German Democratic Republic

Socialist countries in central Europe

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German Democratic Republic (German: Die Deutsche Demokratische Republik, German Abbreviation: DDR ）, short for Democratic Germany , or East Germany , which existed in central Europe from October 7, 1949 to October 3, 1990 Socialist country 。^[1] The capital is Berlin （ East Berlin ）, Implementation socialist system and planned economy System, yes Warsaw Treaty Organization and Mutual Economic Assistance Committee Member States of. The land area is 107771 square kilometers.^[1]

Democratic Germany is the Second World War At the end of the Nazi Germany Of Soviet occupied areas On the basis of and in the Nazi Germany The Soviet occupied area of the capital Berlin was established. In the early days of the founding of Democratic Germany, there was a serious problem of population flight. In the 1950s, about 2.7 million residents illegally crossed the border due to political or economic factors Federal Germany 。 In 1961, the German Democratic Government West Berlin The border was built Berlin Wall To prevent residents from fleeing.

Democratic Germany ruling party yes German United Socialist Party , Other Party organization Participate in political activities through the "Democratic Alliance" and the "National Front" led by the German United Socialist Party. Educational institutions according to Marxism Leninism To cultivate socialist talents.

During the Cold War, Democratic Germany was in the position of socialist camp Leading position. A famous landmark building during the Cold War“ Berlin Wall ”In Democratic Germany, on October 3, 1990, the German Democratic Republic announced that it would cease to exist, and its territory was officially incorporated Federal Republic of Germany （ West Germany ）， Unification of Germany and Germany 。

Chinese name: German Democratic Republic
Foreign name: German Democratic Republic
Abbreviation: Democratic Germany (German abbreviation: DDR), East Germany
State: Europe
Capital: Berlin（ East Berlin ）
major city: Leipzig ， Dresden etc.
National Day: October 7th
National anthem: 《 Auferstanden aus Ruinen 》
Country code: DD
official language: German
Currency: Mark der DDR
Time zone: UTC+1
Political system: Soviet System
National leaders: Wilhelm Pieck 、 Walter Ulbricht 、 Erich Honecker 、 Egon Krenz

population size: 16629750 (1989)
Population density: 153.5 persons/km2 (1989)
Major ethnic groups: German
Major religions: atheism 、 Christianity 、 Catholicism
land area: 108333 km² (1989)
Total GDP: US $197.45 billion (1989)
GDP per capita: US $11873 (1989)
International telephone area code: thirty-seven
Abbreviation of international domain name: .dd
Road access: Drive on the right
Time of existence: October 7, 1949 - October 3, 1990
End flag: Unification of Germany and Germany
Major universities: Dresden University of Technology 、 Jena University etc.
ruling party: German United Socialist Party

catalog

one history
▪ Before the founding of the People's Republic of China
▪ The founding period
▪ Construction period
▪ Period of extinction
▪ Unification of Germany and Germany
two Geography
▪ Regional location
▪ topographic features
▪ hydrology
▪ soil
▪ vegetation
▪ climate
▪ natural resources
three administrative division

▪ education
▪ media
▪ Sports
▪ Social groups
eleven International Relations
▪ overview
▪ Relationship between Germany and Germany
▪ Berlin question
▪ Relations with China
twelve Famous buildings
thirteen Democratic Germany Complex

history

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Before the founding of the People's Republic of China

In January 1871, German Emperor William I was crowned in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles

Prussian“ Seven Week War ”Defeated in Austrian Empire , established the next year North German Confederation , unified in 1871 German Empire Establish. The German Empire was launched in 1914 the First World War In 1918, it collapsed due to defeat. Established by Germany in February 1919 Weimar Republic 。 In 1933, Adolf Hitler Come to power and exercise dictatorship. Nazi Germany Launched in 1939 the Second World War , but failed in the end.

The founding period

On May 8, 1945, Nazi Germany surrendered. according to Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference And decided to divide Germany into four parts after its defeat, which would be occupied by four victorious countries, namely Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union, and form a top management unit, the "Allied Control Commission"（ ACC ）To govern German affairs.^[1]

The First President of Democratic Germany Pike and Prime Minister Grotiwood

June 25, 1945, Germany Soviet occupied area Five states have established state governments. In August, the General Administration of Industry, Transportation, Power, etc. was established. On April 21, 1946, it was held in the Soviet occupied area of Germany German Communist Party And the joint congress of the Social Democratic Party German United Socialist Party 。 Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl Was elected chairman of the party.

In October 1946, the German Soviet occupied area held a state parliamentary election, and the German United Socialist Party won the most votes, becoming the ruling party 。 At that time, the western occupied areas were built according to the model of capitalist countries. Germany's western occupied areas and Germany's Soviet occupied areas are increasingly opposed to each other.

December 7, 1947, by German United Socialist Party Initiated the 2nd German People's Congress, which elected Wilhelm Pieck Presidential Standing Committee 。

Airplanes transporting goods during the Berlin blockade in 1948

On February 12, 1948, after the establishment of the Joint State Parliament and the Administrative Committee in the United States, Britain and France occupied areas, the Soviet occupied areas merged the various administrative offices and established the German Economic Commission to manage the economy of the German Soviet occupied areas, and expanded its authority, giving the Economic Commission the right to binding force The power of order. Established in March economic planning The General Administration, later the National Planning Commission. On June 20, 1948, it was implemented in the western occupied area Monetary reform ， Soviet Union Also on June 23, monetary reform was carried out in the Soviet occupied area, changing the original currency to East Germany mark The economy of the east and west occupied areas is completely separated, while the political division is also intensifying.

On October 22, 1948, the Draft Constitution of the German Democratic Republic proposed by the United Socialist Party was passed. On May 25, 1949, the 3rd German People's Congress was held. stay Federal Germany Of《 Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 》One week after its entry into force, the German People's Congress approved the《 Constitution of the German Democratic Republic 》The German People's Congress also elected 400 members of the People's Committee.

On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed, Berlin （ East Berlin ）Become the capital of Democratic Germany. On October 11, 1949, Wilhelm Pieck Was elected President of Democratic Germany, Otto Grotewohl by provisional government Prime Minister; On November 11, Soviet occupied areas The Commander in Chief announced that Administrative functions and powers When it was transferred to this newly established country, the Soviet occupation authority was renamed the "Soviet Monitoring Committee". In this way, Germany was officially divided into two sovereign and independent countries, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.^[2]

Construction period

Military parade on the 30th anniversary of the founding of the German Democratic Republic (1979)

World War II After that, the Soviet occupied areas implemented the basic Means of production The nationalization of GDR in 1950 agricultural production It has reached the pre war level. In 1951, GDR implemented the first five-year plan. In 1953, GDR Total industrial output value (excluding the construction industry) Economic composition 78.9%. In 1960, democratic Germany realized the public farming of agricultural production.

In 1963, GDR proposed“ New economic system ”In 1971, the Eighth National Congress of the German Unified Socialist Party put forward the policy of "developing socialist production at a high speed, improving efficiency Scientific and technological progress And improve labour productivity On the basis of material culture living standard ”Policy. In the following 10 years, the labor productivity of Democratic Germany increased by 5% on average, national income The average growth was 4.6%.

Period of extinction

From 1979 to 1980 The Second Oil Crisis It triggered the accelerated recession of the economy in Democratic Germany. Color TV sets, refrigerators and washing machines are not only relatively expensive compared with those in the West, but also have a long waiting time.

In August 1989, People's Republic of Hungary The government reform of“ Iron Curtain ”, by People's Republic of Hungary Announcing the opening of borders and Soviet leaders Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Of“ New thinking ”Under the influence of ideology, the situation in Democratic Germany has undergone dramatic changes. Since May of the same year, a large number of citizens have passed Hungary He fled to the Federal Republic of Germany. At the beginning of October, Leipzig Demonstrations of different scales have broken out in many cities, asking the government to relax travel abroad and news media Restrictions, etc.

Unification of Germany and Germany

In order to consolidate its rule, the German United Socialist Party held a military parade on the 40th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in East Berlin on October 7, 1989, but Berlin, the capital of Democratic Germany, still broke out three demands in a row Political reform Large-scale mass demonstrations. Since then, in order to quell the march, the German United Socialist Party was dismissed Erich Honecker General Secretary of the Party. On November 9“ Berlin Wall ”Open. On November 28, the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Helmut Kohl Put forward the "ten point plan" for the reunification of the two Germans. On December 1, the Democratic German People's Congress abolished the Leadership 。 Two days later, the Central Committee of the United Socialist Party, the General Secretary and the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany announced their resignation. Democratic Germany announced its withdrawal one after another Warsaw Treaty Organization and Mutual Economic Assistance Committee 。

Although many GDR residents wanted to establish a non socialist country on GDR territory, this idea was quickly Unification of Germany and Germany The sound of the waves drowned. The slogan of the demonstration also changed from State power The challenge of "we are the people!" was transformed into "we are a nation!" with the goal of German reunification. After brief consultations with the United States, the Soviet Union, France and Britain, the decision to reunify the two Germans was recognized.

