Xu Qianxue (November 24, 1631 to September 6, 1694[24]）, Yuanyi, Youhui, Jian'an[1]Mr. Yu Feng was a minister, scholar and bibliophile of the Qing Dynasty.Qingjiangnan(Southern Zhili in the Ming Dynasty)KunshanPeople, great Confucians in the late Ming and early Qing DynastiesGu YanwuNephew, brotherXu Yuanwen、Xu BingyiAll officials are distinguished by their literary names and personal names“Kunshan Sanxu”。
In the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1670), he won the third place in the First Class Scholars of Gengxu（Flower exploration）, grantedEdit。In the eleventh year of Kangxi (1672), he was appointed as the deputy examiner of Shuntian Rural Examination, but was demoted due to improper selection.Later, he was promoted to Zuo Zanshan, and filled the day to talk about living and paying attention to officials.Returning home from her mother's funeral, she wrote 120 volumes of "General Examination of Reading Rites"《Ming History》Chief Executive Officer, promoted to Bachelor of Lecture.In the 24th year of Kangxi's reign (1685), he was the first to enter the imperial examinationSouth study, taught the prince, promoted to the cabinet bachelor's degree, served as the vice president of "Qing Huidian" and "Qing Yitong Zhi", and taughtAn ordinary and lucky man。In the 26th year of Kangxi's reign (1687), he was promoted to Zuo Du as the imperial historian and the minister of punishment.[21]AndGao Shiqi、Wang HongxuAnd so on.[19]His family members, guests and nephews also took bribes for personal gains and ran rampant in the countryside, so they were impeached repeatedly.However, after the dismissal, Emperor Kangxi still ordered the bookstore to follow him.[21]
Author of "General Examination of Reading Rites" and "Interpretation of Tongzhi Hall"《Bibliography of Chuanshilou》Dan Yuan Collection, etc.[19]There is a library at home“Chuan Shi Lou”It is a famous library in the history of Chinese book collection《Bibliography of Chuanshilou》。[21]
Xu Qianxue's portrait is taken from the first volume of Biography of Scholars in the Qing Dynasty, edited and copied by Ye Yanlan in the Qing Dynasty, and painted by Huang Xiaoquan.[22]
Xu Qianxue was born in Ming DynastyChongzhenOn November 2 (November 24) of the fourth year (1631), he was smart since childhood and able to write at the age of 8.The Seventh Year of Shunzhi (1650) andWu Weiye、You Dong、Zhu YizunWait atJiaxingOrganize ten county communes.
In the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), Xu Qianxue enteredImperial College。In the ninth year of Kangxi's reign (1670), Xu Qian studied ginsengAdditional palace examination, the first and third Jinshi andImperial AcademyEdit.[2]
Xu Qianxue was the No. 1 Scholar in the 16th year of Shunzhi's reign (1659)Xu Yuanwen, Exploring Flowers in the 12th Year of Kangxi (1673)Xu BingyiMy elder brother.The three Xu brothers are called“Kunshan Sanxu”。Scholars in the Late Ming and Early Qing DynastiesGu YanwuIt was their uncle. The three brothers had received donations from Gu Yanwu.
Official writings
A bust of Xu Qianxue[4]
In the eleventh year of Kangxi (1672), Xu Qianxue, as the deputy examiner, made a textual research together with Cai QihuaShuntian MansionLocal examination。He has never been abandonedtest paperSelectedHan XuanIt can be said that the eye can see talent, and finally Han XuanWin the championship, becomeNo. 1 Scholar。Because of his action, the style has undergone a simple, fresh and elegant change.Later, due to the omission of the Han Army roll from the sub listIn progressYang YongjianIn the impeachment, the second examiners Xu Qianxue and Cai Qihua were demoted to one rank.
In the 14th year of Kangxi (1675), Xu Qianxue donated money to restore the official position, and later became Zuo Chunfang and Zuo ZanshanDaily speaking, daily living, registration officer。Before long, his parents died one after another, and Ding You returned to his hometown.[3]
In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), Xu Qianxue, with the help of others, began to compile an important book on funeral rites《Comprehensive Examination of Reading Rites》In 120 volumes, he draws on the theories of various schools of thought and analyzes the meaning thoroughly.After several revisions, his son started publishing two years after his death.It should be pointed out that some materials used to compile this book are plagiarismWan Sitong。
In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), heNalanxingdeCollect the books of the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming scholars to interpret scriptures, and compile them into 1795 volumes of Tongzhi Hall Nine Classics Interpretation.
