breaks through the obstruction at the same time [ʃ]. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the lips are rounded. [t ʃ] is a clear consonant.	tsch	Deutsch, Kutsche	–
ng	[ŋ]	The back of the lingual surface contacts the soft palate to form an obstruction, the vocal cords vibrate, and the air flow sounds through the nasal cavity. [ŋ] is a voiced consonant.	ng	Leitung, jung, Ordnung	–
nk	[ŋk]	After sending [ŋ], send [k].	nk	Dank, danke, links	–

Pronunciation in dictionary

Some words whose pronunciation is difficult to get directly international phonetic alphabet (IPA) marking; Not marked international phonetic alphabet The entries of the stressed syllables are marked with dots (short vowels) or horizontal lines (long vowels) below the vowels of the stressed syllables.

The following table lists the phonetic symbols used by Dooden Online. The first column is the International Phonetic Alphabet, the second column is the corresponding example, and the third column is the correct pronunciation of the example:

a	hạt	hat
a ː	Ba̲hn	ba ː n
ɐ	O̲ber	ˈo ː bɐ
ɐ̯	U̲hr	u ː ɐ̯
ã	pensee	pãˈse ː
ã ː	Abonnement	abɔnəˈmã ː
aɪ̯	we͟it	vaɪ̯t
aʊ̯	Ha͟ut	haʊ̯t
b	Bạll	bal
ç	ịch	ɪç
d	dạnn	dan
dʒ	Gịn	dʒɪn
e	Metha̲n	meˈta ː n
e ː	Be͟et	be ː t
ɛ	hạ̈tte	ˈhɛtə
ɛ ː	wä̲hlen	ˈvɛ ː lən
ɛ̃	timbri͟eren	tɛ̃ˈbri ː rən
ɛ̃ ː	Timbre	ˈtɛ̃ ː brə
ə	hạlte	ˈhaltə
ə̯	grü̲ezi	ˈɡryə̯tsi
ɛɪ̯	Rating	ˈrɛɪ̯tɪŋ
f	vi͟el	fi ː l
ɡ	gu̲t	ɡu ː t
h	hạt	hat
i	vita̲l	viˈta ː l
i ː	vi͟el	fi ː l
i̯	Stu̲die	ˈʃtu ː di̯ə
ɪ	Bịrke	ˈbɪrkə
j	ja̲	ja ː
k	kạlt	kalt
l	Lạst	last
l̩	Na̲bel	ˈna ː bl̩
m	Mạst	mast
m̩	gro̲ßem	ˈgro ː sm̩
n	Na̲ht	naːt
n̩	ba̲den	ˈba ː dn̩
ŋ	lạng	laŋ
o	Mora̲l	moˈra ː l
o ː	Bo͟ot	bo ː t
o̯	loya̲l	lo̯aˈja ː l
õ	Fondue	fõˈdy ː
õ ː	Fond	fõ ː
ɔ	Pọst	pɔst
ɔ ː	Talkshow	ˈtɔ ː kʃɔʊ̯
ø	Ökono̲m	økoˈno ː m
ø ː	Ö̲l	ø ː l
œ	gọ̈ttlich	ˈgœtlɪç
œ ː	surfen	ˈsœ ː ɐ̯fn̩
œ̃	chacun à	ʃakœ̃a
õ	son goût	sõˈgu
œ̃ ː	Parfum	parˈfœ̃ ː
ɔɪ̯	He͟u	hɔɪ̯
p	Pạkt	pakt
pf	Pfa̲hl	pfa ː l
r	Rạst	rast
s	Wạsser	ˈvasɐ
ʃ	Scha̲l	ʃa ː l
t	Ta̲l	ta ː l
ts	Za̲hl	tsa ː l
tʃ	Mạtsch	matʃ
u	kulạnt	ku'lant
u ː	Hu̲t	hu ː t
u̯	Gouache	ɡu̯a( ː )ʃ
ʊ	Pụlt	pʊlt
v	wạs	vas
w	Software	ˈsɔftwɛ ː ɐ̯
x	Bạch	bax
y	Physi̲k	fyˈzi ː k
y ː	Rü̲be	ˈry ː bə
y̆	Etui	eˈty̆i ː
ʏ	fụ̈llen	ˈfʏlən
z	Ha̲se	ˈha ː zə
ʒ	Genie	ʒeˈni ː

The following table lists the phonetic symbols used in English:

ɑ:	Sergeant	engl. ˈsɑ ː dʒənt
æ	Campus	engl. ˈkæmpəs
ʌ	Countrymusic	engl. ˈkʌntrɪmju ː zɪk
ə ː	Lindbergh	engl. ˈlɪndbə ː ɡ
eɪ̯	San Diego	engl. sæn diˈeɪ̯ɡəʊ̯
əʊ̯	Roosevelt	engl. ˈrəʊ̯zəvɛlt
ð	on the rocks	engl. ɔn ðəˈrɔks
θ	Synthesizer	engl. ˈsɪnθɪsaɪ̯zə

Other symbols:

