Xu Jie (October 20, 1503 to June 7, 1583), styled Zisheng, named Shaohu, No. 1 Cunzhai, Songjiang PrefectureHuating County(now Songjiang District, Shanghai).He was a famous official in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and served as the head of the cabinet from the late Jiajing period to the early Longqing period.[1][111]
Xu Jie's early apprenticeshipNie Bao, YesWang ShourenIt is passed on to the disciple again.In the second year of Jiajing (1523)Flower exploration, was awarded the Imperial Academy for editing.In the ninth year of Jiajing (1530), he offended on the issue of offering sacrifices to ConfuciusMing ShizongA favorite ofZhang Chong(Zhang Fujing), demoted to FujianYanping MansionPush officialAfter this setback, Xu Jie was cautious.Later, he was a school inspector in Zhejiang and Jiangxi, recalled to the central government in the 18th year of Jiajing (1539), and served successively as a horse washing and imperial academy attendant in the Bureau of Economic Affairs, a wine offering ceremony for the Imperial Academy, a right handyman in the Ministry of RitesRight servant of the Ministry of Officials, Zuo Shilang of the Ministry of Officials, Minister of the Ministry of Rites, joined the cabinet in the 31st year of Jiajing (1552), and was good at writingQing CiAnd exposureQiu LuanHe is respected by the family for his crimes, and at the same time, he serves the chief assistant carefullyYan Song, while secretly rescuing Yan Song's persecuted Yan Guan.After ten years of forbearance, Yan Song finally took over when he fellCabinet Chief AssistantIt is billed as "returning the leader with prestige, returning the officials with government affairs, and returning the public opinion with punishment and reward".Tired officials should be at least a teacher and a prince, a minister of the Ministry of Officials, and a great scholar of Jianji Hall.When Shizong died, he was responsible for drafting the imperial edict to eliminate Jiajing's maladministration and ensure a smooth political transition.In the second year of Longqing (1568), Xu Ji became an official, and was soon retired from the field by Ying TianSun KehongThe impact of the case and other disturbances, which may be the same as his new chief assistantHigh archIt's not related.In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Xu Jie died of a disease and was posthumously presented to the Grand Master with the posthumous title of Wen Zhen.[1][111]
Xu Jie was born in Zhejiang on September 20, the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503)Xuanping CountyAt that time, his father Xu Xuan was serving as the magistrate of Xuanping County.[4]
In the second year of Zhengde (1507), Xu Ren Man went home. Xu Jie followed his father across Kuocang Ridge and fell down into the mountain once. Fortunately, he hung his clothes on a tree, so he got down from the danger calmly.[5]
In the sixth year of Zhengde (1511), Xu Jie went to Jiangxi with his fatherningdu 。[6]
In the eighth year of Zhengde (1513), Xu Jie went home with his fatherHuating, learningRaise one's career。[7]
In the 12th year of Zhengde (1517), Xu Jie passed the examinationscholar(Student), enrolled in Huating County School.Two years later, he failed in the Yingtian Rural Examination.[8]
In the 15th year of Zhengde (1520),sunny's discipleNie BaoAs the magistrate of Huating County, he found that Xu Jie was a promising talent among the scholars in the county. After testing Xu Jie and writing an article, he praised him as“eminent person capable of serving the country”Therefore, he taught Xu Jie about sages and sages in his spare time.Xu Jie was so angry and determined to be admittedA。[9-10]
In the first year of Jiajing (1522), Xu Jie won the seventh place in the Yingtian Village ExaminationCite people。[11]
In March of the second year of Jiajing (1523), Xu Jie passed the examination and won the first place and the third place in the palace examination（Flower exploration）Scholars and.Later, he went to pay homage to his courtiers and ministers as usualYang TingheI appreciated him very much and predicted that Xu Jie would not be inferior to the present cabinet ministers in the future.Later, he was awarded the Imperial Academy as an editor, and he asked him to go home to marry himShen Zhongheng。[12-13]
Ups and downs of the official sea
In August of the third year of Jiajing (1524), Xu Jie went north from Huating to take office.SeptemberXuzhou, learned of his father's death, and returned homeDingyou。[14]
In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), Xu JieA service, return to the Imperial Academy for editing.Later involved in revision《Daming Festival》"Sacrifice Ceremony" and other books.[15-16]
In the ninth year of Jiajing (1530), when discussing the Confucian Temple sacrificial ceremony, the cabinet was the first assistantZhang ChongHe advocated that the Confucian Temple should change the statue of Confucius into a wooden god, and change the title of "Dacheng Holy King of Wenxuan" into a sage and a Confucian.Ming ShizongXu Jie was very dissatisfied after reading it. On October 29, he went to the forum to explain that the number of Confucius should not be gone, and the number of people who should not be gone was three and five. He opposed Zhang Cong's theory and advocated the old system.On November 1, when Zhang Cong went to court, Xu Jie was called by Zhang Cong to reprimand him in the court room.Zhang CongyinGreat RitesShizong held high regard for the victory in the war, so Shizong favored Zhang Cong and demoted Xu to FujianYanping MansionPush official。[17-19]It is said that Shizong is still aliveNanjing Imperial CollegeOn the pillar, write "Xu Jie villain, never use".[20]Since then, whenever Xu Jie recalled this matter, he took it as a lesson to get rid of mania and rashness and cultivate a stable political style.[21]