In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), Xu Qianxue was appointed《Ming History》President Officer.
In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683)Imperial AcademyServe as a lecturer.Later, Xu Qianxue was promoted to a bachelor of lectures.
Promotion of Imperial Academy
In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Xu Shuping, the son of Xu Qianxue, and Xu Shusheng, the nephew of Xu Qianxue, passed the Shuntian Village Examination.Emperor Kangxi first saw that most of the candidates in the institute were Zhejiang natives from the south of the Yangtze River. Among the candidates from the south, there were some paradoxes in literature and theory, and those whose style was not correct also won the exam. Emperor Kangxi ordered to investigate the examination paper again.As a result, the officials of the original exam were dismissed and severely punished, and the two children of the Xu family also fell behind.At the end of the year, Xu Qianxue movedZhanshi MansionZhan Shi.[5]
In the 24th year of Kangxi's reign (1685), Han Lin and Zhan worked inthe Hall of Preserving HarmonyXu Qianxue and Han XuanSun Yuexuan、Gui Yun SuHe was rewarded by the emperor and promoted to Xu QianxueCabinet Bachelor, onSouth studybe on duty.Xu Qianxue takes the post《Great Qing Festival》《Unified annals》Vice president, teachingAn ordinary and lucky man, compiled a book for Shujishi《Treaty of the Academy》, this book was later collected《Edited by Xuehai》。In the same year, he presided over the interpretation of the《Ancient Prose》Out of draft, 64 volumes.In the same year, the minister of the household, Selen, asked to ban the old money of the Ming Dynasty. The minister of the household, Ke Kun and Yu Guozhu, echoed the request.Xu Qian studied and thought that new and old money should be used at the same time.It points out that if the old rules of prohibition are established, it may cause trouble and harassment for no reason.Finally, Emperor Kangxi adopted his opinion.[6]
In the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), Xu Qianxue was appointed as the minister of ritesJingyan Lecturer。In the following year, he was promoted to Zuo Du Imperial Historian and concurrently served as the president of the Compilation Bureau of Uni President Annals.Andbright pearlFa LunYu GuozhuMake a grudge.Later, Xu Qianxue andSonggotu 、Bear Gives ShoesCollaborate to fight back against the pearl.Xu Qianxue made use of his studentsGuo XiuWhen Mingzhu was impeached, Mingzhu and Yu Guozhu were removed from office.[7]Li GuangdiXu Qianxue was said to be "treacherous".The folk song at that time said: "Nine days of tribute goes to the East Sea (Xu Qianxue), and the golden pearls of all countries offer to the people (Gao Shiqi)."
In the same year, he was promoted to Minister of Punishment.In office, he purged Taiwan Gang and impeached the two commandos of Gansu and Shandong.In the 27th year of Kangxi (1688), Xu Qianxue was appointed as the examiner of the joint examination,[8]
Begging to be impeached
In the 27th year of Kangxi's reign (1688), Zhang Gui, governor of Huguang, broke out a corruption case. When Zhang Gui was arrested and charged, he confessed that he had bribed Xu Qianxue and involved Gao Shiqi and Chen Tingjing.Later, it was sheltered by Kangxi, and the matter ended.Later, he was impeached by Xu Sanli, who said that "there is no good cause and no good article, so he should be expelled from the history museum to show his treachery". Xu Qianxue was advised to "release to the fields". In May, the Kangxi Emperor allowed Xu Qianxue to resign from office, and he took the book company and home editor with himYan Ruoqu、Gu Zuyu、Hu WeiAndHuang Yuji, devoted to the compilation of "The Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty", and copied the style of Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian", compared with Wan Sitong, Yan Ruoqu, Hu Wei and other official history and reference books, compiled《Later edition of Zizhi Tongjian》- 184 volumes.