\|	Indicates glottal stop (glottal stop), such as CO [tse ː '\|o ː ]。 Omit at the beginning, such as Effet The phonetic symbol of is [ɛ 'fe ː ]Not [\| ɛ fe ː ]。 (In the official International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbol of glottal stop is [ʔ], which represents a small (foot) prosodic segment.)
ː	Long. Indicates that the preceding vowel is a long sound, such as Chrom [kro ː m]。
~	Nasalization. Attaching to a vowel indicates that the vowel is nasalized, such as Fond [fõ ː ]。
ˈ	stress. Marked before stressed syllables, such as Exposé [ɛkspoˈze ː ]。
̩	Into syllables. Attached below a syllabic consonant, such as ²handeln ['hɛndl̩n]。
̯̆	Disyllabic. Attached below the non syllabic vowel, the downward sign is marked above, such as Milieu [miˈli̯ø ː ]、 Etui [eˈty̆i ː ]。

Deutsche Grammatik

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part of speech

German words are divided into 10 categories according to their grammatical functions: article , noun, pronoun, adjective numeral , verb, conjunction, preposition adverb , interjections. The first six categories have morphological changes, which are called variable part of speech ； The last four types of words without morphological changes are called invariant parts of speech. The first letter of a noun in German must be capitalized, This rule also began with Martin Luther. Especially when gerunds are used, this rule often leads to errors, so (in the 1990s) we discussed how to modify it Orthography Some people proposed to abolish this rule. Although this proposal was supported by some well-known linguists and some newspapers and TV programs, it was opposed by most people and was not adopted.

German nouns have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and the genders of other words are often irregular except for the rules for directly comparing the genders of human nouns. There are also four cases in German (nominative Binge , and case possessive case ）And two numbers (singular complex ）。 In use, in addition to some changes in the noun itself, it mainly depends on the changes in articles, pronouns, adjectives and a number of numerals before the noun to express the gender, number and case of the noun in the sentence. The verb transformations include person, number and tense, including the present tense (pr ä sens), the past tense (Pr ä terium), the future tense (Future I), the present perfect tense (Perfekt) pluperfect (PluSquamperfekt), Future II, voice (active voice passive ）The change of language (direct, imperative, virtual).

syntax

German sentence Structural Features: Verbs predicate As the core of a sentence, it requires object Or prepositional object and various complement 。 In ordinary declarative sentences, subject When other sentence elements are placed at the beginning of a sentence, the predicate verb always takes the second place. If the predicate consists of two parts, that is, the variable part (time auxiliary verb Or modal auxiliary) and the immutable part (the infinitive or the second participle of the verb), the variable part takes the second place (the first place in some sentences), and the invariant part takes the end of the sentence, which is the unique predicate "frame structure" in German. syntax Another characteristic of a clause The middle verb predicate is at the end of the sentence Sentence element The order of arrangement is: conjunction or relative pronoun subject and other elements of the sentence verb predicate.

etymology

The vocabulary of German is estimated to be 300000~500000. According to their origins, they can be divided into three types: 1. Inheritance words refer to words and their derivatives and compounds handed down from the Indo European and Germanic periods; 2， loan , referring to words that have been assimilated from foreign languages and German in history; 3. Loanwords refer to words that have been absorbed from foreign languages but still retain their original characteristics. Inherited and borrowed stress Most of them are in the first syllable The stress of loanwords is on the last syllable or the penultimate or third syllable. The feature of vocabulary formation is the extensive use of derivative and compound means, and compound formation is the most common in German word formation. Two or more words of various parts of speech can be combined into a new word.

Four grid deflection

one
Nominativ: also known as nominative 。 do subject 、 Predicative 。
two
Genitiv: also known as Genitive 。 As the object of an attribute or preposition, it can also be the object of an intransitive verb or preposition.
three
Dativ: also known as dativ. Do the "static three" in the "static three and dynamic four"; Or as an indirect object; Or as the object of an intransitive verb; Or as the prepositional object in the prepositional object structure that only supports the third case
four
The fourth grid (Akkusativ): also known as Binge 。 Be the direct object or the object of a preposition.

For example: Ich mag das Buch von dem Kind I like this child's book

Here, ich is one case, das Buch is the fourth case, and dem Kind is the third case dominated by the preposition von.

The same meaning can be expressed as Ich mag das Buch des Kindes. Here, des Kindes is the second case of das Kind, which means the attribute of das Buch, that is, the book of "this child".

Note: About "three static and four dynamic":

German expresses "existence" and "movement" by adding nouns with different cases after the location words. The third case is used to express "the existence of an object somewhere", and the fourth case is used to express "the movement of an object somewhere".

For example: Ich bin nach Frankfurt am Main gefahren

Gestern ist es schon in die Schule gegangen.