From February 13 to 14, 1990, the Prime Minister of Democratic Germany Hans Modrow First visit to the Federal Republic of Germany. On March 18, the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany conducted free elections, Lothar de Mezier After assuming the post of Prime Minister of Democratic Germany, the pace of reunification between Germany and Germany has been greatly accelerated.

On May 18, 1990, Democratic Germany and Federal Germany bonn Signing national treaties on the establishment of monetary, economic and social alliances. On July 1, the East German mark was withdrawn from circulation, West Germany The mark became the common currency of Germany and Germany. On August 31, the two sides signed a treaty of reunification between Germany and Germany in Berlin. September 24, GDR National People's Army He formally withdrew from the Warsaw Treaty Organization. On October 3, GDR (East Germany) joined as part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) European Economic Community 。 The Constitution, the People's Assembly and the government of Democratic Germany were automatically abolished, and the original 14 regions were adapted to the Federal Republic of Germany Administrative system It was changed into five states, merged into the Federal Republic of Germany, and split for more than 40 years Reunification of Germany 。

Geography

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Regional location

The German Democratic Republic is located in the middle of Europe, with an area of about 108333 square kilometers. The boundary line is about 1338 kilometers long, and the coastline is 420 kilometers long.

topographic features

North of Democratic Germany North German Plain Part of, Average altitude 50 meters. The North German Plain is Central European Plains From the Baltic It extends more than 300 kilometers southward, accounting for about 3/4 of the land area, with an average altitude of 50 meters. The Baltic coast is exposed by narrow lowlands. There are many sand dunes and islands along the east coast, with shallow bay between them, and an important port Rostock Located on the west coast. The largest island is Lugen Island With an area of 926 square kilometers. Coastal zone South oriented Moraine plain , new in the north Moraine The south is the old moraine area. In the north part of the new moraine area moraine hill There are many lakes distributed between Mecklenburg lake plateau The most typical; The southern part is separated by the ancient river valley and the ancient melt flow Moraine plain 。 The old moraine area at the southernmost end of the plain is flat, with many marshes and lowlands. Loess belt is distributed between the moraine plain and the southern mountainous area. The soil layer is 2-10 meters thick Saxony Regional orientation Thuringia The Mainland and Magdeburg The Boulder area extends, and its southern terrain is up to 400~500 meters. The loess belt is the most important an agricultural region 。^[1]

The southern plateau and mountains belong to Haixi Fold zone 。 Mountains, basins and river valleys are crisscrossed. Haz Mountain 、 Tulingen Forest Mountain , Mount Ers and other medium height mountains Precambrian and the paleozoic era Crystalline rock 、 Metamorphic rock Composed of fault blocks after long-term erosion Horst Mountainous area, generally below 1000 meters above sea level. Among them, the higher Mount Ers extends in the southeast border, southwest northeast, mainly composed of crystalline rock Sandstone , conglomerate, and Fichtel Mountain, 1214m above sea level, is the highest peak in China. Located in the southwest, Hazi Mountain is a northwest southeast wavy plateau mountain with an average altitude of 500~600m. Some granite peaks are prominent, with the second highest peak in China Brocken Peak , 1142m above sea level. Tulingen Forest Mountain is located at the southwest border, northwest southeast, which is mainly composed of gneiss It is a horst mountain composed of granite, with an altitude of 400~500 meters.

hydrology

Democratic Germany has a relatively developed water system. The largest and most important rivers are Elbe River , source out Czechoslovakia It has a total length of 1165 kilometers and a domestic flow of 566 kilometers. It flows through the border from southeast to northwest and flows into the North Sea through the Federal Republic of Germany. The river (domestic section) and its tributaries Sal River Havel River, Spree River Mulder River etc. Drainage area It accounts for about 2/3 of the land area.

Oder River And its tributaries Ness River From south to north, it flows through the eastern border and then enters poland , on Shicheqing Nearby injection the Baltic The drainage area within the territory accounts for 1/5 of the land area. There are small ones in the southwest Weser River Upstream and Maine River The tributary flows through. Most rivers are recharged by rainwater, and some by Snow water The maximum flow is in spring, and it is not long in winter Icing period 。 The Elbe River and the Oder River are the two largest waterborne arteries, which mostly flow through wide valleys with slow water flow, and the domestic processes are navigable; Yibei River Tributary Sal River The lower reaches of Havel River and Spree River are also navigable. It connects Elbe River, Ode River Weser River and Rhine , composed of water Transport network And the Baltic Sea and the North Sea through the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries.

Most lakes are Glacial lake , mostly distributed in North German lowlands , the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau area is the most concentrated, of which Miritz Lake (116.8 square kilometers) Shiweilin Lake, Lake Ploue, etc. Many rivers in the southern mountainous area and its piedmont have floods in spring, and 40 large dams and reservoirs have been built to store floods. The largest reservoir is the Breloh Reservoir (215 million cubic meters) in the upper reaches of the Saler River. Small hydropower stations and hydropower storage power stations are built on many rivers in the above areas. In the southeast of Berlin and along the left bank of Oder River, there are many Marshland Most of them can be drained into fertile land.

soil

Dominant Zonal soil It's grass podzol , most of which are Sandy loam And sandy soil, accounting for more than 1/3 of the land area, mainly distributed in the middle and south of the northern plain Ice water deposit and Moraine On things, Natural fertility Not high, most of the sandy soil is covered by forest. Brown forest soil The vast majority is loam, accounting for 1/4 of the land area. Among them, weakly acidic and relatively fertile brown forest soil is distributed in the east of Mecklenburg moraine area and loess plain, as well as in the piedmont of Mount Hatz, Tulingen Forest and the west of Mount Ers. The Sark area of Mount Ers is poor in calcium Soil forming parent material (gneiss and granite). Brown forest soil range Most of them have been turned into farmland.

The most fertile Chernozem And black soil, with a small area, accounting for 7-8% of the land area, mainly distributed in Magdeburg Boulder Thuringia Basin The northern end of the Leipzig Basin has been almost completely reclaimed and planted with wheat, barley beet And other crops. Hidden soil It accounts for 1/3 of the land area, and is the soil formed under the conditions of excessive wetting or deep influence of soil forming parent materials, such as the mountains deeply affected by soil forming parent materials Coarse bony soil It is widely distributed in mountainous areas of medium height. Due to many cavities, rapid infiltration, little water accumulation and poor natural fertility, it is mainly used for forestry development.

vegetation

The forest area is more than 2.9 million hectares, accounting for 27.3% of the land area. Although the land is located in Temperate broad-leaved forest belt , but coniferous forest But accounting for 80% of the forest area, of which pine and larch Primary, secondary Spruce 。 Most of these coniferous forests are Plantation 。 broad-leaved forest Mainly Beech , maple, ash, oak, birch and Alder 5%.

Pine and larch are not demanding of soil, and they are widely distributed in sandy land in the lowlands of North Germany; The wet spruce is dominant in the southern mountains, Coastal zone There is also distribution. Broad leaved forests are mainly distributed in the north, especially in Mecklenburg, where the soil is more fertile. There are beech and beech oak forests with small area distributed in the front of Hazi Mountain and Tulingen Mountain. There are small oak forests in the dry and warm areas to the west of the Saler River and the Yibei River Valley. Due to the influence of human economic activities and other activities, animal species are poor and modern Forest belt There are deer, deer, flat horn deer, wild boar fox , badger and many birds 。

climate

Climate type It belongs to the transition type from humid marine to moderate continental, and the whole country belongs to the transition type from marine to continental temperate hardwood forest Climate. Plain and Mountain climate The difference is great; There are also differences in plain areas, coastal areas and inland areas, Coastal plain January Average temperature 0 ℃, July 16~17 ℃, frost free period 190~200 days; The inland plain is - 0.5~- 2 ℃, 18~19 ℃ and 170~180 days; The corresponding temperature in mountainous areas is - 3~- 5 ℃, 13~15 ℃ and 130~140 days.

