President of Germany

Head of State of the Federal Republic of Germany

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The President of Germany (German: Bundespr ä sident) is Federal Republic of Germany The head of state of Germany, representing Germany both internally and externally.

The main responsibilities of the President are: to sign and announce German Bundestag (Bundestag) and German Federal Senate The laws and decrees passed by (Bundesrat) and signed by the Prime Minister (Bundeskanzler) and relevant government ministers, but no veto power ； according to house Of Decide on appointment and removal The Prime Minister, who appoints and removes ministers of the federal government upon nomination by the Prime Minister; Preside over national etiquette activities.

The President is just the head of state, but does not directly lead federal government , do not enjoy the actual executive power , and German Chancellor by Head of Government And determine the major policies of the country.

Chinese name: President of Germany
Foreign name: the German President
Presidential residence: Bellevue Palace

Status: Germany Head of State
Term of office: 5 years
First President: Friedrich Albert^[1]
incumbent president: Frank Walter Steinmeier^[1]

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Position Overview

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Presidential Authority

The President of the Federal Republic of Germany, as the Head of State, exercises the following functions and powers:

Representing Germany at home and abroad (participating in national, social and cultural activities, visiting Federal State And cities, conducting state visits in foreign countries, and receiving foreign guests); Representing the German people in the sense of international law federal To conclude treaties with foreign countries in the name of Political relations Or treaties involving matters of federal legislation should be obtained in the form of federal law Legislature The consent of; Issued National credentials And sending German diplomatic envoys to foreign countries, receiving foreign credentials and receiving foreign diplomatic envoys to Germany. The President of the Federation also exercises the following powers:

Propose the candidate for Prime Minister and submit it to house election; To appoint the Prime Minister elected by the House of Assembly; Nominated by the Prime Minister federal government Ministers in charge of each department; Occurrence of Prime Minister Cabinet distrust At the request of the Bundestag, remove the Prime Minister, or dissolve the Bundestag on the proposal of the Prime Minister; To appoint or remove judges, civil servants, officers and officers at lower levels; Sign and promulgate laws passed by the Federal Parliament; Exercise on behalf of the Federation Right to pardon 。

Election term

The President is elected by the Bundesversammlung after discussion. All persons who have reached the age of 40 and enjoy the House of Representatives The right to vote All German candidates are eligible. The Federal Assembly is governed by the Federal House of Representatives and an equal number of state parliamentary bodies Proportional representation system Elected state legislators. The Federal Assembly is convened by the Speaker of the Federal House.

The President's term of office is five years, and he can only be re elected once.

The Federal Parliament or the Federal senate Can be sent to the Federation Constitutional Court Make a request for impeachment. The Federal Constitutional Court may, upon confirmation, declare the President to have lost his power.

When the President is unable to exercise his powers or leaves office early, his powers shall be exercised by the President of the Federal Senate.

Presidential history

The predecessor of the German President was Germany Weimar Republic Reichspr ä sit, the president of the period (1918-1933). Compared with the presidential authority stipulated in the Constitution of the Weimar Republic, the presidential authority has been significantly weakened.

Adolf Hitler, former head of Nazi Germany

1919 Weimarer Verfassung The President of the country is endowed with great power. He not only has the authority to represent the country, but also can directly influence national politics by dissolving the House of Representatives and appointing or removing the Prime Minister. He also has the power to issue state of emergency In addition, the President is also the top leader of the national army. The president of the Weimar period was called "the emperor without the title of emperor"

In 1933, the German president and army with supreme power marshal Paul von Hindenburg appointment Adolf Hitler by German Chancellor , causing Hitler to rise above the stage and launch the Second World War 。

In 1934, after the death of Hindenburg, Hitler combined the positions of President and Prime Minister, called F ü hrer und Reichskanzler. Hitler combined the positions of President, Prime Minister and Supreme Commander of the three armed forces, abolished the Republic and established fascist Dictatorship until 1945 World War II end.

On May 23, 1949, Federal Republic of Germany Constitutional《 German Basic Law 》It takes effect. It draws lessons from history and greatly limits the political rights The President cannot determine the Federal Prime Minister alone, nor issue emergency bills alone, nor enjoy the supreme command over the national army. The Basic Law defines the functions and powers of the Federal President, who checks with the Federal Parliament, the Federal Senate, the Federal Government and the Federal Constitutional Court.