In April of the tenth year of Jiajing (1531), Xu Jie arrived in Yanping.In July, acting as prefect.In office, he not only tried civil litigation seriously, but also enlightened the people with propriety and justice, destroyed pornographic temples, created social studies, and wrote Confucian proverbs of the Song Dynasty as the teachings of the Li Shu School.We also reformed the bank transfusion law to reduce the opportunities for petty officials to commit fraud.In December, he personally led the country soldiers to pacify those who had done harmYouxiThieves.[22]
In March of the 13th year of Jiajing (1534), Xu Ji was transferred to HuguangHuangzhou PrefectureTongzhi.Yanping elders praised their contributions,All beingsSend toJianning。When he arrived at Yanling, he was transferred to the post of minister of Zhejiang Provincial Procuratorate,To supervise school administration。[23-24]
In October of the 15th year of Jiajing (1536), Xu's rank was changed to the rank of deputy commissioner of Jiangxi Provincial Procuratorate, and he still supervised the school administration.[25]During this period, cabinet ministersSummer sayingsThe children of his family are hopeful of being promoted through Xu Jie. Xu Jie told them that Xia Yan was asking him to teach them, not promote them.Xia Yan was dissatisfied with Xu Jie when she heard about it.[26]
In February of the 18th year of Jiajing (1539), Zhang Fujing (i.e. Zhang Chong) died, and a stumbling block on Xu's way to official life disappeared.In May, Shizong became the Crown PrinceZhu ZaiyengSelect staff and subordinates.Xia Yan didn't want Xu Jie to be elected, but then this personnel right was assigned to the Ministry of Officials at the request of Yan GuanXu ZanLet Xu Jie win.Xu Jie was recalled to Beijing asDivision Economic BureauWashing horses and studying in Imperial Academy, four grades of official residenceVonn Recommend Xu Jie to Xia Yan, and Xu Jiecai was selected as the subordinate of Donggong.[26-28]
In June of the 19th year of Jiajing (1540), Gu, the mother of Xu Jie, died in Huating, and Xu Jie returned home to Dingyou.[29]
In November of the 22nd year of Jiajing's reign (1543), Xu Ji was promoted to the post of Right Attendant of the Ministry of Rites.[31]
In the 24th year of Jiajing (1545), on the first lunar month of the leap, Xu Jie was appointed as the right servant of the Ministry of Officials.[32]After he took office, he wrote an admonition in the hall of the Ministry of Officials, "Ouch! You can reach the rank of 21 and assist the heavenly officials in 43. Why is the national grace so generousWeighing plug？He has never exhausted his loyalty and toil, but he has planted a party to reject the worthy, traded laws for sacrificing bribes, betrayed the public to flatter them, or supported himself with money. God has killed them and sent them to his descendants.Whew!How awesome! "（The main idea is "Ah! You Xu Jie became a servant of the Ministry of Officials at the age of 21 and 43, and your national grace has been very thick. How can you be competent and responsible?If you do not exhaust your loyalty and energy, but form a party to seek personal gains, reject the wise, or accept bribes, bend the law for personal gain, or betray justice, flatter, or earn a salary to make a living on your own, God will also accept you and affect your descendants.Ah!It's really worth fearing! "）Self alarm.[33]In December, Zuo Shilang of the Ministry of Officials was moved.He did his duty conscientiously and exercised his ability, especially got the official secretaryXiong JiaHe gained the reputation of being virtuous.[34-35]
In February of the 27th year of Jiajing (1548), Xu Jie was also in charge of the Imperial Academy.[36]
Xu Jie's portrait
In February of the 28th year of Jiajing's reign (1549), Xu Ji was promoted to the position of Minister of Rites, still in charge of the Imperial Academy.[37]As soon as Xu Jie took office, he caught up with the crown ceremony and premature death of the crown prince Zhu Zaiyeng.In April, Xu Jie asked for the establishment of a reserve. Shizong was dissatisfied with this and dismissed itbe kept at the imperial palace without an answer。[38]However, Shizong also noticed that Xu Jie was diligent and wroteQing Ci(Zhai Ci) Satisfied him, so he ordered Xu Jie to go straight from June 24XiyuanNo leisure hall, give food andFlying fish suit, serve yourself.[39-41]In September, the position of minister of the Ministry of Officials was vacant, and the government promoted Xu to take the post, which was scolded by Shizong.[42]During this period, Xu Fan, the son of Xu Jie, asked someone to write on behalf of him in the Yingtian Village Examination. Xu Jie asked for his resignation, which was also retained by Shizong.[43]
In the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), Xu Jie and Lu Bing applied medicine to three palaces including Chaotian[44], plusCrown PrinceTitle.[45]August, Mongoliaaltan To enter the fortress and approach the capitalThe Change of Gengxu。On August 21, Shizong convened important officials to ask for advice, and the cabinet chief assistantYan SongHe thought that I answered "insufficiency is a problem", while Xu Jie thought that we should not despise it and should guard carefully. Shizong agreed with Xu Jie's opinion and asked for countermeasures.Xu Jie asked for a slow move to temporarily agree to my answer's request for tribute, but asked him to quit the Northern Territory first and change his writing from Chinese to Mongolian. During this period, he waited for reinforcements from all sides and asked Shizong to go to court to boost the morale of the people. Shizong agreed.[46]Before and after that, he went to the Four Outlooks of "Imperial Affairs", "Please Return to the Imperial Palace and Call in Ministers to Plan Frontier Affairs", "Answering Frontier Affairs", and "Please Patrol Nine Gates" to make a detailed plan for the defense of the capital, and requested to personally patrol the defense of the capital.This was in sharp contrast to Yan Song's mediocrity at that time, and Yan Song also hated Xu Jiexin.