Annual precipitation It mainly depends on the activity of northwest cyclones, decreasing from west and northwest to east and southeast, with 620 mm in coastal plain and 580 mm in inland plain; There are many mountains, up to 900~1100 mm, Windward slope More, for example, the Brocken area of Mount Hatz is up to 1485mm; Rain shadow There are relatively few areas, for example, the Thuringia Basin and Magdeburg Boulder area in the Hartz Mountains are 720mm; Plain and river valley areas adjacent to mountains, with annual precipitation of 500~650mm; Most of the rain falls in winter on Mount Hatz and Mount Turlingen, while it falls in summer on Mount Erz and the plains.

The country is generally mild in winter and warm in summer, Growth period Long (180~200 days), Active accumulated temperature High (above 3000 ℃), which is conducive to the widespread sowing of temperate crops.

natural resources

Democratic Germany mineral resources Not very rich, but there are many kinds. The important ones are lignite 、 sylvite 、 rock salt , gypsum kaolin There are also small reserves of oil, natural gas coking coal , iron, etc. High quality Fuel resources and metallurgy The raw materials are very limited. The domestic minerals can not meet the demand.

Lignite is the most abundant mineral deposit, with reserves of about 20 billion tons, ranking first in the world. The coal seam is thick, shallow and easy to open mining. The most important China Germany and Raoziz lignite fields are distributed in the central and southeast. The former is located on the left bank of the Elbe River Harley Zone and Leipzig Within the region, accounting for 2/5 of the national reserves; The latter is deep, Calorific value Poor.

Potash reserves are also rich, about 13 billion tons. The most important mining area is in the southwest Weila River Watershed, north of Magdeburg and Haz Mountain Thuringia Basin to the south. There is also copper and natural gas in the plain area, copper mine It is distributed in the west of Hale District, with burial depth of 700-800m. Vanadium, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt are distributed together with copper.

Natural gas reserves 100 billion cubic meters, concentrated in Thuringia Basin And northern Magdeburg District. Magmatic deposits, such as tin deposits Grauhao Of Pentlandite And near Gra Uranium ore 。 Other mineral resources such as oil, iron Hard coal It has small reserves and scattered distribution.

administrative division

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capital

Berlin （ East Berlin ）, with a population of 1.8 million (1989), Annual average temperature About 8.6 ℃.

Administrative Region

In 1952, GDR abolished the original Mecklenburg - Former Pomory 、 Brandenburg 、 Saxony Anhat 、 Saxony and Thuringia The administrative system of five states has established 14 special administrative regions.

The country is divided into one city（ Berlin ）And 14 special zones（ Rostock ， New Brandenburg ， Shiweilin ， Frankfurt ， Potsdam ， Magdeburg ， Cottbus ， Harley ， Dresden ， Leipzig ， Erfurt ， Karl Marx City ， Gra ， Sur ）。

Politics

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National symbol

National symbol
Flag of the German Democratic Republic	It is a horizontal rectangle, and the ratio of length to width is 5:3. From top to bottom, it is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, black, red and yellow. In the middle of the flag is the national emblem.
National Emblem of the German Democratic Republic	It is round. The middle pattern is a hammer and a compass. The outside is surrounded by ears of wheat and the bottom is surrounded by the tricolor ribbons of the national flag. Hammer symbol working class , Compass symbol intellectual , symbol of ear of wheat a farmer 。
National Anthem of the German Democratic Republic	《 Auferstanden aus Ruinen 》Written by poet Johannes Bescher, Hanns Eisler Compose music. The lyrics written in 1949 reflect Germany In the early stage of division, it is considered appropriate and natural to continue to promote unity. As a result, Bechel's lyrics mentioned several times the union and integration with "the motherland" (einig Vaterland), which means a unified Germany; And the lyrics can also match《 Song of Germany 》Sing to the tune of.

administrative organ

The highest administrative organ of the German Democratic Republic - the government, namely Council of Ministers 。 It is influenced by the people house Entrustment is responsible for the unified implementation of national policies, the organization of political, economic, cultural and social tasks and the national defense tasks entrusted to it. They shall be responsible for their work to the People's Congress and report their work to the People's Congress.

The Law of the Council of Ministers passed in 1972 stipulates that the main responsibilities of the Council of Ministers are: management national economy And other social fields to ensure the planned and proportionate development of the national economy, and the harmonious arrangement of social sectors and layout to achieve Socialist integration ； according to Constitutional principles implement foreign policy ； Decide on the conclusion and abrogation of treaties on international law and draft national treaties in accordance with its competence; Proposed country foreign policy And submit to the People's Congress Draft law and draft resolution ； Promulgate laws and make resolutions within the scope of laws and resolutions of the People's Congress.

The Constitution stipulates that the Council of Ministers is composed of a chairman, several vice chairmen and ministers for a term of five years. The Council of Ministers is an institution for collective work. All members shall be responsible for the activities of the Council of Ministers. Each minister shall be responsible for leading the work within the scope of the tasks entrusted to him. The Council of Ministers shall form a presidium among its members. The chairman of the Council of Ministers shall lead the Council of Ministers and the presidium, represent the Council of Ministers, and represent the German Democratic Republic in accordance with the law. The Council of Ministers consists of foreign affairs, national defense, internal affairs national security 37 ministries and commissions, including the judiciary Directly affiliated institutions 。

Executive organ

Flag of the President of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (2 sheets)

According to the Constitution, the State Council is the highest Authority ——People's Congress Executive organ When the People's Congress is not in session, it implements the tasks entrusted to it by the Constitution and the laws and resolutions of the People's Congress, and is responsible for its work to the People's Congress.

The main functions and powers of the State Council are: to represent the German Democratic Republic externally, to ratify and abrogate national treaties and other treaties on international law; To decide on the election of the People's Congress and local representative organs; Make resolutions in principle on national defense and national security, organize national defense with the assistance of the National Defense Commission, and appoint members of the National Defense Commission; Entrusted by the People's Congress Attorney General To regularly supervise whether their work conforms to the Constitution and laws; Exercise the right to amnesty and amnesty; Stipulate military ranks, diplomatic ranks and other special titles.

The State Council is a collective of heads of state elected by the People's Congress. In fact, it is Parliamentary party group Elected representatives. On September 7, 1960, the first President of the German Democratic Republic Wilhelm Pieck After his death, the People's Congress decided not to set up a president, but to set up a State Council.

The President of the State Council appointed and removed the diplomatic envoys of GDR to foreign countries, and accepted the National credentials Etc. The State Council is composed of one chairman, several vice chairmen, several members and one secretary. It is elected at the first meeting of the People's Congress after re-election. Each of the four democratic parties has one representative as the vice chairman and one member of the State Council. The chairman of the State Council is nominated by the largest parliamentary party group. On April 5, 1990, the 10th People's Congress of Democratic Germany amended the Constitution and abolished the State Council system.

electoral system

The Eighth Congress of the United Socialist Party of Germany

According to the German Constitution, everything in the German Democratic Republic political power From urban and rural areas working people Exercise; Adopted by citizens of the German Democratic Republic Democratic elections Generated People's representatives The General Assembly exercises the political power of citizens. Where Election Day All citizens of the German Democratic Republic who have reached the age of 18 The right to vote And the right to be elected to the People's Congress and local people's representative organs. Democratically elected electoral commission To lead the election work and the people discuss important issues Policy issues , voters propose and review candidates.

The members of the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany are elected by the people of the whole country through free, universal, equal and secret ballot. The election of the People's Congress adopts the method of differential election, and 500 members are elected out of 705 candidates. According to the provisions of the Constitution, local people's representative organizations at all levels in Democratic Germany are elected by local voters at all levels according to the same principles mentioned above.

People's Parliament

The People's Assembly is the constitutional and legislature , is the highest Organs of state power 。 The main functions of the People's Congress are: to formulate, amend and pass the Constitution; To consider, adopt and promulgate various laws and regulations on the development goals and National economic plan 、 national budget The resolution of; Stipulate the main principles of mutual cooperation among citizens, collectives and state organs and their implementation in the state Development plan Time tasks; The fundamental issue that determines the country's internal and external policies.

In its work, the People's Congress implements the principle of unifying deliberation and implementation, ensures the implementation of its laws and resolutions, and defines the State Council, the Council of Ministers, the National Defense Commission, the Supreme Court procuratorate Working principles; Elect and recall senior state leaders; To decide on national defense affairs; Ratified by the Republic international treaty And other treaties on international law. The People's Congress has 15 committees for foreign affairs, national defense and industry, which have the power to make recommendations to the State Council and the Council of Ministers, and to question, inspect and supervise the work of relevant ministries and commissions.