Language characteristics

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German belongs to Indo European Germanic languages 。 Also belonging to the same language family: English ， Dutch ， norwegian ， Swedish ， Icelandic 。
stay Germany ， Austria ， Liechtenstein , German is the official language.
stay Switzerland ， Belgium ， Luxembourg ， Namibia German, as one of the official languages, plays an important role.
German has 30 letters, four of which are special letters.
German has its own unique pronunciation rules. If you master the pronunciation rules (generally about 10 class hours), you can read general German articles smoothly.
Generally, German words are not marked with phonetic symbols in word lists and dictionaries. It needs to be read according to the German pronunciation rules. If there are special circumstances, such as words from other languages that have not been German, they will generally be marked with pronunciation.
There are 42 German speakers phoneme ， Vowel phoneme 19, 23 consonant phonemes.
There are three kinds of nouns in German: masculine, neuter and feminine. It cannot be divided into parts of speech corresponding to Chinese. For example, the German word "girl" (M ä dchen).
As a beginner in German, you need to accumulate a certain vocabulary before you can find some so-called rules inside. Taking the word form as an example, the nouns denoting occupation ending in - er, - or, - ist, - ant, - ent are mostly masculine; Nouns ending in - e, - ung, - heit, - schaft, - in, - t ä t, - tion, - sion, - sion, - ie are mostly feminine; The nouns ending in - chen, - lein, - nis are mostly neutral.
In German, verbs must be transposed. According to the personal tense, the change verbs should have corresponding changes, as well as the changes of the first participle and the second participle.
German word order There are three kinds of word order: positive word order, negative word order and final word order.

Linguistic relations

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Most German words come from Indo European Germanic languages Some words come from Latin and Greek, and some words come from French and English.

The independent languages of the West Branch of the Germanic language family include German, English, Dutch, Frisian, Belgian Dutch Afrikaans , Lowland Scottish and other independent languages. Although the spelling of words is not the same in different languages due to the influence of foreign words. But the basic pronunciation (the pronunciation of the independent language of the European Germanic family is very different from that of the traditional Indo European language family), basic vocabulary and internal logic are very close.

because anglo-saxon come from Denmark Southern Germany Shile Suyige ANGEL and Germany Lower Saxony (Nieder Sachsen) area, old English (Old English or English Saxon refers to English from 450 to 1150) It was greatly influenced by the ancient lowland German, and its pronunciation, grammar and spelling are very similar. English is blended with many foreign words, such as French, Spanish, Latin , Norwegian and Greek vocabulary, and the grammar is simpler than most independent languages in Europe, which is the most alternative among independent languages of European Germanic languages.

example sentence:

We want to stay where we are.

one
English: We want to remain what we are
two
Dutch: We willen blijven wat we zijn
three
Luxemburg: Mir welle bleiwe was mir sin n
four
German: Wir wollen bleiben, was wir sind
five
French: Nous voulons rester ce que nous sommes

What can I do for you?

one
English: What can I do for you?
two
Dutch: Wat kan ik voor je doen?
three
German: Was kann ich f ü r Sie tun?
four
French: que puis je faire pour vous?

German is most similar to Dutch, more similar to English, completely different from French, and limited to some French words.

German dialect

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German dialects are generally divided into Low German and High German Two.

Modern German dialects are divided into central German and upper German. Standard German is based on central German. Austria and Switzerland Its dialect belongs to upper German. There are many dialects in the south of the German language area, such as Austrian dialect, Schwaben dialect Bavaria Dialect Hessen Dialect Cologne Dialect Berlin Dialect, etc. Generally speaking, the stronger the pronunciation of the southern dialect, the more short sounds, and the more a sounds.

High German

High German , German dialect of southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland. "Highland" means The Alps And the neighboring mountains in southern Germany.

It is worth noting that it is often said that Standard German Confused, but they are two completely different concepts.

The corresponding German vocabulary of Highland German is Oberdeutsch. The word "Ober" means "high, above", which means The Alps And the neighboring mountains in southern Germany; and Standard German The corresponding German word is Hochdeutsch, in which the word "hoch" also has the meaning of "high", but here it means "noble and advanced", not a geographical concept.

Hochdeutsch refers specifically to Standard German , Standard German pronunciation in central Germany（ Hanover Based on the surrounding) dialect, Germany, Austria and Switzerland use the same German orthography.

Low German

Low German is generally divided into three systems:

one
Eastern Low German, including Berlin 、 Mecklenburg East and west Prussia German belongs to East Low German.
two
lowland Saxony Languages, such as Mennonite Plautdietsch, Bremen 、 Dusseldorf Most cities in North Rhine Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Schleswig Holstein, and Netherlands Part of many provinces in the southeast.
three
Lowland Frankish, including Dutch and Belgian Flemish (Although it uses different words from Dutch, the pronunciation of its corresponding words is the same), Dutch Silingborg, etc., so Dutch is actually a kind of low-lying German, but it is independently called Dutch because of political factors. General linguists believe that Low German is an independent language rather than some dialects of German. Low German has been influenced by Standard German The impact is great. Today, Low German is still widely used in northern Germany. Lowland German preserves some primitive elements of the Germanic language family, which are closer to Dutch and Old English than to various types of Highland German. The pronunciation of all kinds of Low German is usually soft, e ː There are many long sounds.