[47]Since then, because of the objection of Xu Ji to the idea of ShizongMingren SectAnd premiumEmpress Xiaolie, offended Shizong, and Shizong blamed his supportersYang SizhongAs a warning.[48]In addition, he also asked Prince Zhuang Jing Zhu Zaiyeng to make five requests for Prince Li (i.e. LiZhu ZaiFor the crown prince), are not allowed by Shizong.[49]Yan Song takes the opportunity to slander Shizong, saying that Xu Jie "lacks talentTwo center”。Xu Jie feels that he is in danger, so he tightens up and ties up with Yan Song. He even makes an appointment with his daughter in law and betroths his granddaughter to Yan Song's grandson（Yan ShifanHe also paid more attention to the writing of Qing Ci, and people around Shizong also said good things about Xu Jie, so Xu Jie turned the corner.[50-51]
Enter the cabinet to assist in administration
In March of the 31st year of Jiajing (1552), Emperor Shizong officially appointed the Xu rank to the cabinet, and he served as the minister of rites and secretary of booksDongge Bachelor。[52]In August, the GeneralQiu LuanWhen he died of illness, Xu Jieshu impeached him for having misunderstood the country. Shizong ordered him to take charge of the Royal GuardsLu BingAfter a secret visit, the truth came out that the order was to hunt down Chou Luan, and the owl showed up on nine sides.[53]Yan Songzheng andQiu LuanHe was not allowed to enter Zhixi Garden because he did not get married and gradually lost his favor with Shizong because of Qiu Luan's secret friendship.After Xu Jie successfully impeached Qiu Luan, Yan Song was able to re-enter Zhixi Garden, and the relationship between Xu and Yan also eased.[54]
At that time, Yan Song's dictatorship caused dissatisfaction among many courtiers, and impeachment of Yan Song also rose one after another. Shangshu people often ended miserably, while Xu Jie secretly rescued them, such asShen Bundle、Wang Zongmao、Zhao JinThey were saved from death by Xu Jie.In the first month of the 32nd year of Jiajing (1553), Wai Lang, a member of the Criminal MinistryYang JishengHe launched the strongest impeachment against Yan Song. In Yan Song's "five traitors and ten crimes" listed, it was also mentioned that Xu Jie, as a secondary assistant, obeyed Yan Song and was indebted to the emperor.Yan Song provoked the anger of the Ming Shizong by seizing the saying in the book that "the two kings (Zhu Zaiqi, the king of Yu, and Zhu Zaizhen, the king of Jing) all knew their traitors". Lu Bing was ordered to investigate the matter. Xu Ji said to Lu Bing, "Even if you make a mistake, what should you do if the emperor's son is involved?"Yan Song was also persuaded to say: "The emperor has only two sons. Once investigated deeply, he would certainly not have the heart to question the two princes, and would certainly let his left and right colleagues take the blame. Why do you want to make a grudge with the royal officials?" But two years later, Yang Jisheng was executed.Yang Jisheng was Xu Jie's supervisor when he was serving as the Imperial College's wine offering supervisor. In addition, Xu Jie also protected other Yan Song's political enemies, so Yan Song became more suspicious of Xu Jie.[55-56]
In the August of the 33rd year of Jiajing (1554), Xu Jie paid tribute to him with the Wanshou FestivalPrince and FuTitle, entered the Wu Ying Temple.[57]At that time, Japanese invaders in Jiangnan were seriously affected. Shizong believed that Xu Jie knew military affairs, and his hometown was also injapanese piratesWithin the scope of the devastation, Xu Jie is often consulted about Japanese pirates.[58]
In March of 1558 (the 37th year of Jiajing's reign), the criminal punishment was givenWu Shilai, Chief of the Ministry of Criminal JusticeZhang Chong、Dong ChuanceShangshu impeaches Yan Song for taking bribes to mislead the country and convicts him of being sent back to the army.Wu Shilai and Zhang Chong are Xu Jie's students, while Dong Chuance is Xu Jie's fellow townsman. Yan Song suspects that the three men impeached Zuo as Xu Jie's envoys on the same day, but after torture, they did not get evidence, so they gave up.Xu Jie had to continue to take the policy of forbearance against Yan Song. After returning home from the cabinet, he claimed that he was ill, closed his door and thanked his guests, and wrote Qing Ci with a more "respectful" attitude.[59-60]In the following year, Yan Song was loosely called "80 years old" by the Xu rank, but there were no courtiers in this dynasty. Please addPreferential gifts”, approved by Shizong.[61]Later, Xu Jie was addedCrown PrinceTitle, and Shizong's reliance on him gradually exceeded Yan Song.[62]
First Premier
On November 25, the fortieth year of Jiajing (1561), a fire broke out in the Wanshou Palace, where Shizong practiced Buddhism, and Shizong moved to Yuxi Palace.[92]Later, he moved to the Great Xuandu Palace, but these two palaces were too narrow for Shizong to live long.Yan Song proposed to move to Nancheng because he was rebuilding the Three Halls and was short of money（Nangong）, but here isMing YingzongShizong hated the place where people lived in seclusion. From then on, he hated Yan Song.Xu Jie proposed to rebuild the Palace of Longevity with the surplus wood from the Three Halls, and recommendedLei LiResponsible for the reconstruction of the Palace of Longevity.Shizong was overjoyed, and immediately ordered Xu Fan, the son of Xu Jie, to supervise the project with Shangbao as the chief executive.[93]
Xujie Stone Carving