In the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Xu Qianxue wrote a letter to Qian Yu, the former governor of Shandong, to cover up Zhu Dunhou. After the incident, Xu Qianxue and Qian Yu were both dismissed.His son, Xu Shumin, was also reported to have privately collected money.[9]In the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Jiangxi Governor in JiangnanFrata(Fu Lata, nephew of Mingzhu in the Draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty) impeach Xu Qianxue and his younger brother Xu Yuanwen for their illegal activities. There are 15 articles in total. On July 27th, Xu Yuanwen "died of fright and vomiting blood".From the 29th year of Kangxi's reign (1690) to the 31st year of Kangxi's reign (1692), Xu Qianxue's family was accused of more than 20 illegal acts.
He died on July 17, the 33rd year of Kangxi's reign (September 6, 1694), and his tomb was in Qingzhi Mountain, Guangfu, Wuxian County, Suzhou.[24]Kangxi ordered the great scholar to recommend people with excellent knowledge. Wang Xi, Zhang Yushu and others recommended Xu Qianxue, Wang Hongxu and Gao Shiqi. Emperor Kangxi ordered them to come to Beijing to repair books.Xu Qianxue had passed away before, and Yi Shu sent the "Yi Tong Zhi" compiled by himself to Emperor Kangxi, who ordered him to restore his previous official position.[10]
Main impacts
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Compile documents
Xu Qianxue has written many books.Nine out of ten of the official letters of the Kangxi Dynasty were written by him as the president of supervision and repair, and were valued by the world.After his death, he left a few comments, which were submitted to his compilation of "Yi Tong Zhi". It can be said that he wrote for life and died later.Xu Qianxue went back to the south to compile《Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty》At that time, some of the most famous scholars were invited to participate in the compilation of Dongting Lake Villa in Taihu Lake in the southwest of Suzhou.Among these scholarsYan Ruoqu、Gu Zuyu、Hu WeiAndHuang Yuji。Xu Qianxue and these scholars worked tirelessly to compile the "Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty".The materials are mainly taken from Xu Qianxue's famous library "Chuanshi Building".
Xu Qianxue is a great calligrapher.His private book collection is in the "Chuanshi Building". There are seven columns of the library, and the book collection armour was in the Kangxi Dynasty. "At that time, people who learned ancient classics, such as Yan Ruoqu, also collected many books."[11]First, we acquired most of the fine collections of Ji Zhenyi's "Jingsi Hall", and then all the collections of Li Zhonglu came under our command.There are more than 10 square meters of books printed in the collection, mainly including "Yufeng Xu's Family Collection", "Guanshan Hall", "One Sutra is better than all the gold", "Kunshan Xu's Qianxue Jian'an Library Collection", "Donghai", "Weiyuan Garden", "Jian'an Temple Collection", "Kunshan Xu's Family Collection", etc.The four volumes of Zhuanshilou Bibliography, the catalogue of books in this building, are numbered in thousands of words and not classified into four parts.One word is one cabinet, 56 cabinets;More than 3900 books were received.Record the number of volumes on each book and record the number of copies below.In addition, the original bibliography of Chuan Shi Lou and Song Dynasty was compiled, which was dedicated to the collection of Song and Yuan dynasties.,It was first printed in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), and was accompanied by the bibliography of Peilin Hall of Xu Bingyi.
The second son, Xu Jiong, whose name is Zhang Zhong, and whose name is Ziqiang, was appointed as a member of the Guizhou Department of Criminal Justice, Wai Lang, a Zhili Taoist priest, and a scholar envoy.Inheriting his father's collection of books, there are many collection seals, such as "Xu Zhongzi", "Xu Zhangzhong's Reading", "Xu Jiong's Collection of Secrets", "Pengcheng Zhongzi's Examination", etc. Xu Jiong is the author of "Five Dynasties Historical Records Revisited Examination".The fifth son, Xu Jun, also inherited the legend that the library was the "Qingjingshan Tower".[12]
Historical evaluation
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The History Draft of the Qing Dynasty: Confucian officials were directly in charge of the internal court, which was called the "study", and the old name was preserved before entering the customs.Go to the study and teach the princes to read and respect them as masters;The south study is dedicated to poetry, calligraphy and painting. It is clearly divided into different places and participates in the secret.Qianxue and Shiqi entered Zhizhi successively, and Hongxu also advanced with literature.By virtue of his power, he helped each other, took bribes and profited from others, so that he was repeatedly impeached, and Shengzu Qu was saved.Qian Xue and Hong Xu were able to follow the book store and compile the book. How fortunate that Shi Qi ended up being gracious![13]
Xu Sanli"Since there is no good cause and no good article, we should expel them from the history museum to show that they are far traitors".