Successive leaders

President of the State Council
term of office	name	Successive Heads of State of the German Democratic Republic (9 sheets)
1949~1960	Wilhelm Pieck
1960~1973	Walter Ulbricht
1973-1976	Willi Stoph
1976~1989	Erich Honecker
1989	Egon Krenz
1989~1990	Manfred Gerlach
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
term of office	full name	Successive Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (5 sheets)
1949~1964	Otto Grotewohl
1964~1973	Willi Stoph
1973-1976	Horst Sindermann
1976~1989	Willi Stoph
1989~1990	Hans Modrow
1990	Lothar de Mezier

Major parties

from German United Socialist Party The system of multi-party political participation under leadership. The political party alliance participates in the work of parliament and the government in all political parties State power Exercise of, in Africa State form In the socialist people's movement, its organizational performance is to jointly form the democratic alliance and the national front, two non state forms of people united front Organization. In these two organizations, all political parties and organizations enjoy equal rights, and their common goal is to residence community Unite all parties, mass organizations and personages without party affiliation to build Developed socialism And take action to improve the working and living conditions of residents, beautify cities and enrich the spirit cultural life Make a contribution. The main parties are:

German United Socialist Party It's democratic Germany Working class political parties , adopted on April 21, 1946 German Communist Party And German Social Democratic Party Is created by merging. The German United Socialist Party is the largest parliamentary party group in the People's House. Therefore, it has the right to nominate its members to serve as chairpersons of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. In addition, the two vice chairmen of the State Council (one of whom is also the chairman of the Council of Ministers) and several members, as well as the majority of members of the Council of Ministers, are members of the German Unified Socialist Party.

Major parties (7 sheets)

German Peasant Democratic Party Founded on April 29, 1948, its members are mainly agricultural workers. The main task of the party is to consolidate Worker peasant alliance To further promote the socialist development of agriculture and strengthen the promotion of industrial Production method And thus promote the urbanization of rural life.

East German Christian Democratic Union Founded on June 26, 1945, it is the earliest and largest non working class political party in the German Democratic Republic. The members are mainly farmers handicraftsman Heyuan Middle and Small bourgeois class Christians in. Christian Democratic Union It is a political party that has the obligation to be loyal to socialism, and it supports Socialist country , participating in the socialist countries Policy formulation And bear common responsibilities and implement these policies.

German Liberal Democratic Party Founded on July 5, 1945, it is mainly composed of intellectuals, staff Industrialists and businessmen And small and medium-sized entrepreneurs. The party recognizes the leading role of the working class and its political parties, and participates in socialist construction 。 Members of the party also participate in various forms in the standing production committees Socialist commerce Sales Committee, Advisory Committee handicraft industry The work of federations, mass organizations and other democratic institutions.

National Democratic Party of Germany Founded on May 25, 1948, its members were mainly handicraftsmen, intellectuals, individual businessmen Small owners , and the officers and professional soldiers who did not commit war crimes in the Hitler National Defense Force and correctly learned the lessons of history. The party recognizes the leading role of the working class and its Marxist Leninist party, and participates in the cause of building socialism.

military

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National army

National People's Army (NVA), German Democratic Republic armed forces The general name of, composed of the ground forces (Landstreitkr ä fte), the People's Navy (Volksmarine), the aviation forces (Luftstreitkr ä fte) and the border defense forces (Grenztruppen), East German People's Army The officers are mainly German exiles Soviet Union People. Founded on March 1, 1956 and disbanded on October 2, 1990, the National People's Army was composed of volunteers in the early days of its founding. In 1962, the military changed to Conscription system Later, the number of troops increased to 170000. Democratic Germany ruling party German United Socialist Party It has a certain influence on the National People's Army, and most senior officers are members of the party.

The Army of the National People's Army is divided into the third and fifth military regions in peacetime. The third military region is responsible for the southern part of East Germany, and the fifth military region is responsible for the northern part of East Germany. Each military region has 1 tank division , 2 Motorized Infantry Division And 2 reserve motorized infantry divisions. Each military region shall set up one Army group It is also possible to hand over the subordinate divisions to the group commander of the Soviet army in Germany. East German Mobilization system It is extremely efficient. The reserve force will be fully mobilized within 24-48 hours, so it is no different from the active force. Border Guard Army of the German Democratic Republic (Grenztruppen) is responsible for guarding the East West Berlin Border tasks and borders.

Democratic Germany has entered the 1980s, ranking among the top ten countries in the world Industrialized country After more than 30 years of forging and development, the National People's Army, its armed force, has also grown into Continental Europe An elite force that cannot be underestimated. Within the Warsaw Pact Group, NVA's military scale, combat quality, weapons and equipment Defense industry system In terms of comprehensive strength, it is second only to the Soviet army. In name, NVA is a subordinate part of the Soviet war machine, just like the Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Bulgarian armies. However, NVA's capabilities have gradually impressed the Soviet army and its status is growing.

Strategic weapons

Because East Germany is Warsaw Pact And NATO As the forefront of confrontation, the East German army, like the Soviet military cluster in Germany, is the priority user of new Soviet weapons, including T72 Main battle tank and Mig 29 Fighters and other new weapons of the Soviet Union at that time.

With the help of the Soviet Union at that time, the East German army realized full mechanization. The East German People's Army, with only 170000 troops, is equipped with about 2400 tanks of various types, about 7600 armoured vehicles, and about 2500 guns of various types Combat aircraft About 400.

National Police

Banner of the Working Class Combat Team

German People's Police (DVP), short for“ People's police ”Is the name of the police of the German Democratic Republic. Although the people's police are mainly responsible for maintaining public order and enforcing laws organization structure It can also be regarded as Paramilitary forces 。 Unlike the police in other countries, the people's police are equipped with Armored personnel carrier And artillery, whose members are also trained according to the requirements of military units.

Working class combat team (Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse) is called KDA for short. It is a paramilitary force of Democratic Germany. It was founded in September 1953 and disintegrated in May 1990. Its members have reached 400000 at most.

National Security Department of GDR Is the national security agency of the German Democratic Republic“ Stasi ”(Stasi), an abbreviation from the German word "Staatssicherheit". Founded on February 8, 1950, headquartered in Berlin （ East Berlin ）。 Stacy was considered the most efficient Intelligence agencies one of.

Economics

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Like other socialist countries in Eastern Europe, Democratic Germany implements planned economy The State shall establish a comprehensive production plan, production targets and prices, and allocate resources according to the plan. The right to production is almost exclusively owned by the State.

German United Socialist Party To manage and control all aspects of the country's economy and society, with the highest leadership. After adopting the report of the General Secretary and formulating the first five-year plan (draft) for the future, the German Unified Socialist Party began to formally exercise its Leadership role 。

There are also very few democratic Germany private sector , but it is not meaningless. In 1985, about 2.8% Gross National Product come from Private enterprise 。 The private sector includes private farmers and gardeners, independent craftsmen, wholesalers and vendors. Individual economy Accepted“ professional ”(such as artists, writers, etc.) Self-employed , but is strictly regulated by the government. In 1985 private economy For the first time, the proportion of the individual economy has increased slightly. According to the former East German statistics, private Business owners The number of people increased from about 500 in 1984 to about 176800 in 1985. Some of the private sector's operations have a significant impact on the German United Socialist Party and the entire Social system It has quite important influence.

The famous export products of GDR are Becca Brand camera, Trabet 、 Fort Walter 、 IFA Factory produced cars, shotguns, Sextant And watches. Until the 1960s, Democratic Germany was still suffering from a shortage of basic food such as sugar and coffee. Some have relatives or friends in the West and have Foreign exchange account 30% of GDR residents can buy Western and export level GDR goods in foreign exchange shops.

Industry

Democratic Germany has developed industry and plays a leading role in the national economy. In 1983, industry accounted for 70.2% of the net national product Employed population It accounts for 37.8% of the total employed population. For a long time, industry has been the focus of the development of the entire national economy, and industrial investment accounts for the proportion of the national economy total investment More than half of. industrial production Rapid development, industrial production increased by 12.3 times from 1949 to 1983. Industrial production from 1981 to 1984 Average annual growth rate 5.3%.

The industrial technology and equipment are relatively advanced, the centralized planned economy is implemented, and industrial production is constantly concentrated. large Joint venture With extensive development, 133 large-scale joint ventures have been formed, whose employees account for about 70% of the industrial employment, and the output value accounts for Gross industrial product 74%. industrial structure On, Means of production It accounts for about 2/3 of the total industrial output value, greatly exceeding the production of consumer goods.