On March 25, the 41st year of Jiajing (1562), the Wanshou Palace was completed. Xu Jiesheng was promoted as a junior teacher, and a son was employed as the secretary of the middle school. Xu Fan was promoted to be the junior minister of Taichang Temple, and Yan Song only increased his salary by one hundred stones every year.[93-94]May, Imperial HistorianZou YinglongYan Shifan, the minister of the Ministry of Works, the son of Yan Song, the great master of impeachment, relied on his father's power, took bribes to gain power, and was approved by Shizong. Yan Song was ordered to become an official, and Yan Shifan was jailed and later executed（For Xu Jie's role in this process, please refer to the "Character Dispute" catalog）。After Yan Song fell, Xu Jie becameCabinet Chief Assistant, onCourthouseZhiluOn the wall ofRoundingpunishment and awardsReturn to the public ", trying to reverse the unhealthy trend in Yan Song's authoritarian period.[63]
In the August of the 43rd year of Jiajing (1564), Xu Jiejin was the great scholar of Jianji Hall on the Longevity Day.[64]
In March of the 44th year of Jiajing (1565),Yuan WeiAfter leaving office, only Xu Jie was left in the cabinet.After the fall of Yan Song, Xu Jie repeatedly asked for the addition of cabinet ministers, but Shizong refused. So far, he again asked for the addition of cabinet members, which was promised by Shizong.April,Yan Na、Li ChunfangEnter the cabinet.In October, the head of the household departmentHai RuiOn《Public order laxity》He criticized Shizong bitterly and satirized Xu Jie.Shizong was angry and went to HairuiImperial edict, want to kill.Xu Jie's admonishment to Hai Rui is just an attempt to gain a reputation for outspoken admonition. "If you kill him, you will become famous, and if you allow him, you will see the breadth of virtue".Shizong spared Hai Rui.[65]
In March of the 45th year of Jiajing (1566), the associate of Zhu Zaiyeng, the king of YuHigh archRecommended by Xu JieGuo PuAt the same time, he entered the pavilion.However, Gao Gong often disagrees with Xu Jie when he enters the pavilion.In October, Shizong was seriously ill.On November 19, Su and Gao Gong were in troubleHu YingjiaSeeing that Shizong was seriously ill and the day of King Yu's accession was not far away, he was afraid that Gao Gong would be reused in the future, so Shangshu impeached him.Shizong is seriously ill and has nothing to do with it.Hu Yingjia is Xu Jie's hometown, so Gao Gong suspects that Hu Yingjia's Shangshu is Xu Jie's mastermind, so the suspicion of Xu Jie is growing deeper.[66]On December 14, when Shizong died, Xu Jie first asked King Yu to enter the palace to mourn, and then called his own student, who was then the Imperial Academy attendantZhang Juzheng(When Zhang Juzheng was elected as a Shuji, Xu Jie took charge of the Imperial Academy), drafted Shizong's posthumous edict, which included all the ceremonies, civil works, jewelry, weaving, and so on.After the imperial edict aimed at bringing order out of chaos was published, the government and the people celebrated it.In addition, he also drafted the imperial edict of King Yu to help the political situation transition smoothly.[67-68]On December 26, Zhu Zaiyou, the King of Yu, ascended the throne and was renamed as Muzong of the Ming Dynasty.
When Xu Jie drafted the imperial edict of Shizong, he hid it from his colleagues Gao Gong and Guo Pu. Gao Gong was even more dissatisfied with Xu Jie, so he united with Guo Pu to intensify the attack on Xu Jie.At first Gao Gong wanted to attack Xu Jieforge an imperial decreeHowever, if the speech officer did not respond, he had to give up.[69]In the first month of the first year of Longqing (1567), Gao Gong and Guo Pu retaliated against Hu Yingjia and wanted to remove Hu Yingjia from office. Xu Jie agreed at first, but the officials offered to save Hu Yingjia one after another. Xu Jie proposed to reduce Hu Yingjia's official status and demote him to the outside world. Mu Zong approved the demotion.[70-71]In May, Qi Kang, a disciple of Gao Gong, the Imperial Historian of Guangdong Daoshi, was repeatedly impeached by Gao Gong. He believed that Xu Jie was the mastermind behind the secret, but Shangshu impeached Xu Jie for various forms of corruption and disloyalty, including "the former emperor wanted to build a reserve, but he was stubborn, and the emperor was so suspicious that he pretended to be quick to taste his heart, and also relied on the reputation of the great scholar Li Chunfang".Mu Zong blamed Qi Kang for his false words, which made Xu Jie feel at ease.Xu Jie pleaded for himself and repeatedly asked to become an official, but Mu Zong refused.So the officialChen ZanThey all impeached Qi Kang and asked him to be punished.Hai Rui, the official of Dali Temple, also said that Xu Jie was worried about the state affairs and criticized Qi Kanggan as an eagle dog.Mu Zong severely blamed Qi Kang and demoted him.Gao Gong resigned under pressure and was approved.[72-73]
Death in old age
In February of the second year of Longqing (1568), Xu Jie spent nine more years with his first salary. Shangshu asked to become an official, but Mu Zong refused.[74]Since then, Xu Jie has gone on more than 20 pleas for office, and Mu Zong refused. In July, Zhang Qi impeached Xu Jie in the case of Hukezuo, and Mu Zong accused him of slandering the chief and assistant and transferring them to other posts.[75]After Xu Jie went to Shu and begged twice, Mu Zong approved Xu Jie to become an official on July 19.[76]It is said that Mu Zong's approval of Xu Jie to become an official this time was an eunuch who had a rift with Xu Jie and was bribed by Gao GongLi FangPlayed a role behind the scenes.On the fourth day of September, Xu Jie arrived at Huating.[77]
In March of the third year of Longqing (1569), Xu Jie suffered from foot disease, so he refused to leave.[77]In June, Hai Rui took the post of Ying Tian's governor, determined to rectify Su Song's money and taxes.When Su Song's powerful family was ordered to leave their fields, local people complained, many of themDevious litigation。Xu Jie's family occupied more than 60000 mu of land in the local area (another 100000, 180000, 240000 or even 450000 mu), so they were harassed by the litigants. Although Xu Jie felt painful, he also understood that Hai Rui's move "originally intended to serve the people" was just "slightly biased".In March of the following year, Hairui was impeached because he had a grudge against the powerful, and the Xu family was spared harassment.[78]