Wan SitongAccording to the book collection song of Chuanshilou, "Mr. Donghai has already stored thousands of spare copies of his sex books, and he has searched the world for the lost books. He is really poor in four storerooms."
Huang ZongxiHe was praised in Zhuanshilou Collection of Books, saying: "The world's book collectors may not be able to read and the readers may not be able to write, and the teacher is not one of the three, not the modern book collectors."
Wang WanHe wrote Zhuanshilouji, in which he said that Xu's collection of books was "a collection of families and categories, followed by each other, and the standard was vast, and the key was brilliant".
Emperor Qianlong: Xu Qian learned from Ah Fu's powerful family, and became virtuous and stole literary reputation. Their moral character was not sufficient.However, they do not waste words with others, so they have complete supplements, correct errors, and achieve perfection.
”Liang Qichao's Complete Works of Liang Qichao: "They are pure academic villains, fanning the evil wind for three hundred years, and the pernicious influence today is no more than Xu Qianxue, Tang Bin, Li Guangdi and Mao Qiling."
Anecdotes and allusions
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It's said to be the name of the building
The books of the collectors in the north and south belong to their families, and are said to be the best in the world.Jiang Duweng's "Biography of the Building" records that Mr. Xu summoned his descendants upstairs and said, "What can I pass on to you? Those who once felt that they were elders often wanted to pass on their descendants' land and money, but their descendants may not be rich for generations; they want to pass on gold, jade, treasures and shells, but their descendants may not be able to keep these treasures;They want to pass on to their descendants the tools of gardens, terraces, singing and dancing carriages and horses, but their descendants may not enjoy entertainment from generation to generation;In view of the above, what shall I pass on to you? "Xu Qianxue pointed at these books and said with a happy smile, "The only one who has passed them on is the right one!" He immediately named the library "Chuanshilou".
To welcome and flatter
Xu Qianxue was deeply loved by the Emperor Kangxi at that time. He was dedicated to awarding and selecting scholars and finding talents as his own invitation.Therefore, some people like to live in himRope Carpenter AlleyWhen he lived in a rented house, he read aloud to him every five minutes, so that the house price of Roper Carpenter Hutong was several times higher than that of other places at that time.Xu Qianxue was very powerful. Although he did not take the exam personally, the examiners listened to him.All the people who lobbied him got to Cody.One year, Shuntian, a Hanlin supervisor surnamed Yang, took the local examination. Before the examination, Xu Qianxue asked someone to send a list of people. When the list was announced, he ordered that "the number of famous people should not be lost.".When Yang counted, the number of people on the list had fully occupied the list.As soon as the list was released, the capital was in a big uproar, and anonymous posters were posted everywhere in the street.When Emperor Kangxi heard about it, he asked about it in person. Xu Qianxue sent Qu Yifeng to greet Emperor Kangxi, saying: "In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Han people refused to accept the appointment of a US official. Now the Han people are working hard to become imperial candidates, which shows that people are attached to it and should celebrate it." Emperor Kangxi was silent, and the matter has ended.
To flatter and attach pearls
Xu Qianxue first attached himself to the Prime Minister Pearl and opposedSonggotu Pie.After breaking away from Mingzhu, he became a faction of his own, competing with the Northern Party of Mingzhu.according toLi GuangdiHe said that Xu Qianxue was treacherous and treacherous, and was a dangerous figure in the court.After Soe Tu lost its power, Xu Qianxue and Soe TuBear Gives ShoesCollusion against the Pearl.