In August 1949, the Federal Assembly elected Theodor Heuss Theodor Heuss was the first president of the Federal Republic of Germany.

incumbent president

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German President Steinmeier

Frank Walter Steinmeier (Frank Walter Steinmeier), born on January 5, 1956 North Rhine Westphalia Of Detmold City, yes German Social Democratic Party (SPD), former German Foreign Minister. On February 12, 2017, he was elected as the new President of Germany.^[2]

On March 19, 2017, the outgoing President Gao Ke and President designate Steinmeier Berlin A symbolic handover of affairs took place in the Presidential Palace.^[3] On March 22, 2017, Steinmeier was officially sworn in as President of Germany.^[4]

Successive Presidents

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Successive presidents of Germany
Term	president	term of office	party
President of Germany (Weimar Republic)
one	Friedrich Albert （Friedrich Ebert）	February 11, 1919 - February 28, 1925	German Social Democratic Party
agent	Hans Luther (Acting President) （Hans Luther）	February 28, 1925 March 12, 1925	No Party membership
agent	Walter Simmons (Acting President) （Walter Simons）	March 12, 1925 May 12, 1925	No Party membership
two	Paul von Hindenburg （Paul von Hindenburg）	May 12, 1925 – August 2, 1934	No Party membership
Head of the German State (Nazi Germany)
one	Adolf Hitler （Adolf Hitler）	August 2, 1934 - April 30, 1945	Nazi Party
two	Karl Donitz （Karl Dönitz）	May 1, 1945 - May 23, 1945	Nazi Party
President of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
agent	Johnny Dickman （Johannes Dieckmann）	October 7, 1949 - October 11, 1949	East German Liberal Democratic Party
one	Wilhelm Pieck （Wilhelm Pieck）	October 11, 1949 - September 7, 1960	German United Socialist Party
agent	Johnny Dickman （Johannes Dieckmann）	September 7, 1960 - September 12, 1960	East German Liberal Democratic Party
President of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
one	Walter Ulbricht （Walter Ulbricht）	September 12, 1960 August 1, 1973	German United Socialist Party
agent	Friedrich Albert （Friedrich Ebert）	August 1, 1973 October 3, 1973	German United Socialist Party
two	Willi Stoph （Willi Stoph）	October 3, 1973 - October 29, 1976	German United Socialist Party
three	Erich Honecker （Erich Honecker）	October 29, 1976 - October 18, 1989	German United Socialist Party
four	Egon Krenz （Egon Krenz）	October 18, 1989 - December 3, 1989	German United Socialist Party
five	Manfred Gerlach （Manfred Gerlach）	December 3, 1989 - April 5, 1990	East German Liberal Democratic Party
President of the People's Assembly of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
-	Sabina Bergman Poole （Sabine Bergmann-Pohl）	April 5, 1990 - October 2, 1990	East German Christian Democratic Union
President of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949~present)
one	Carl Arnold (Acting President) （Karl Arnold）	September 7, 1949 - September 13, 1949	German Christian Democratic Union
one	Theodor Heuss （Theodor Heuss）	September 13, 1949 - September 12, 1959	German Liberal Democratic Party
two	Karl Heinrich Lubbok （Karl Heinrich Lübke）	September 13, 1959 June 30, 1969	Christian Democratic Union
three	Gustav Heinemann （Gustav Heinemann）	July 1, 1969 June 30, 1974	German Social Democratic Party
four	Walter Scheel （Walter Scheel）	July 1, 1974 June 30, 1979	German Liberal Democratic Party
five	Karl Carstens （Karl Carstens）	July 1, 1979 June 30, 1984	Christian Democratic Union
six	Richard von Weizscker （Richard von Weizsäcker）	July 1, 1984 June 30, 1994	Christian Democratic Union
seven	Roman Herzog （Roman Herzog）	July 1, 1994 June 30, 1999	Christian Democratic Union
eight	Johannes Rau （Johannes Rau）	July 1, 1999 June 30, 2004	German Social Democratic Party
nine	Horst Koehler （Horst Köhler）	July 1, 2004 May 31, 2010	Christian Democratic Union
agent	Jens Bernsen （Jens Böhrnsen）	May 31, 2010 - July 1, 2010	German Social Democratic Party
ten	Christian Wulff （Christian Wulff）	July 2, 2010 - February 17, 2012	German Union Party /Christian Democratic Union
agent	Horst Zehoff （Horst Seehofer）	February 17, 2012 - March 18, 2012	German Union Party/Christian Social Union
eleven	Joachim Gauck （Joachim Gauck）	March 18, 2012 - March 22, 2017	No Party membership
twelve	Frank Walter Steinmeier （Frank-Walter Steinmeier）	March 22, 2017 - present	German Social Democratic Party
reference material:^[1]

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