Xu Jie's profile figure
On the other hand, Gao Gong returned to the cabinet five months after Xu Jie became an official, saying that he had given up his grudge against Xu Jie, and Xu Jie sent a letter of thanks.However, in fact, Gao Gong did not let Xu Jie go. He joined the two commentaries of "Zhenggang Changding the State to Benefit the Holy Government" and "Debate the Great Injustices and Clarify the Great Justice to Justify the National Law", which meant that Xu Jie "bullied and slandered the former emperor, pretending to be an imperial edict", and wanted to kill him.It is said that Mu Zong did not deal with Xu Jie because he did not understand.[79]In the fifth year of Longqing (1571), high arches were used againSun KehongThe prison attacks Xu Jie.At that time, a man named Gu Shao from Huating came to the capital to report that the Xu Family had cheated and delayed the transfer of paint and silver in the 43rd year of Jiajing (1564), and Shen Yuanheng wanted to report that the Xu Family was suspected of soliciting an invasion of money and grain.The Xu family sent Sun Wu, a servant of Sun Kehong, who was close to them, to sneak into the capital to dissuade Gu Shao and ask him to use Xu Jie. Sun Wu met Sun Kehong in Xuzhou, and Sun Wu promised to help Li Chunfang, the first aide, promote Sun Kehong as a salt transport envoy in Hedong. Sun Kehong believed that he would write a ticket, two gift cards and two hundred taels of silver to Sun Wu.Sun Wu arrived in Beijing on the fifth day of March and squandered fifty liang of silver defrauded from Sun Kehong.When Xu Tang and others saw that he was suspicious, they learned that he had cheated Sun Kehong, so they took some money from Sun Wu.During this time, Sun Wu and Gu Shao repeatedly said that Xu Yin was two thousand taels, andShen YuanhengThis word is taken back.Later Sun Wu was arrested for the Central Military Division on April 28.Sun Kehong was not only jailed, but also involved the Xu family's cloth shop and operators in Beijing.In order to avoid taxes, Zhu Tang and others who run these cloth shops mortgaged their land property to Xu Jie's sons and converted funds to do cloth business with Xu's government.Han Ji, an official of Gao Gong's schoolSong ZhihanThe real purpose of these shops opened by Xu Family is“secure personal gain through obsequiousnessIt is hoped that the management will be used ".After dealing with Sun Kehong, Sun Wu and Gu Shao, Gao Gong arranged for the former prefect of Suzhou who had been humiliated by the Xu family slaves in JulyCai GuoxiServed as the Deputy Envoy of Su Songbing, expanded Sun Kehong's prison, and investigated the Xu family's land property lawsuit, Bu's official debt, and the domestic slaves' illegality.Xu Fan, the eldest son of Xu's rank, and Xu Kun, the second son, were sent to garrison the border, and Xu Ying, the youngest son, cut his nationality for the people.Xu's estate was unofficial, and his house was burned. Xu Jie went to other places to hide. In total embarrassment, he wrote a letter to Gao Gong, asking for his release. His words were very sad.Gao Gong said he would try his best to help, but it didn't work.In April of the sixth year of Longqing (1572), Cai Guoxi was transferred to be the supervisor of Shanxi Province. In May, Mu Zong collapsed and in June, Gao Gong left. The disaster of the Xu family was solved, and Xu Jie finally lived a peaceful life in his old age.[80]
In April of the 10th year of Wanli (1582), the first assistant Zhang Juzheng requestedInterrogationXu Jie, give a special gift,Ming ShenzongIt was sent to the Pedestrian Department of the Ministry of Rites to ask for Tu Shixiang, and to give 52 liang silver, one coat of silk python clothes made of red ramie, and four exterior and interior colors.[81-82]On February 26th, the 11th year of Wanli (1583), Xu Jie died at the age of 81.[83]On April 18, news of Xu Jie's death reached the capital. The Shenzong gave Xu Jie nine altars, four more altars, and a posthumous title of "Wen Zhen".[84]
Main impacts
Announce
edit
political phase
Xu Jie is good at scheming and is an expert at playing politics.In the last years of Jiajing, he made great contributions to overthrowing Yan Song.After taking charge of the government, he also advertised that "to return the authority to the leader, to return the government affairs to the officials, and to return the punishment to the public", which earned him a high reputation.Especially at the turn of Jialing and Longling, he drafted the imperial edict, saying, "Let us know all the ceremonies, earthworks, jewelry and weaving; let us know all the ceremonies, prisons and words that offend the officials", which made "the government and the people mourn and appreciate".Xu Jie's measures to bring order out of chaos and remedy malpractices conform to the popular sentiment and play a positive role in stabilizing the political situation.When he was the first assistant, the soldiers of Nanjing Zhenwu Battalion mutinied repeatedly, and Xu Jie wanted to be eliminated.But fearXiaoling, so the shilling took charge of the imperial history of JiangduTang JiluThe governor stationed the soldiers next to Xiaoling Tomb, and then slowly asked the Ministry of War to disperse these soldiers.It was finally settled satisfactorily.Another group of small eunuchs openly beat up the Imperial Historian at the Meridian Gatecuria regisWhen he was ready to impeach, Xu Jie reminded him to know the name of the leader first, or he might be at risk of being slandered. So Xu Jie first sent people to talk kindly to the eunuch to get the name of the leader who gathered people to beat people, and then Wang Ting went to the police to punish these eunuchs. These deeds showed that he had a "positive and responsive" political style.[1][85]