Machinery manufacturing It's industrial Core departments The output value accounts for 29.5% of the total industrial output value, and the employees account for more than 2/5 of the total industrial employees. In 1982, the export value of products accounted for the national Total export value 48.5%. The motor, electronic and instrument manufacturing industry is Machinery industry The output value of the leading sector, which is developing particularly rapidly in China, accounts for 30% of the output value of the machinery industry.

electronics industry It is a new department after the war, microelectronics The industrial development is particularly rapid. In the second half of the 1970s, the production of microelectronic components began. In 1984, the output value of the microelectronic industry reached 2.5 billion marks, Erfurt It is the production center. The instrument manufacturing industry is famous for producing precision machinery, measuring instruments, optical instruments, etc, Jena With Dresden as the center, the former has a world-renowned "Carl Zeiss" optical joint enterprise, which produces a complete range of instruments; The latter has a "Pentacorn" joint venture to produce movie camera and Film projector famous.

The automobile manufacturing center is mainly Zweikao 、 Eisenach , Ludwigsfeld, etc. Shipbuilding industry It is mainly distributed along the coast of the Baltic Sea, and the largest center is Varnemind , accounting for more than 30% of the output value of the shipbuilding industry, producing freighters Container ship 、 Icebreaker ； Followed by Rostock and Vesma 。

chemical industry Is the most developed industrial sector 1. The output value accounts for 11% of the total industrial output value, and the employees account for 10.6% of the total number of industrial employees. In 1981, the export value of chemical products accounted for 12.8% of the total national export value, and played an important role in the national economy. The post-war development was very fast, and the chemical industry production increased more than 15 times from 1949 to 1983. Production distribution In the following areas: Harley Leipzig area, develop lignite chemical industry based on the mining of local lignite; The eastern region uses imported oil for processing and development petrochemical industry , Production chemical fiber 、 synthetic resin , nitrogen fertilizer, etc., Berlin, Cottbus Frankfurt Is the production center; Dresden District , advantageous Economic geographical location , transporting raw materials and fuels, producing chemical fiber, medicine, photographic paper Rubber products ； In the front of the Haz Mountain Chemical raw materials and Non ferrous metallurgical industry Waste, production potash fertilizer 、 sulphuric acid , baking soda, etc; Rostock is a new center, which transports semi-finished ammonia from Wentsipels, the Soviet Union, to produce nitrogen fertilizer.

power industry It is an important department developed on the basis of coal mining industry. 1981 Power production It exceeded 100 billion kilowatt hours for the first time. In 1983, it reached 104.9 billion kilowatt hours. The per capita electricity production was about 6000 kilowatt hours, ranking first in the world. 86% of electricity is produced by thermal power plants (lignite Power generation Accounting for more than 90%), nuclear power plant Electricity production accounts for 12%. Thermal power stations are mainly distributed in the lignite belt, accounting for 4/5 of the national power production, with Kotbus District ranking first, followed by Harley District and Leipzig District.

Fort Walter 353 sedan

steel industry It was newly built after the war heavy industry Department. home Iron ore Little exploitation and insufficient raw materials, Production equipment Lack, limited import of iron ore, coke or coking coal, and weak foundation. The steel industry is mainly concentrated around Berlin Potsdam District And Frankfurt District, producing nationwide pig iron 3/4, 3/5 of steel and more than half of steel. Brandenburg Henriksdorf , Eisenhutenstadt, etc Iron and steel complex 。 Dresden Lisa , Gelditz, etc Iron and steel enterprises Production of 1/4 steel and 4/5 steel pipes nationwide. The steel produced by Maxhurt Joint Enterprise in Gra District accounts for 11% of the country.

textile industry Is the largest light industry Department, with cotton Wool textile industry Most of the cotton and wool are imported, Karl Marx City It is the largest textile in China industrial center 。

Agriculture

Agricultural production in Democratic Germany developed steadily, with an average annual growth rate of 2.7% from 1950 to 1984. In 1982, agriculture and forestry accounted for 7.8% of the net national output value, and the number of employed people accounted for 10% of the national employment. They are still important sectors of the national economy. Agricultural production has been mechanized, electrified and chemical, Production technology High level and intensive degree. Agriculture land use High degree. In 1983, 9.213 million hectares of land were used for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, accounting for Land area 85% (43.7% for cultivated land, 27.3% for forest and woodland, 11.5% for grassland), and 15% for unused land, wasteland, urban and mining land and water area.

agricultural structure Medium, Animal Husbandry The animal husbandry accounts for 62.5% of the total agricultural value, and the planting industry accounts for 37.5%. Animal husbandry developed faster than planting, 1950-1984 Animal husbandry production The average annual growth rate is 3.7%, while the average annual growth rate of planting industry is only 1.7%. Crop yield per unit area The yield of grain per hectare increased from 2750 kg to 3970 kg from 1960 to 1983, and that of wheat per hectare increased from 3480 kg to 4710 kg. The commercialization of agricultural products is relatively high, such as 33% of cereals, 54% of potatoes and 90% of sugar beets. Meat, milk butter Eggs and potatoes are more than self-sufficient. The self-sufficiency rates of grains, fresh vegetables and fruits are 75%, 80% and 50% respectively.

The main crops are wheat Rye , barley oats , potatoes and beets. 1983 Grain seeded area 2.538 million hectares, total output 10.067 million tons. The wheat sown area is 754000 hectares, and the yield is 3.55 million tons. It is mainly distributed in the fertile soil areas in the south of the plain, with Leipzig, Haley, Erfurt and other areas concentrated. Rye has a sown area of 713000 hectares and a yield of 2092000 tons, distributed in Central plain 。 The sown area of barley and oats is 889000 hectares and 163000 hectares respectively, with the corresponding yields of 3882000 tons and 498000 tons. The former is mainly distributed in the south, while the latter is mainly in the north. Potatoes are widely planted, and the sown area has decreased. In 1983, it was only 483000 hectares, with an output of 7.063 million tons. In addition to food, it is mainly used as feed and chemical raw materials. beet Annual output It fluctuates greatly, with an annual output of 5.7 million tons in 1983, which is concentrated in Harley, Magdeburg and other areas.

business

currency

Germany mark , is the official currency of the German Democratic Republic. ISO 4217 Currency code is DDM 。 Fractional currency Unit: Fenni, 1 mark=100 Fenni. The official name was "Deutsche Mark" from 1948 to 1964, and the name was Germany from 1964 to 1967 national bank Mark, and from 1968 to 1990, it was "Mark of the German Democratic Republic".

On June 20, 1948, the Allied Control Committee integrated the currencies originally issued in the occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France, but excluded the occupied areas of the Soviet Union, and issued the so-called mark marked with the letter D. The Soviet occupied areas also issued marks marked with the letter F three days later.

foreign trade

40% of the national income of Democratic Germany is achieved through foreign trade. Since the 1970s, foreign trade has emerged year after year Deficit In 1977, it reached 8.04 billion foreign exchange marks. Export to Industrial finished products Mainly, of which machinery products such as motors, electronics, optics and precision machinery, machine tools and ships account for 50% of the export value, and chemicals account for 13%. The bulk of imports are oil, hard coal, coke, bauxite, natural gas and other raw materials and fuels. 1983 Total foreign trade Up to 160.42 billion foreign exchange marks, the same as“ Economic Mutual Association ”Trade between member countries accounted for 62.5%, trade with the Soviet Union accounted for 38%, and Developed capitalist countries Trade volume 29.4% (including 6.4% trade with the Federal Republic of Germany); More than 50 developing country There are trade exchanges, but only 5.4% of the total trade, of which Asia Developing countries account for half.

Regional economic differences

Northern Region Including Rostock, Shiweilin, and New Brandenburg, the location close to the sea is conducive to the development of trade through seaports. The region lacks energy and mineral resources The population is sparse, the economic development in history is poor, and the industrial foundation is weak. Agricultural production occupies a prominent position, providing commercial meat and milk accounting for 1/4 of the country. Local agricultural products and fish are used for food processing, and their output value accounts for 1/5 of the national food industry output value. The machinery manufacturing industry dominated by shipbuilding and electrical machinery occupies an important position. The Noord Nuclear Power Plant, located near Lubmin, provides most of the country's nuclear power production. Using imported raw materials to develop a chemical industry dominated by nitrogen fertilizer. Rostock is the largest seaport and region in the country economic center 。

Social and Economic Distribution Map of Democratic Germany

The west bank area of the central Oder River is located in the middle of the northern plain, including the Potsdam area and Frankfurt area around the capital Berlin. Located in the east Western Europe Transportation geographical position Favorable, for the growing industrial base The steel, motor, electronics, instrument manufacturing and chemical industries are developed, and the total output value accounts for more than half of the industrial output value of the district. Agriculture Development level More than the adjacent southeast area, Land use scale , most crops and Output of livestock products 、 Mechanized equipment The level is behind other areas. suburb Agricultural intensification High degree. National height Urbanized area ， urban population 84%. Berlin, the capital, is the economic center of the country and the region, which is combined with the surrounding industrial towns to form Berlin Urban agglomeration area 。

The central Elbe River coastal area includes Magdeburg, Harley and Leipzig. Rich in a variety of minerals, fertile soil, densely populated, it is a heavy industrial zone. The industrial output value is concentrated at 1/3 of the national level, and the dominant sectors are chemistry, fuel power, non-ferrous metallurgy Machinery manufacturing Etc. food industry to develop. Centered on Harley and Leipzig, it and its surrounding industrial towns form the largest urban agglomeration of Harley and Leipzig in China. Along the Yibei River, there are agricultural bases, which are highly mechanized and intensive, grain yield It accounts for 1/3 of the whole country. Animal husbandry for meat and milk is developed.