Swiss German

General linguists believe that Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch) is a dialect of German, which is close to Schwaebisch dialect. The pronunciation of Swiss German is so different from that of standard German that it is generally a german I cannot understand you. The Swiss German is basically the same as the standard German, the main differences are:

one
use ss Replace all ß , e.g. Stra ss e=Stra ß e
two
When the initial letter of some place names has Umlaut, "original letter+e" is used to replace the Umlaut mark.

Although some people in Switzerland also use the pronunciation of Swiss German to write, this writing method is not officially recognized.

Bureaucratic German

Bureaucratic German (Beamendeutsch), in fact, it is only ancient Germany Language evolution However, it is somewhat similar to the classical Chinese. Many people mistakenly believe that bureaucratic German is exclusively used by the government. This German language is used by German authorities (Behoerden), courts (Gerichte), etc. In theory, it is the most standard German. But with China's classical Chinese The difference is that this kind of German sentence is often very cumbersome (the auxiliary sentence sets the auxiliary sentence, etc.), mixed with many abbreviations (Abuerzung) used by organs and courts, regulations of the referenced law (Gesetze), the gazette (Amtstexte), and many special words in the official language (for example, the word "Brand" used by ordinary people is not used in official German, but the lengthy "Feuerereignis" is used , fire accident), many Germans with relatively low education, or people who are unfamiliar with a major, often cannot understand the bulletin or official letter written in bureaucratic German. Bureaucratic German is often used to satirize Germany's large and rigid bureaucracy.

Basic knowledge

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Basic vocabulary

Personal Pronouns and Owner Pronouns

First grid	Box 3	Possessive pronoun	Fourth grid	Chinese explanation
ich	mir	Mein or meine	mich	I
du	dir	Dein or deine	dich	you
er╱sie╱es	ihm/ihr/ihm	Sein/ihr/sein or seine/ihre/seine	ihn╱sie╱es	He/She/It
wir	uns	Unser or unsere	uns	We
ihr	euch	Euer or euere	euch	You guys
Sie╱sie	Ihnen/ihnen	Ihr/ihr or ihre	Sie╱sie	You/They

Note: The possessive pronoun "mein/dein/sein/Ihr" is used before masculine and neuter nouns, and "meine/deine/seine/Ihre" is used for feminine nouns and plural nouns.

Cardinal rule

0~12 is irregular, remember this

0 null

1 eins

2 zwei

3 drei

4 vier

5 fünf

6 sechs

7 sieben

8 acht

9 neun

10 zehn

11 elf

12 zwölf

13 dreizehn

14 vierzehn

15 fünfzehn

16 sechzehn

17 siebzehn

18 achtzehn

19 neunzehn

20 zwanzig

30 dreißig

40 vierzig

50 fünfzig

60 sechzig

70 siebzig

80 achtzig

90 neunzig

20~99 bits+und+10 bits, for example: 21 einundzwanzig=ein+und+zwanzig

100~999 hundred+one+und+ten, e.g. 221 zweihunderteinundzwanzig

1000~9999 thousand+hundred+single+und+ten, for example: 1141 (ein) tausendeinundereinundvierzig

Ordinal word

1~19 suffix plus te+suffix change (suffix change is the same as adjective)

1erste

2 zweite

3 dritte

4 vierte

5 fünfte

6 sechste

7 siebte

8 achte

9 neunte

10 zehnte

11 elfte

12 zwölfte

13 dreizehnte

14 vierzehnte

15 fünfzehnte

16 sechzehnte

17 siebzehnte

18 achtzehnte

19 neunzehnte

20 and later add ste (Zwanzigste, Drei ß igste, Vierzigste, F ü nfzigste Sechzigste、Siebzigste、Achtzigste、Neunzigste、Hundertste、Tausendste、Millionste、Milliardste、Billionste、Billiardste、Trillionste、Trilliardste）

Example: einundzwanzig - einundzwanzigste

week

one
Monday der Montag, - e
two
Tuesday der Dienstag, - e
three
Wednesday der Mittwoch, - e
four
Thursday der Donnerstag, - e
five
Friday der Freitag, - e
six
Saturday der Samsung/Sonnabend, - e
seven
Sunday der Sonntag, - e

month

one
January
two
February
three
March der M ä rz
four
April
five
May der Mai
six
June
seven
July der Juli
eight
August
nine
Der September
ten
October der Oktober
eleven
November
twelve
December

season

one
Der Fr ü hling, - e
two
Der Sommer in summer-
three
Der Herbst, - e
four
Der Winter-

Letter Sounds

Use of the following phonetic symbols international phonetic alphabet （IPA）。

one
A [aː]
two
B [beː]
three
C [tse ː] ([ts] is similar to Mandarin.)
four
D [deː]
five
E [eː]
six
F [εf]
seven
G [geː]
eight
H [haː]
nine
I [iː]
ten
J [j ɔ t] (Yote)
eleven
K [kaː]
twelve
L [ε l] (First [ε] and then the tip of the tongue against the gingival hair [l].)
thirteen
M [ε m] (Same as English.)
fourteen
N [ε n] (Same as English.)
fifteen
O [oː]
sixteen
P [peː]
seventeen
Q [ku ː] (cool)
eighteen
R [ɛ r]
nineteen
S [ɛ s] (same as English)
twenty
T [teː]
twenty-one
U [uː]
twenty-two
V [faʊ̯]
twenty-three
W [veː]
twenty-four
X [ɪks]
twenty-five
Y [ˈ ʏ psil ɔ n] (where [ʏ] is the round lip sound corresponding to [ɪ], similar to the "encounter" in Mandarin Chinese, but with lower tongue position)
twenty-six
Z [ts ε t] (where [ts] is similar to Mandarin Chinese)
twenty-seven
ä [ɛː]
twenty-eight
ö [ø ː] (round lip)
twenty-nine
ü [y ː]
thirty
ß [ɛsˈtsɛt]