However, after entering the Longqing Dynasty, many people of insight, in view of the unprecedented serious political crisis since the middle of Jiajing, have not only been satisfied with bringing order out of chaos, saving the malpractice and making up for the deviation, but have urgently demanded rectification, reform and revitalization of the government.At this time, the voices of various advocates for reform rose and rose.In the face of this new situation, Xu Jie not only failed to keep up with the pace of the development of the times, but still responded to the stereotype of restoring the patriarchal order that he put forward in the Imperial edict.His memorials and commentaries before he became an official were also the old ways of "addressing the king, Yao and Shun". Most of his advice to Mu Zongsuo was about the private affairs of the imperial palace, which was called "holding the imperial palace guard". He was concerned about the emperor's life. In fact, he was concerned about how to maintain his position and protect his favor, and did not mention the content of reforming the original political and economic system.In the early days of Longqing, Xu Jie had always pursued a political program to remedy the shortcomings and remedy the bias and restore the old system.[85]
Ideological aspects
Xu Jie is a psychologistNie Bao's disciples.After he was demoted to Yanping, he wrote the book "Learning Principles" as a sermon, widely recruited disciples and vigorously publicizedYangming School of Mind。When he supervised Jiangxi, he built "Yangzhi Temple" in Nanchang to worship Wang Yangming.After joining the cabinet, he vigorously advocated lecturing activities, which made it very popular.For two months, the leader's speech was unprecedented for hundreds of years.He presided over the lectures in person as the leader and assistant, and repeatedly invited pilgrim officials from all over the country and officials of the imperial government to listen to them. The larger ones were lecturing in Xiangsuo in the 39th year of Jiajing (1560) and Lingji Palace in the 44th year of Jiajing (1565).Under this influence, the officials of the governor of Jiangnan would build academies and call Confucian scholars to give lectures to cater to Xu Jie.Some people think that Xu Jie's advocacy of giving lectures not only encourages the corruption of chasing fame and wealth in the officialdom, but also makes Yangming's mind theory fall into the situation of talking about the empty and the mysterious.Many people used the guise of lecturing to "control the county and ask for money". Zhang Juzheng witnessed the chaos and destroyed the academy after taking office to stop the lecturing style advocated by Xu Jie.[85][106-107]
Historical evaluation
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Li Xu: How many steps are there in the red gorge, lamb sushi, and Jialong?However, its petty use of political skill and collection of material conditions are not without regrets.Although, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghe, Ruo Tinghesave the ageXiangya.[87]
Spandex: The Xuanwen is straight, slouching and flattering, afraid of not selling, so it is called Xiangshi Temple of Huating, which is mediocre.When we arrived at the Mu Temple, all the people paid attention to the measures, which was a little comfortable.If it and Song devour each other, the mantis will meet the yellow finch, and if it is high arched, is it the one who carries the bullet?[88]
Shen Defu: Recently, I saw Wen Zhen's "The Book of Odes and Dues". All the more than ten volumes, including the edict of the Kunshi Temple and the answer to the secret book, the middleman, the feast and the obscenity of food, are welcome.Even if the reserve ceremony is built, the holy will is delayed, and I dare notOvert remonstrance, roughlyundecidedMost.I dare not be as ambivalent as Fenyi (Yan Song) and his son.King Jinggong's Mansion, Mu MiaodengChen Ji, Wen Zhen took itDetermined policyHe is famous for his meritorious deeds, and he is the Duke of Jiangling (Zhang Juzheng)Optic grassIt is said that "the first emperor with feather wings" was cited, and Wen Zhen's fame favored her family members, so she was the only one in modern times.[105]
Qian Qianyi: Young teachers are expected to become masters and relatives. When the time is right and the pride is gone, they should be sensitive and self sustained. Yang is soft and appropriate, while Yin is inclined.After the defeat of Fenyi, he turned against his poor government and became a famous minister.[89]
Talking about moving: Huating is in charge of the country, and it is easy to conclude the road, but it is better to go firstEmasculationThere is no lack of local mindedness.Wei Liangbi and Feng En have not lost their teeth yet, but they areretire from office because of ageAs an example, there are some titles in Gaiyi.The court's virtue of giving priority to the elderly is to do private things for the government?[86]
Huang Zongxi: Sir, you should go to the right place. You have made great contributions to the world. However, you use your ingenuity to do things.Worship a fast（Hu Juren）He said, "You don't need to be wise when dealing with things. If you just follow the principles of heaven, you will be a Confucian." So no matter how many paths you have traveled, or how many villages you have talked about the female porn, that is, whether you set up a grand court or not, you will never be a Confucian. You will be trapped in a hegemonic style without knowing yourself.[90]