The southern region includes Karl Marx City , Gra, Erfurt and Sur. It has always been a region with highly developed industries and the most industrialized and urbanized region in China. It has complete industrial departments and extensive factories and enterprises. The vast majority of raw materials, energy and fuel are imported to produce high-quality industrial products for export. Formed in history textile and other light industries The output value of the textile industry accounts for 70% of that of the country, and the output value of the motor, electronics and instrument manufacturing industry accounts for 40% of that of the country. Agriculture ranks the third in each district, milk Meat Animal husbandry and planting are developed. The Karl Marx Town - Zweikao urban agglomeration is composed of Karl Marx Town and Zweikao, including adjacent industrial towns.

The Southeast Region includes Dresden and Cottbus Two zones. natural resources Medium lignite is of great significance in Europe, Quartz sand Pottery raw materials, various building materials, non-ferrous metals and wood have national significance. Industrial development level It ranks the third in the country, with heavy industry as the leading sector Energy base The coal mining and power industry ranks first in China. The machinery industry, which focuses on motor, electronics and instrument manufacturing, has developed rapidly. The scale of agricultural production ranks at the bottom of the country, but agricultural technology The level of tractor equipment and fertilizer is high. The planting industry is dominated by rye and potato. The proportion of grassland and pasture is high, and dairy animal husbandry is developed. Dresden city cluster is composed of Dresden as the center and nearby industrial towns.

Culture

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Languages

After World War II, even though Germany was divided, the democratic Germany official language Still in German, the written word is still German 。

traditional festival

In Berlin, the capital of Democratic Germany, every weekend since May is full of flowers and songs. The Central Committee of the German United Socialist Party Organ newspaper ——《 Neues Deutschland 》The news festival of will be held on the weekend. The New Deutsches has held a news festival for 29 years, and the news festival held in early summer every year has become the Berlin people's traditional festival 。 Except that the earliest news festivals were held on both sides of Karl Marx Street, the following news festivals were held in the Feitliheiyin People's Park.

Literature and Art

After the Second World War, democratic German literature clearly followed Germany Realistic Literature Tradition and the proletarian revolution developed at the beginning of this century Literary tradition forward. stay Cultural policy From the very beginning, the German Communist Party paid great attention to the implementation of the Brussels And Bern“ popular front ”Policy, raised objection Fascism The slogan of democratic reform. Compared with the West Germany at that time, the cultural policy and the "People's Front" thought of the Democratic Germany obviously played the role of uniting anti fascist writers of different faiths, enabling them to see how to overcome the legacy of fascism and build a new type of social system A bright future.

In the 1950s, when West German literature was in imitation Western Modernism When it divorced from reality and pursued form, democratic German literature was tired of formulation and conceptualization. The writer, out of revolutionary enthusiasm, understands and reflects life in a simple progressive mode of thinking. He is not good at expressing the character of the characters in the layout of his works. Instead, he adopts the method of labeling. Each character acts according to his own logo, and people will know it at a glance.

After the 1960s, the literature of Democratic Germany had a prosperous scene, especially the creation of novels, which had made remarkable achievements. The reasons for the prosperity of literature are as follows: First, economic reform and development have promoted political stability and created social and material conditions for the prosperity of literature and art. Second, since the mid-1950s, with the research and inheritance of Brecht's theoretical heritage, the writer has been encouraged to adopt a dialectical attitude and method to observe, understand and express real life, which has played a significant role in overcoming dogmatism, formulation and conceptualization. Third, in Literary theory In question lukacs The discourse on realism is no longer considered to have universal guiding significance. Brecht and Higgs' views on realism have received universal attention. Fourth, the two Bitfield writers' conferences launched by the Sino German Press in 1959 and 1964 promoted the prosperity of literature and art after the 1960s.

Since the 1970s, another remarkable phenomenon has emerged, Traditional Aesthetics The definition of genre has been impacted and challenged by practice, literary genre The mutual penetration of has become a common phenomenon.

traffic

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GDR highway network concentrated, pattern of road distribution from expressway , transportation highway (equivalent to the first Class II highway ）, consisting of county and district roads, forming a complete set of roads Transport system 。 Railways at home and abroad Transportation Plays an important role in the volume of freight transport 1/3 of the total length of national railway line is 14226 kilometers. The total length of inland navigable waterways is 2319 kilometers, accounting for only 1.8% of the total freight volume, Elbe River and canal It is the main navigable river channel, which bears 3/4 of the total domestic inland river freight volume. In 1980, China had 192 ocean going merchant ships, Gross tonnage More than 1.877 million tons, accounting for 1.2% of the total freight volume.

highway

The main road (Class I and II roads) is a one-way two lane road with a relatively wide pavement, generally 14 meters, and the secondary road is a two-way two lane road. The auxiliary roads leading to each community and between residential areas are paved with vehicles. Articles Traffic line With Sidewalk 、 Parking lane 、 cycle path Or a combination of pedestrian and bicycle lanes.

Democratic Germany has a large number of expressways. Around 1974, the expressways had Dayao 12978 kilometers, and 34595 kilometers of county and district roads. 70% of the roads are the Second World War Just. Stop time The remaining subgrade is narrow. 30% of expressways are built after the war or newly built recently, and the subgrade is wide.

Most roads in Democratic Germany are of cement concrete pavement structure, asphalt pavement Not many. Because they lack asphalt materials for asphalt pavement, requirement It is completely imported and expensive, while cement concrete pavement The materials can be provided at home, and the price is appropriate. According to the statistics of this country, the service life of asphalt pavement is only 12 years, while concrete pavement 40 years.

Railway

The railway in Democratic Germany also has a deep foundation. In 1986 National Railway Its operating mileage is 14005km, mainly including Standard gauge railway Of which the trunk railway is 7531km, accounting for 53.8%, Electrified railway 2754km, accounting for 19.7%. Railway network density It is 129.3km/1000km by land area and 0.84km/1000 people by population.

Democratic Germany, like many countries, is losing money in railway transportation, but the country regards it as an important social public welfare undertaking, and focuses on supporting investment distribution in order to speed up the technological transformation and equipment renewal of the railway. People's morality is used for development every year communications and transportation industry About% of the investment national economy Total investment 9~10%, up to 5.7~6.5 billion marks, of which 1/4~1/3 is railway, up to 1.5~2 billion marks.

The international railway freight volume of Democratic Germany, including transit freight volume, accounts for about 70% of the total freight volume of domestic railways International Union of Railways The organization's TEEM fast Freight train One of the participating countries of the transport system. Therefore, most of the traffic volume of the railway is concentrated on some international trunk lines. In order to meet the national economy and social development Needs, and development international transport Business needs, railway construction should adapt to the law of traffic volume centralization, implement the principle of trunk line, and concentrate funds for Busy trunk line Technical transformation and equipment update.

Since the 1980s, double line electrification has been carried out. The main reasons for implementing the rationalization program are: first, electrification engineering construction and operation management We have accumulated some experience. Second, we need to strengthen our transportation needs Transportation capacity , increase train weight Running speed , especially the speed of freight trains. Third, reduce transportation cost , make full use of domestic resources, lignite power generation, reduce liquid fuel Import of.

While strengthening the reconstruction of lines, the principle of intensive operation management shall be implemented. Make full use of the existing transport potential. The main measures include: improving the static load of vehicles, improving the balance of freight work, and shortening vehicles Cargo operation dwell time And improve the cooperation with the cargo owner on the basis of the contract. It stipulates the promotion of key intensive technical operations based on the application of computers in the national railways.