Pro usage

jeder/es/em， Is a variant of jed - jed - is a pronoun with the following usages:

1. As an attributive. The attributive changes its case according to the composition of the noun it modifies in the sentence, and jed - as an adjective without articles makes a strong change, so there are forms such as jeder/es/em.

For example, the noun Jeder Einkauf (Jedes ProjektJede Fahrt) kostet viel Zeit

The noun is used as the fourth case Sie kommt jeden Monat (jedes Jahr, jede Woche)

I ch habe jedem Neffen (jedem Kind, jeder Nichte）ein Buch geschenkt.

Jed modified nouns are used in the second case. Ich bin mit den Leistungen jedes Neffen(jedes Kindes, jeder Nichte)ganz zufrieden.

2. When used as a noun, there is no Hier darf jeder herein Everyone can come here.

Jede der Frauen hat heute das Recht auf Arbeit. Every woman today has the right to ask for work.

Jedes der Kinder hat sein eigenes Zimmer. Each child has his own room.

Ich habe jeden gefragt, der vorbeiging.

Language simplification

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German Neoorthography Is the German spelling simplification plan officially launched by Germany. The goal of the spelling simplification plan is to make it easier for foreigners and new immigrants whose mother tongue is not German to master German, and increase the number of German users worldwide. In fact, Austria and Switzerland have already started to simplify the German spelling, but this plan has been strongly resisted in Germany. Germany's two major mainstream media, Le Monde and Der Spiegel, have publicly said that they will refuse to use simplified German. German parents worry that their children will receive unorthodox German education in school. Although the new German orthography has been controversial, it came into force on August 1, 2005 after a seven-year transition period from 1998 to 2005.

Longest word

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Among many foreign languages, German words are famous. On June 3, 2013, comprehensive foreign media reported that Germany has abolished a legal vocabulary with 63 letters in length. For the past six years, this word has been the longest word in German.

The full spelling of this super long word is Rindfleischetikettierungs ü berwachungsaufgaben ü bertragungsgesetz, which is usually abbreviated as "RkRe ∨ A ∨ G", meaning "beef labeling supervision task delegation law". It was once a local regulation in the former Pomori state of Germany. The regulation was introduced in 1999 to prevent consumers from contracting BSE. Because of its length, it was selected by the media as the top ten hot words of the year.

According to the proposal of the European Union, beef cattle will no longer be monitored for BSE, so this super long word will lose its original meaning. Instead, there is a new regulation called "Local Provisions on the Supervision of Beef and Veal Labels". Since this legal noun is expressed by multiple words, there is no super long word.

In fact, this prevention Mad cow disease It was only in 2007 that it became the longest word in German. Before that, the longest word was Grundst ü cksverkehrsgenehmigungszust ä ndigkeits ü bertragungsverordnung, which means "land driving permit authorization method", with 67 letters in total, and was abolished that year.

Anato Stefanovich, a famous German linguistics professor, said that in fact, according to the characteristics of German, infinite words can be created in theory. The German Language Association once invented a longer word with a joke on the basis of the "beef label supervision task delegation method" to show this characteristic of German.

So, after the 63 letter super long word was abolished, which word is the longest in German now? As of June 3, 2013, it is unknown that Germans are looking for new "record holders". The former Pomori State Department of Agriculture spokesman jokingly said: "Other states should try to invent a new long word!"^[1]

Common Sentences

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one
Guten Tag! Good day!
two
Guten Morgen! good morning!
three
Guten Abend! Good evening!
four
Gute Nacht. Good night
five
Wie geht es dir? how are you?
six
Wie geht es Ihnen？ How are you?
seven
Vielen Dank! Thank you very much.
eight
Herzlich willkommen! Welcome!
nine
Zum Geburtstag. Happy birthday.
ten
Auf Wiedersehen! bye! (more formal)
eleven
Tschüss! bye! (more informal)
twelve
Danke! thank you!
thirteen
Danke schön! thank you very much!
fourteen
Bitte schön! You're welcome!
fifteen
Wie heißen Sie? Your name?
sixteen
Wie ist Ihr Name? What's your name? (Or your family name?)
seventeen
Entschuldigung! excuse me. I'm sorry.
eighteen
Entschuldigen Sie. Sorry. i 'm sorry.
nineteen
(Es) tut mir leid ! Sorry, sorry.
twenty
Egal! Whatever!
twenty-one
Ich wei ß nicht. I don't know.
twenty-two
Ich liebe dich. I love you!
twenty-three
Wie ist deine Handynummer/Telefonnummer? What's your phone number?
twenty-four
Wie viel Uhr ist es? What time is it?
twenty-five
Wie spät ist es? What time is it?