Zhang Tingyu: ① People are short, white and good at tolerance.She is sensitive in nature, has power and discretion, but keeps her yin heavy.Reading is an ancient language. Traveling from Wang Shouren's family, there are scholars and officials who have voices. ②The steps stand upright and have their own features, preserving good people.The government of Jia and Long has saved many people.If there is a snake in between, it will not lose its integrity. ③Xu Jie is diligent and profound.No matter how intelligent you are, you should not lose your integrity.[1]
Zhang Peilun: Yan Shifan's prison can only be achieved by Xu Wenzhen.As well as Gaoxin Zheng Dangguo, it is of great use for those who are short of cultural integrity.Cai Guoxi, the former magistrate, was recorded as a supervisor, and his sons were all garrisoned. It seemed that they were the ones who deserved revenge.Gentlemen and villains are divided into good and evil, not into good and bad.However, the Ming History said that the children of the first rank were also quite horizontal in the countryside, and the Wanshou Palace was built in Yucai Village in the three halls. The first rank was developed at its end, and the second one was built by Dong Qixun. The first one was promoted from the main task to the most rare one, and the second one was given a scholar in the first rank, which was no different from those who relied on their father's shadow.He is blessed becauseSincerely；Even if the disaster comes, it also falls underSlightWhy are you careless?[108]
Cai Dongfan: Xu Jie's envoys are no less deceitful than Yan Song. Later, many people destroyed Song and praised it. They set it up for Song by deceit.There is no rank in Ming Dynasty, who will dethrone Song?Then he knew that he would do it according to the place, and that fraud would also become famous.The reason why ancient sages and sages valued power and morality was precisely for this reason.[2]
Wei Qingyuan: Xu Jie succeeded in overthrowing Yan Song, who was once a powerful man, with his special patience and depth, and was good at strategizing;At the end of Jiajing period, we carefully adjusted and dealt with the relations with the confused and suspicious emperor, the courtiers with numerous doors, and the officials who had various opinions and relied on their words to intervene in politics;He defused violence with gentleness and leniency;Holding high the sacred banner of the ancestors, calling on the restoration of the old system and the old law, and the preservation of good categories, we set out to change the absurd and bizarre practices of Jiajing, which have no rules to follow. Indeed, we have received good results. We were invited to fame for a while, and were regarded as "good ministers", widely praisedHowever, in the Longqing period, Xu Jie had no ability to move forward.This does not mean that Xu Jie has no sense of danger, it is not.Xu Jie was worried about many things, but it was more concentrated on the new emperor's ability to abide by Emperor Fan Yide... The Collection of World Scriptures basically did not propose or agree to reform.The times are changing, and the history is moving rapidly... At that time, good reform leads to prosperity, good reform leads to progress, and good change leads to survival, which has become an irresistible trend. However, as an old man in the court, Xu Jie was slow to respond to this. He was confused, then shocked, and even disgusted with the call of the times.The big waves wash the sand. If you don't enter, you will sink.Therefore, it is inevitable that he will be pushed out of the cabinet and fade out of the political arena.[91]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Wenxing Comes to Earth
Xu Jie was lively and cute since he was young, and he was talented. Xu and his wife regarded him as the apple of their eye.When Xu was six years old, the county magistrate hired Zheng Xiucai from Caomenfang in the city as a teacher to enlighten his son. The school was located in Sanyuan Palace outside Yingen Gate, south of the City God Temple in front of the county.To get to Sanyuan Palace from the county government, you must pass the gate of the City God Temple. There is no other way.As spring comes and summer goes, Xu Jieqin keeps learning and shuttles to and from this road three times a day.Late one night, Xu Xuan returned to the Yamen after handling a case. He felt quite tired. He rolled over to bed, fell asleep, and soon fell asleep.When I came to the City God Temple in a trance, I saw that the door of the City God Temple was wide open, lights were bright and cigarettes were curling in front of the City God case, the City God left the case to greet me, and the county magistrate was terrified.After the guests and hosts sit down,town godsSmiling, he said, "Congratulations, my lord!" Xu was surprised, and the city god said, "My lord, your son, Xu Jie, is the heavenlegendary deity of imperial examinations and literary affairsCome down to earth, tomorrowTrouble on the wedding nightThere is a bright future.Wenqu Xingxiu goes to and from the gate several times a day. I have to stand up and show my respect. It takes a long time and I'm really tired. Can you find another way? "Hearing this, Xu Xuan broke into a cold sweat. He quickly knelt down and said, "My dog is rude, I dare not!" After that, he woke up with a start, but it was a dream.The next day, Xu ordered the Yamen Runner to open a path at the foot of the city wall behind the City God Temple. Since then, Xu has taken this path to school.[3]
Childhood vision
When Xu Jie was young, he was arranged by his father Xu Xuan to study at an ancient temple in Xuanping. The temple is famous for its many ghosts and spirits. Even the monks in the ancient temple were tortured. After Xu Jie lived there, no ghosts appeared. Xu Xuan had a different view of Xu Jie.[95]