From Minde Railway technical equipment On the whole, modernization has been achieved. Emphasis on the development and application of new technologies Practical technology , different hierarchical structure , active development international co-operation And technology import The main equipment products are based on localization.

population

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The population was 16.674 million (1988). It is mainly German, accounting for 99%, and the rest is Sobu, accounting for 1%. 62.4% of religious residents believe in Christianity, of which 55% are Lutheran Protestants, 7.3% are Roman Catholics, and 0.1% are The Orthodox Church Democracy. National average Population density 154 people per square kilometer, the highest in Eastern European countries. The population density of each district varies greatly. Saxony 3 Districts（ Karl Marx City , Leipzig and Dresden ）The average population density exceeds 260 people per square kilometer, far higher than that of the whole country average Berlin has the highest density of 2927 people; 160~200 people per square kilometer in Harley, Gra and Erfurt districts; New Brandenburg The density of Heshiwei forest area is the smallest, with 57 people and 68 people respectively, and only 35-40 people in some areas. In 1947, the population of the whole country reached 19.1 million, and then decreased to 18 million in 1954, 17 million in 1964, and 16.7 million in the 1980s.

natural population growth rate Low, 2-4 ‰ in the 1950s and 1960s. To the 1970s mortality higher than birth rate ， Natural growth rate The number of people of working age has decreased by an average of 3 ‰ every year. Since the 1960s, the number of people aged 15-19 has decreased significantly. The national population is decreasing year by year, resulting in Labor shortage 。

With the development of industry, urbanization has reached a high level. In 1983 urban population It accounts for 76.6% of the total population of the country. Less than 20000 small city % of the population, accounting for Total population 30%。 The number of medium-sized and above cities is increasing. In the 1970s alone, the number of cities with a population of more than 100000 increased from 11 to 15, accounting for 35% of the country's urban population. The regional distribution of cities is uneven, with the smallest cities in the northern New Brandenburg District and Shiwei Forest District, and the largest cities in Karl Marx City, Leipzig and Dresden, whose urban population respectively accounts for 81.6%, 81.2% and 79.4% of the total population in the three districts.

Sociology

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education

Education administration

The Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic is a unified socialism system of education The highest country of Leading organ And planning authority. The central competent department of the German Unified Socialist Party implements the policy of education Of Political leadership And supervision. The management and vision guidance system is divided into three levels, namely, the central level, the special area and the county level. In the central government, the actual management of education mainly falls under the following categories Competent Authority ① Ministry of National Education (responsible for kindergarten, general education, special education, teacher training People's colleges and universities ）；② Higher Education And the Ministry of Professional Education; ③ whole country vocational education secretariat 。 In addition, young people Problem management The Bureau is responsible for implementing the national policy on youth. nursery genus Ministry of Health Administration. In addition to being managed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Professional Education, some specialized colleges and universities are also under the leadership of relevant ministries (such as Ministry of Culture , Ministry of Defense, etc.).

general education

10 year general education Comprehensive technology Middle school is the realization compulsory education Our school is the core of the national education system. One of its important signs is that seven to Grade 10 set up Comprehensive technical education course And implemented in all disciplines Comprehensive technical education principle. Comprehensive technical education consists of socialist production introduction, technical drawing and productive labor It is composed of 3 courses. 9、 The production labor in the tenth grade is mostly in the real industry Production conditions Next. Students can Production department Directly realize the enterprise's Production plan And participate in the process of technological innovation and production rationalization.

vocational education

The vocational education system cultivates the labor force at the level of skilled workers“ Dual vocational training system ”Similarly, the training method of combining the theoretical teaching of vocational schools with the practical training of enterprises is adopted. The training ended with passing the examination for professional workers. The most important type of vocational school is enterprise vocational school, which accounts for 75% of the total number of vocational training institutions, in which two-thirds of apprentices are trained. In addition, there is a type of central vocational school that only accepts sporadic vocational apprentices. In addition to apprenticeship training, the vocational education system also includes the continuing education of professional workers and other in-service personnel. Secondary professional and technical personnel are trained by junior colleges. It's in National education system It plays an important role in. In general, colleges do not take examinations for enrollment, but adopt the method of recommendation by relevant parties and approval by the president.

media

Palace of the Republic and Berlin TV Tower

Radio Deutschland (Rundfunk der DDR) is the official radio station of Democratic Germany from 1952 to 1990. The official foreign radio station of GDR is Berlin International Radio （Radio Berlin International）。

The national television station of Democratic Germany is Deutsche Fernsehfunk (DFF), which is usually called GDR (Fernsehen der DDR, DDR-FS), established in 1952, has two television channel : DFF1 sets and DFF2 sets.

Sports

See: Sports in the German Democratic Republic

From the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games to 1988 Seoul Olympic Games In just 20 years, East Germany won 519 Olympic medals The total number of medals ranks third in the world. On the basis of the average population, the number of medals won by East Germany is 10 times that of the Soviet Union and 13 times that of the United States.^[4]

After World War II, the world was divided into two camps: NATO and Warsaw Pact competitive sports It has become the front line against the United States, forcing athletes to take drugs in order to win gold medals. After investigation, it is found that prohibited drugs The East German government was not fully aware of this, and this practice also violated the laws of East Germany. because Confidentiality Well done, until the fall of the Berlin Wall, the sports intelligence of East Germany gradually became the West Know. At least 10000 East German athletes took various kinds of banned drugs for a long time under the direction of the East German National Security Agency that year, resulting in the death of at least 100 athletes. Many athletes' bodies have changed after taking banned drugs for a long time, and the vocal cords of female athletes have become thicker dysmenorrhea Wait, someone else cancer Or give birth Deformed infant 。^[4]

East Germany had 7000 coaches and more than 10000 Sports workers Children were raised by the government since childhood, Goethe Institute Akerman, the president of the Chinese region, believes that the reunification of Germany is not a strong alliance for German sports. Because the West German sports thought occupied leading role They are more compliant with the athletes' personal wishes, and their own commercial operation is relatively mature. The so-called elites of East Germany have not brought much to Germany Substantive Changes.^[3]

Social groups

The German Soviet Friendship Association was established on June 30, 1947, aiming at popularizing it to German people who did not know much about the Soviet Union Russian Culture 。 On July 2, 1949, it was officially renamed "German Soviet Friendship Association". The activities held by the association are mostly promotional.

Free German youth The Youth League (FDJ) is the official youth organization of the German Democratic Republic and the German United Socialist Party. The Free German Youth Organization enrolls young men and women from 14 to 25 years old in Democratic Germany. It is recognized as the "reliable assistant and reserve force of the United Socialist Party", a member organization of the National Front of Democratic Germany, and holds seats in the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany. Most of its members were educated in Marxism Leninism and cultivated in socialist living habits.

The Pioneer organization Ernst Th ä lmann is a juvenile communist organization in the German Democratic Republic, which enrolls children between the ages of 6 and 14, divided into Young Pioneers (Jungpioniere) and Telman Vanguard （Thälmann-Pioniere）。 This organization German Communist Party Former leader of Ernst Taelmann Named as a socialist country avant-garde movements Part of. This organization is a subordinate organization of the Free German Youth League. It was established on December 13, 1948 and ceased to operate when the two Germans were unified.

The Sports and Technology Association (German: Gesellschaft f ü r Sport und Technik, GST for short) is a mass organization in the German Democratic Republic. The purpose is to organize young people who love sports, science and technology and other collective activities, and provide them with corresponding equipment (such as motorcycles, aircraft radio And promote relevant sports competitions (such as shooting, motorcycle competitions, etc.). Together with the National People's Army, the organization helped militarize society and organized military training in schools, universities and factories. The organization was founded on August 7, 1952 and disintegrated in early 1990.^[1]

Democratic Germany woman Federation (DFD)

Democratic Germany Federation of Trade Unions （FDGB）

Cultural Alliance (KB)

a farmer Mutual aid association （VdgB）

International Relations

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overview

In the early days of the founding of Democratic Germany, the Soviet Union has not yet announced the end of its engagement with Germany The war is over Status. Therefore, GDR has not yet achieved diplomatic success Independence ， Scope of activities Not much. It is mainly attached to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty Organization headed by the Soviet Union.