Temporal phraseology

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The following is a table showing the differences between English and German in terms of time.

English	German
What time is it?	Wie spät ist es? Wie viel Uhr ist es?
It's one o'clock	Es ist ein Uhr
It's quarter past one	Es ist Viertel nach eins
It's half past one	Es ist halb zwei
It's quarter to two	Es ist Viertel vor zwei
It's two o'clock	Es ist zwei Uhr
It's quarter past two	Es ist Viertel nach zwei
It's half past two	Es ist halb drei
It's quarter to three	Es ist Viertel vor drei
It's three o'clock	Es ist drei Uhr
It's quarter past three	Es ist Viertel nach drei
It's half past three	Es ist halb vier
It's quarter to four	Es ist Viertel vor vier
It's four o'clock	Es ist vier Uhr
It's quarter past four	Es ist Viertel nach vier
It's half past four	Es ist halb fünf
It's quarter to five	Es ist Viertel vor fünf
It's five o'clock	Es ist fünf Uhr
It's quarter past five	Es ist Viertel nach fünf
It's half past five	Es ist halb sechs
It's quarter to six	Es ist Viertel vor sechs
It's six o'clock	Es ist sechs Uhr
It's quarter past six	Es ist Viertel nach sechs
It's half past six	Es ist halb sieben
It's quarter to seven	Es ist Viertel vor sieben
It's seven o'clock	Es ist sieben Uhr
It's quarter past seven	Es ist Viertel nach sieben
It's half past seven	Es ist halb acht
It's quarter to eight	Es ist Viertel vor acht
It's eight o'clock	Es ist acht Uhr
It's quarter past eight	Es ist Viertel nach acht
It's half past eight	Es ist halb neun
It's quarter to nine	Es ist Viertel vor neun
It's nine o'clock	Es ist neun Uhr
It's quarter past nine	Es ist Viertel nach neun
It's half past nine	Es ist halb zehn
It's quarter to ten	Es ist Viertel vor zehn
It's ten o'clock	Es ist zehn Uhr
It's quarter past ten	Es ist Viertel nach zehn
It's half past ten	Es ist halb elf
It's quarter to eleven	Es ist Viertel vor elf
It's eleven o'clock	Es ist elf Uhr
It's quarter past eleven	Es ist Viertel nach elf
It's half past eleven	Es ist halb zwölf
It's quarter to twelve	Es ist Viertel vor zwölf
It's twelve o'clock	Es ist zwölf Uhr
It's quarter past twelve	Es ist Viertel nach zwölf
It's half past twelve	Es ist halb eins
It's quarter to one	Es ist Viertel vor eins
it's midnight	Es ist Mitternacht
it's midday	Es ist Mittag
in the morning	am Morgen
in the afternoon	nachmittags
in the evening	abends

learning method

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method

one
First, take German pronunciation learning seriously. This stage is very important. It takes about half a month to one month to learn some simple sentence patterns and daily expressions.
two
Secondly, the learning process from dialogue to text, memorizing words and looking at grammar. German words are similar to English, and the grammar is also similar, but it still takes a lot of effort to learn.
three
Third, learning German must grasp the verb, which is the core of German. You can refer to the English sentence structure in learning, but you must start from the reality of German learning and remember phrases, phrases and sentences.
four
Fourth, German is a very "reasonable" language. Many language phenomena hide fixed grammar rules, many of which are more complex than English. Although German sounds less beautiful than English, French and other languages, its thinking expression is more rigorous. Therefore, we should pay attention to grammar analysis and sentence structure analysis.
five
Fifth, like any foreign language learning, learning German also requires perseverance, a lot of memorization, a lot of reading, often trying to translate or write, and practicing oral English in appropriate occasions... In short, you must learn German every day, even a little, and you can accumulate rich knowledge over the years. Sixth, make full use of the Internet. In today's era, there are many German learning websites and many German professional friends. Make full use of all the opportunities and possibilities to create a happy learning atmosphere for yourself, so that you can easily go on the road.

German can be divided into six sections: Vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, reading, writing.

Here are the skills to learn these six modules.

vocabulary

Vocabulary is the blood of language, and no one will doubt the benefits and convenience of large vocabulary for language learning, which is most obvious when we read. There is a saying that if you want to have a simple conversation, the minimum vocabulary is 1000. If you want to basically understand ordinary German newspapers and magazines, the minimum vocabulary is 5000. So many Chinese students recite words crazily, and many people oppose doing so.

So do you want to memorize words, and how many words do you need to memorize? I want to start with an example from my side. I have a friend who is obsessed with memorizing words. He once recited German words like a dictionary, so that the teacher sometimes forgot words in class and had to ask him for advice. However, his German level is very general (although he eventually passed DSH), and as long as he does not review the words he has memorized for a period of time, the words will soon be forgotten.