Xu Xuan later took Xu Jie to Ningdu, Jiangxi Province. On a business trip, when he returned to Ningdu, he saw Xu Jie who was coming to meet him. He said, "The father is far away, and the son is far away. The kindness of the father and son is also natural." The less than ten year old replied, "The monarch is above, the minister is below, and the justice of the monarch and the minister is great." Xu was more surprised at Xu Jie's talent, so he taught him to write articles,Xu Jie also learned to write articles quickly.[95]
Later, when Xu Jie took the exam, the crane nest fell to the ground when the wind blew,Grandmaster"When the wind falls on the crane's nest, the second and third sons connect their nests to the ground." Xu Jie replied, "When the rain falls on the ape's cave, all monkeys (marquis) are exposed（To be leaked）Facing the sky. "[96]
Confess one's mistakes
When Xu Jie was supervising Zhejiang, he found that a scholar had used the code of "Yan Ku Kong Zhi Zhuo" in the eight part essay when he was reading the paper. His eyebrows wrinkled, and he felt strange and puzzled about its origin.So he took up his pen, drew a black bar, approved two words "fabricated", and then placed it in the fourth grade, which was equal to failure.However, if there are bad comments from the examiners on the test paper, the examinees will go to the class as usual to "receive blame", that is, to be reprimanded.The scholar went up with the paper in his hand and defended himself: "The great master was sincere in his teaching, but this saying goes《Yangzi Dharma》It is not a student's fiction. "After hearing this, Xu Jie quickly stood up and said, "I was lucky enough to win the imperial examination too early, and I haven't read any books!" He bowed to the scholar and said, "I have been taught!" Then he changed it to another level.[97]
Knowing but not speaking
After returning to his hometown, Xu Jie invited relatives all over the place. One of them stole a gold cup from the banquet and hid it in his hat, which was just seen by Xu Jie.When the banquet was about to end, the host checked the utensils and found that he had lost a wine container, so he searched everywhere.Xu Jie said, "The cup is still there. Don't look for it.[98]
Reward Forgotten Words
After Xu Jie became an official, he was plagued by lawsuits due to problems such as his retirement from the farmland and Sun Kehong's case.When Zhang Rui, his fellow villager, visited him, he specially gave him the word "endure", and Xu Jie returned the word "forget".[99]
interpersonal relationship
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Seniority
relationship
full name
Birth and death
remarks
Predecessors
grandfather
Xu Li
1439-1490
Word Tingyi, number Leshan
grandmother
Huang's
1439-1514
father
Xu 黼
1457-1524
With the name of Chaowei and the name of Sifu, he once served as Xuanping and Ningdu County Chief[112]
mother
Gu
1473-1540
The third wife of Xu Xuan (before Lin and Qian)
Peer generation
brother
Xu Long
1478-1544
Zi Hong, No. Nanzhou, Xu Jieyi's mother and brother, Lin Shichu
Xu Jie has a collection of poems, "Collection of the World Sutra Hall", "Continuation of the World Sutra Hall", and "Xu Family Tree"《Shaohu Collected Works》Xu Xianggong Collection and other works.In addition, the calligraphy collection "Master Xu Wenzhen Gong Baolun Pavilion Calligraphy" has been handed down from generation to generation.He also editedYue FeiandFei HongA collection of essays.[101]
Character controversy
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In May of the 41st year of Jiajing (1562), the Imperial Historian Zou Yinglong impeached Yan Shifan, which became the fuse for Yan Song to step down.Most of these actions are believed to be related to Xu Stage, which mainly includes four points:
one
Tuo Meng said.Zou Yinglong dreamt that shooting at a high mountain would miss him, but shooting at Peilei Tower to the east would hit him, so he used Yan Shifan (No. East Tower) as a breakthrough to defeat Yan Song《History of the Ming Dynasty》Say so.
two
I heard about the way to avoid rain.TaoistBlue PathstayFuchiYan Song was called a treacherous minister and Xu JieheYang BoAs a virtuous minister, Shizong was moved.Zou Yinglong was sheltering from the rain in the house of an eunuch. Hearing this, he impeached Yan Shifan.Guoke and Mingtongjian hold this view.
three
Lan Daoxing reported.That is, Lan Daoxing directly informed Zou Yinglong of the results of Fuchi and urged him to impeach Yan Shifan.The first and supplementary biographies since Jiajing, and the Chronicle of Emperor Yongling hold this view.
four
Xu Jie asked.That is to say, Xu Jie had already made friends with Lan Daoxing, and informed Zou Yinglong of the results of Lan Daoxing's shamanism overnight, urging him to impeach Yan Shifan.The "Continuation of the Charter", "Huangming Supplement" and "Ming History" hold this view.
Some people think that Xu Jie's steady behavior, meeting with Lan Daoxing and informing Zou Yinglong of Fuchi, are all dangerous moves and do not conform to Xu Jie's style.Xu Jie just waited patiently, without instructing Zou Yinglong to impeach Yan Song.[102]
Commemoration for future generations
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Xu Stage TombIt is a county-level cultural relics protection unit in Changxing, Zhejiang Province. It is located in the East Mountain of Changxing. The whole Xujie Cemetery is divided into burial area and tomb display area.In front are the moon pool, altar, and tomb;On the right is the tomb guard house of Xu Jie's tomb, the ancient well of the Ming Dynasty, and the inscription of the Shinto.[103]
Historical data index
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"Biographies of the Ming Dynasty, the 110th Xu Step"[1]
Volume 136 of "Four Continuations of Yanzhou Shanren", "The Young Master of Zhu State, a Mingte Scholar in Guanglu, and the Minister of the Official Department of the Crown Prince, Jianji Hall, a great scholar, presented the posthumous title of the Grand Master Wen Zhencun Zhai, Xu Wenzhen, a public official"