Xu Qianxue has poor moral character, covets the position, and flatters the jewels of power. History records that he "ascends the high and calls, and all people who value literature are attached to it", and "those who visit other schools are not denied the title".Nalan Rongruo, the eldest son of Pearl, was a student of Qianxue. He was a scholar in the 11th year of Kangxi, and was once Xu Yinxing《Tongzhi Hall Scripture Interpretation》And "won a huge amount of bribes".Zhou ShouchangOn《Siyi Hall Daily Letter》In Volume 5, "Stealing the Books of the Past", it is said that "Xu loves his talent and flatters the powerful... His mental skill has long been scorned by the Confucians." It is also said that "stealing other people's books and considering them as others' works, we can add another story of the book, which can be similar." Emperor Qianlong said in the preface to the supplement of "Interpretation of the Tongzhi Hall Scripture": "Xu Qian learned to attach importance to power, and became virtuous and abused the literary reputation. The two men's conduct is not enough.However, they do not waste words by others, so they have complete supplements, correct errors, and achieve perfection ".
Be impeached
Xu Qianxue was impeached and said that he had accepted bribes from Zhang Pai, the governor of Huguang, and was dismissed from his official position, but he still stayed in Beijing to preside over the president's affairs.Xu Qianxue collected the classics of the Song and Yuan dynasties,Li TaoContinuation of Tongjian Changbian, and Kaiyuan Rites of the Tang Dynasty and other books, either written or written in ancient books, are integrated into the body of these books and regulations.Emperor Kangxi said good and praised him.He and BachelorZhang YingThey wait around every day, and every book is theirs.Emperor Kangxi thought that the two of them were knowledgeable and knowledgeable, and that their attendants were willing to become emperors. He specially ordered that when there was a vacancy in the governor, they should not refuse.Before long, Xu Qianxue moved to be a waiter in the Ritual Department and was on duty for the lecture banquet.The Korean envoy Zheng Zaissong told his king that he was wronged, and his words were unreasonable.Xu Qianxue said that he was afraid that he was good at foreign vassals and was used to being bossy. He impeached him for failing to speak. If he did not obey, he would accuse their king.Emperor Kangxi read the Shuzuo and praised Xu Qianxue about the state system. Soon, the king of Korea went to Shushu to apologize.
Climb high and look forward to officials
In his later years, Xu Qianxue was dismissed from his post and retired from his home. He could have stayed in the forest. However, he did not forget his desire. Many activities were actually effective. He could go to Beijing to take up his post only when the imperial edict was issued.A few days before the Double Ninth Festival, the imperial edict will come.There was a slight mistake in the middle, so it was delayed for some time.Qian Xueqing was unbearable. Before the Double Ninth Festival, he took several guests to the Dongting East Mountain every day to drink and look forward to the edict.From time to time, I can't see a trace of smoke and dust. I am anxious and full of worries. In a few days, I became ill and soon passed away.The imperial edict is coming.Xu Qianxue coveted the position and was eager to make a fool of himself, which was disgusting. However, he was greedy to die first without paying for himself, which caused Jiuquan to be shamed and laughed at by later generations.
Xu Qianxue wrote 120 volumes of "General Examination of Reading Rites"
Writings
30 volumes of Dan Yuan Collection, 36 volumes of Yu Yuan Collection, 120 volumes of Du Li Tong Kao, 24 volumes of Wen Ji, 4 volumes of Wai Ji, Yu Pu Ji, Collection of Ci Guan, Collection of Bishan Mountains, Examination of Ancestral Temples in Past Dynasties, Preparation of Land Surveys, Minutes of Land Surveys, Records of Land Surveys, 184 volumes of Zi Zhi Tong Jian Hou Bian, 1 volume of Chuan Shi Lou Song Yuan Ban Shu Mu, 8 volumes of Chuan Shi Lou Shu MuThe Treaty of the Academy Volume 1
43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1615)Secondary tributeLater, Xu Qianxue presented the minister of punishment
father
Xu Kaifa
The word reads like this, and the number is Tanzhai.At the age of 15, he was a middle scholar and made friends with famous people in the southeast. After the Qing army entered the pass, he lived in seclusion. Later, he gave his son Xu Qianxue to the Imperial Academy for writing
In the 16th year of Shunzhi's reign (1659), he was the No. 1 Scholar, the official of the Criminal Department, the minister of the Ministry of Household Affairs, and the great scholar of the Wenhua Hall
Xu Liangcai
Born to Cheng, Xu Kaifa's concubine
wife
King
The daughter of supervisor Jin Yunqiu
Concubine room
Zhang's
Born Xu Jun
Son
Xu Shugu
In the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), officials went to Shandong Road to supervise the imperial historian
Xu Jiong
In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), officials went to Shandong to study