So, how to memorize words? Different words should be memorized in different ways:

one
Words appearing in reading comprehension (these words are usually difficult and very written): you only need to look familiar and know the meaning of Chinese on the back. You don't need to be able to read and write - the main thing is that you can know its meaning when doing reading comprehension.
two
Words in spoken language: knowing the meaning, being able to say it accurately, and being able to write it are not important - mainly because you can say it when communicating with others. Open your back as much as possible and read your back accurately.
three
The word in listening: to reflect its meaning, it is better to write it out - the key here is to reflect its meaning, and you can listen to it repeatedly through your own recording.
four
Words in writing: in addition to being able to spell them correctly, their gender figures should be clear, and they should also know how to use them. It is best to remember them in sentences when they are memorized.
five
In German, it is difficult to distinguish male names from female names when Herr Frau is absent. For example, Theodor, These let you distinguish between men and women. At this time, there is a trick: German male names end with consonants, while female names end with vowels.

In fact, in the above five points, it is not fixed which words belong to which point. You can decide which memory method to use for a certain word based on your subjective judgment. What I said above -- from another perspective -- is to remind everyone of the importance of vocabulary mastery in listening, speaking, reading and writing of foreign languages

A better method is: interest self-study+teacher guidance.

grammar

Grammar is the skeleton of language. Language is formed by filling in the grammar rules with appropriate words. If you want to understand complex sentences, speak accurately and write correctly, you must have a solid foundation in grammar. Grammar and words are the basis of learning a language well, and both are the basic skills that need to be mastered most at the beginning.

But some people hold another view that despises grammar. They are opposed to memorizing the rules of grammar. They believe that language expression (such as speaking) should rely on language sense. Speaking should be an act of blurting out what you want to say. When speaking, the brain should not analyze the grammar of the sentence first, and then say it again. That is to say, our speaking should be a natural behavior, not a logical thinking that needs to be thought in advance. When we speak Chinese, we rely entirely on the sense of language, and never think about its grammatical structure in advance. It should be the same when learning German. You don't need to know why a sentence should be said like this. You just need to know that it is actually said like this, and keep saying it as a habit to cultivate nature.

hearing

Let's talk about some troubles in listening:

Distraction. A lot of people will do this. Listening to it will distract them. This is a taboo for exams! When you practice listening, you should completely get rid of the bad habit of distraction. In fact, you should develop a habit of your brain: when listening, your brain keeps moving, constantly understanding and guessing. If your brain is lazy because you can't understand it, distraction will follow.

There are two reasons for distraction: it may be that the article is too difficult, many sentences are not understood, and gradually lose confidence and interest, which leads to distraction, or the article is too long, and attention cannot be sustained for a long time. For these two situations, you can choose listening articles with moderate difficulty. For an article that is too long, you can divide it into several parts. Don't listen to it all at once. Listen to one part at a time, then summarize what you have just heard, and then continue listening. In addition, memorizing while listening can also avoid distractions to some extent. Also, don't listen to the same article continuously. The first time you listen to an article, the second time you usually pay attention to it. After the third time, you feel bored and distracted. In this case, it's meaningless to listen again. It's better to stop this article and turn back another day.

oral language

German seems to be more difficult to speak than English. If you are a student studying in China, it seems that not many people can speak after finishing the elementary study. Even those students who have studied in Germany and passed the DSH, their spoken English level does not seem to be much better than that of German three-year-old children. Like listening, speaking is a traditional weakness of Chinese people.

How to improve oral English? There are many methods. Please choose the one that suits you and can be realized:

A． Find a language partner. If you are in China, this is unrealistic. In fact, even in Germany, there is not necessarily a good language environment. In fact, looking for a language partner does not necessarily require looking for a German, as long as he is a foreigner, as long as he does not understand Chinese, and as long as you must speak German for communication. Regardless of which country he is from, you should establish friendship so that you can harass him every day and speak German every day. At the beginning, my oral English was practiced with a Korean. I remember that at the beginning, we were difficult to understand each other. Talking with him was like a chicken talking to a duck. Finally, we had to add a lot of facial expressions and movements to make the other decipher. But gradually, our oral English has made great progress, and I even skipped the oral exam.

B． think aloud. If you usually have the habit of speaking Chinese to yourself, change to speaking German to yourself. If you don't have this habit, you should cultivate it. It is a healthy behavior. If you are not the kind of person who likes talking, and you don't even like talking to yourself, please turn your mind into German. For example, if you find the water is too hot when you take a bath, don't think: the water is too hot! You should think: "Das Wasser ist zu hei ß! "In short, it is necessary to cultivate your German thinking. At first, you will feel awkward because you often encounter some words that you cannot speak, which will make your self talk impossible, or you will feel unaccustomed, troublesome, laborious, and stuttering. But as long as you stick to it, it is a good thing. When you stick to it for a period of time, you will get used to it and won't feel bored after you get used to it. Then you can enjoy the pleasure of improving your spoken English.