Before the 1960s, the focus of the diplomacy of Democratic Germany had been on achieving German reunification on the basis of peace and democracy, opposing the Federal Republic of Germany to join the Western bloc and rearm, and striving for the early conclusion of a peace treaty with Germany by the allies Eastern Europe Socialist countries China 、 Mongolia 、 North Korea 、 Laos 、 Cuba 、 Vietnam? And other countries have established diplomatic relations 。

In the early 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union "froze" the German issue. Democratic Germany had to change its position on the reunification of Germany and adjust the direction of its diplomatic activities to the goal of mainly seeking recognition of the sovereignty of Democratic Germany in the sense of international law by the Federal Republic of Germany and Western powers. along with Willy Brandt After being elected as the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Federal Government of Germany began to give up gradually“ hallstein doctrine ”, instead of promoting“ New Oriental Policy ”, GDR Erich Honecker After taking office, it also began to vigorously develop the West Relationship between.

In February 1973, Britain took the lead in recognizing Democratic Germany and established formal diplomatic relations with it. In September, Democratic Germany joined with Federal Germany the United Nations 。 In September 1974, GDR established diplomatic relations with the United States.

In 1986, GDR put forward new goals and new principles for its foreign policy, namely, striving for world peace, arms limitation and disarmament, and avoiding everything nuclear war , prevent the militarization of space, eliminate nuclear weapon , eliminate confrontation through cooperation among countries, strive to strengthen alliances with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, and strive to capitalist country Peaceful coexistence, etc.

In the 1980s, especially the Soviet leaders Gorbachev After taking office, Erich Honecker, the leader of Democratic Germany, stressed that Nuclear power Nuclear tests should be stopped immediately, and the deployment and gradual dismantling of those already deployed in Europe should be prohibited Nuclear weapon system and Medium range missile , set up as soon as possible Central Europe Denuclearized region And None chemical weapon And finally destroy all nuclear weapons in the world. It is proposed to dissolve at the same time when conditions are ripe NATO and Warsaw Pact The two military treaty systems eliminate confrontation through political dialogue and cooperation between countries. He also claimed that GDR would actively support the people of all countries in the struggle against imperialism for national and social liberation, develop friendly and cooperative relations with all countries that have been liberated, and support them to establish equal international economic order And the struggle carried out.

Until the reunification of Germany and Germany in 1990, GDR had established diplomatic relations with 133 countries in the world, and most countries in the world recognized GDR as a sovereign and independent country.

Relationship between Germany and Germany

Since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, it has put forward the "request for independent representation" and refused to recognize the Democratic Republic of Germany. In 1955, it proposed“ hallstein doctrine ”, claiming that if other countries except the Soviet Union establish diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany may break off diplomatic relations with it, aiming to block the international community of Democratic Germany Activity space Isolate democratic Germany.

In the 1960s, with the consolidation and improvement of the status of Democratic Germany, the "Halstein Doctrine" restricted the international space of the Federal Republic of Germany. Therefore, the Federal Republic of Germany began to consider giving up "Halstein Doctrine". In 1967, the Federal Republic of Germany and Socialist Republic of Romania establish diplomatic relations. For this reason, it put forward a so-called "inborn defect theory" of the socialist countries in Eastern Europe (that is, since the birth of the socialist countries in Eastern Europe, they have the same system as Democratic Germany, and have diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany from the beginning, so the Federal Germany can establish diplomatic relations with them regardless of their diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany), Thus, it opened the door for the Federal Republic of Germany to establish diplomatic relations with socialist countries in Eastern Europe, establish and expand its influence and scope of activities in Eastern Europe.

On October 28, 1969, in the first government statement issued by Willy Brandt after he became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, he explicitly proposed to Democratic Germany that the leaders of the two countries hold talks without discrimination. On March 19, 1970, Willy Brandt and the President of the Democratic German Council of Ministers Willi Stoph For the first time in both countries Head of Government In order to reflect non discrimination, the two sides agreed to hold two meetings alternately in the two countries. The first meeting was held in the Democratic Republic of Germany Erfurt 。 The two meetings did not reach any Substantive However, the important thing is that this meeting has since opened the door to exchanges between leaders of the two countries. In December 1972, the Democratic Republic of Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany signed the Basic Treaty, and the relationship between the two countries returned to normal.

In September 1987, Erich Honecker visited the Federal Republic of Germany

In the early 1980s, NATO With regard to Western Europe The resolution on the deployment of medium range missiles by the state, East West relations Against the background of deterioration, the Federal Chancellor of Germany, Ham Schmidt, took the initiative to write a letter to the leader of Democratic Germany, Erich Honecker, proposing that the two men should not mention precondition On the premise of meeting. In December 1981, Ham Schmidt and Erich Honecker held talks in Democratic Germany. Although the talks did not yield much, the two sides stressed in the tense atmosphere between the East and the West that normalization of relations between Germany and Europe was an important factor in European detente. Both sides had special responsibilities for safeguarding European peace and ensuring that no war would break out again on German territory, and this was written into the Joint communiqu é Medium.

At the end of 1980, when East West relations and relations between Germany and Germany were still in the shadow of the mid range missile crisis, the Federal Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl Following the practice of Ham Schmidt, Erich Honecker was invited to visit the Federal Republic of Germany in 1981. In September 1987, Erich Honecker Visited the Federal Republic of Germany as the head of democratic Germany.

On October 3, 1990, Democratic Germany was integrated into the Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, forming a new Federal Republic of Germany, and the two Germans were united after more than 40 years of division.

Berlin question

In 1945, after the surrender of Nazi Germany, according to the relevant agreements of the Allies during World War II, Berlin was occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France, and East Berlin was occupied by the Soviet Union, West Berlin It was jointly occupied by the United States, Britain and France. In 1948, East and West Berlin officially split. From June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet Union blocked West Berlin by land and water, and then lifted the blockade. In 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded, and East Berlin became its capital. But West Berlin is actually still the three countries of the United States, Britain and France joint control 。

Berlin Wall

Although the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and the West Berlin Constitution stipulate that West Berlin belongs to a state of the Federal Republic of Germany, the three western countries believe that this provision is inconsistent with the reality of Berlin, and declare that this provision will not come into force for the time being. However, they believe that West Berlin has a "special relationship" with the Federal Republic of Germany, and agree with West Berlin in the judicial, economic, financial, monetary and social system Integration with the Federal Republic of Germany.

In 1961, in order to prevent the mass exodus of GDR citizens, the GDR government built the world-famous "Berlin Wall" on the East Berlin side along the West Berlin border, Official name For“ Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ”。 On November 9, 1989, the German Democratic Government announced the opening of the "Berlin Wall", and the "Berlin Wall" no longer existed.

Relations with China

1950^[5] Democratic Germany has established diplomatic relations with China. In December 1955, Democratic Germany signed a friendship treaty with China. Throughout the 1950s, the relations between the two countries have witnessed great development, and the two sides have sent delegations to exchange visits for many times. Chinese leaders Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu and others have visited Democratic Germany; Walter Ulbricht 、 Otto Grotewohl and Wilhelm Pieck And other democratic German leaders have also visited China.

In 1986, Deng Xiaoping met with Honecker who visited China

In the 1960s, the relationship between the two countries was once estranged; Since the 1980s, bilateral relations have gradually recovered and developed. In October 1986, Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the German Socialist Unity Party and Chairman of the State Council, paid an official friendly visit to China. He believed that further developing Germany China relations "is of great significance to the socialist construction of both countries and the maintenance of world peace". In June 1987, Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee and Prime Minister of the Government, visited Democratic Germany, thus realizing the normalization of bilateral relations.

In September 1989, German United Socialist Party Member of the Political Bureau, Secretary of the Central Committee, Vice Chairman of the State Council Egon Krenz Visit China. In October, Yao Yilin, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, led the Chinese party and government delegation to attend the National Day of the 40th Anniversary of Democratic Germany.

Famous buildings

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Palace of the Republic

Berlin Wall ， Palace of the Republic ， Alexandria Square , World Clock, Berlin TV Tower , Berlin Schneifeld Airport, Berlin East Station , Max Engels Square, Leipzig Fabric Hall.

Democratic Germany Complex

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Typical Plot of Democratic Germany: Traban

The democratic German complex (Ostalgie) comes from the German words "Ost" and "Nostalgie". The residents of Democratic Germany initially expressed their joy at the end of the Cold War in 1990. However, many GDR residents later found that some people in the Federal Republic of Germany thought that the Federal Republic of Germany was the winner of unification and that GDR was the loser, which led to some GDR residents' dissatisfaction with the people in the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, in the years after reunification, the social situation in the former GDR was not optimistic. Many GDR residents went to the former Federal Republic of Germany to look for jobs and unemployment rate a surge. These phenomena have made many GDR residents rethink their roles and strengthened their identity. This also led some former GDR residents to miss some things in the GDR period, such as arranging employment and some national welfare. This is in the film《 Goodbye Lenin 》Reflected in.

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