Reading has a quick effect on oral English. Maybe it only takes two or three days. You will be surprised to find that your mouth always wants to speak German, and your brain's speech response is also flexible. German is also spoken more smoothly than before. This is mainly because you have a strong sense of language. If you persist in reading for a long time, you will find that you can read sentences more fluently than other students in class soon.

read

The improvement of German reading level is not only due to the continuous accumulation and exercise of learners, but also to the mastery of certain reading methods to achieve the desired results.

Method 1: broaden the reading range. Generally, we can't help but use the two language backgrounds to understand when learning a foreign language, and it is no exception when reading a foreign language. Extensive and extensive reading is very important to improve reading ability. At this time, you must choose reading materials widely. We must not limit ourselves to the teaching materials in hand. We should make full use of radio and television, German newspapers, the Internet and other resources to broaden the channels for learning German.

Method 2: Introduction of relevant cultural background knowledge. Since relevant cultural background knowledge is very important for reading comprehension, how to guide cultural background into the teaching process has become one of the requirements of reading class. From the perspective of learners, only when they are interested in the content they want to read can they have the enthusiasm to read, so as to focus on the reading materials and lay the foundation for effectively improving classroom efficiency.

Method 3: Use German grammar knowledge flexibly. German is different from other foreign languages in that it has many grammar rules, which also provides a reading method for our learners. Especially when the context of the article is not coherent enough, or its meaning cannot be inferred, the use of German grammar knowledge can be very effective in understanding the content of the article.

DFT

Method 4: Use modern means to help improve reading level. Foreign language learning is a process of improving comprehensive ability. No matter which foreign language you learn, you should work hard in listening, speaking, reading, writing, translating and other aspects. For reading, if you want to improve your ability faster and better, you can get twice the result with half the effort by comprehensively using all aspects. According to the theme content, different forms of activities can be taken before each reading, such as asking questions, showing pictures, playing movie clips, playing German songs, discussing, dictating, Brainstorm , games, etc., to stimulate learners' reading interest and original background knowledge. After reading, they will also take such activities as answering questions, discussing, debating, searching for relevant materials, making slides, and writing reports to create opportunities to repeatedly use words and expressions related to the topic, and strengthen the memory and retention of language learning.

Grade examination

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Examination Center of Ministry of Education DFT
CET-4 and CET-6
CET-4 and CET-8
DSH Examination: The full name of DSH is Deutsche Sprachpr ü fung f ü r den Hochschulzugang ausl ä ndischer Studienebewerber, which means "foreign students apply for the German examination for college entrance".

List of institutions

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List of German professional colleges
Province and city	universities and colleges
Beijing	Peking University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Renmin University of China, Capital Normal University Beijing Language and Culture University Beijing University of Technology, University of International Business and Economics Beijing Foreign Studies University 、 Beijing International Studies University China University of Political Science and Law, Communication University of China, Beijing City University, Beijing University of Science and Technology
Shanghai	Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Tongji University East China University of Political Science and Law East China Normal University Shanghai International Studies University Shanghai University of Technology Shanghai Business Foreign Language Vocational College Shanghai Institute of Electrical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Tianhua College of Shanghai Normal University Shanghai University of Applied Technology
Shandong	Shandong University, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan University, Ocean University of China, Qingdao University, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qindao College of Qingdao University of Technology, School of International Exchange of Shandong Agricultural University Shandong Youth Political College (Junior college) Shandong Foreign Affairs Vocational University (Weihai, junior college), Shandong University of Finance and Economics
Jiangsu	Nanjing University Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing University of Technology China University of Mining and Technology 、 Suzhou University Jinling College of Nanjing University, Changzhou Institute of Information Technology, Taizhou Teachers College, Jiangsu Normal University of Technology, Changshu Institute of Technology
Zhejiang	Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Shuren University, Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Engineering, Ningbo Polytechnic, Zhejiang Institute of Foreign Languages
Tianjin	Nankai University Tianjin Foreign Studies University
Hebei	Yanshan University, Tangshan Normal University
Shanxi	Shanxi University
Liaoning	Dalian University of Technology Dalian International Studies University Liaoning University, Northeast University, Bohai University Dalian Translation Vocational College Shenyang Normal University
Hubei	Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Jianghan University
Heilongjiang	Heilongjiang University
Anhui	Anhui University, Hefei University
Jiangxi	Nanchang University, Nanchang Aviation University
Henan	Zhengzhou University Information Engineering University of PLA Strategic Support Force (Luoyang), Henan University
Hunan	Xiangtan University, Hunan Normal University
Guangdong	Sun Yat sen University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Nanguo Business School, Zengcheng College of South China Normal University
Sichuan	Sichuan University, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu College of Sichuan International Studies University Mianyang Normal University
Chongqing	Chongqing University, Sichuan International Studies University Chongqing Foreign Language and Foreign Affairs University Chongqing Second Normal University
Shaanxi	Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an International Studies University Mingde College of Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an FanYi University
Jilin	Jilin Foreign Studies University , German Department of Yanbian University, College of Science and Technology
Fujian	Fuzhou University, Xiamen University
Inner Mongolia	Inner Mongolia University of Technology
Gansu	Lanzhou University
Hainan	Hainan Foreign Language Vocational College

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