Morphology is used to specifically study the essence of biological formssubject。This morphology is different from that of anatomy, which decomposes organism into various units. Instead of focusing on partial microscopic analysis and ignoring the overall connection, it requiresLife formsAs an organic and systematic approach to morphology, on the one hand, it is a supplement to the historical approach in reception research, and on the other hand, it is a continuing concern for the literariness of comparative literature.
The category of morphology (English morphology, German morphology) comes from the Greek morphe. Goethe advocated it first in his biological research. Goethe was dissatisfied with itnatural categoryThe excessive rational analysis tendency in learning is the reason for such planning and assumption.Of course, due to the limitations of historical conditions, Goethe's morphology, while correctly opposing mechanical scientism, also has someNeo PlatonismThe mysterious factor of.By the middle of the 20th century, two German scholars had introduced morphology into literary studies, namely G. Muller and H. Opel.
research objective
However, with the development of this term in biology, its meaning and Goethe's original intention have changed.As a major branch of biology, its purpose is to describe the biological morphology and study its regularity, and it often corresponds to physiology, which takes function as the research object.Broadly speaking, it includes most of the cytology that studies the morphology of cell stages, as well as the genetics that discusses the ontogenetic process.Morphology in a narrow sense mainly studies the shape and organ structure (anatomy, histology and organology) of adult organisms.In terms of methodology, it can be divided into physiological morphology that attaches importance to the relationship between organs and functions, and comparative morphology that focuses on comparative research, including systematic morphology and experimental morphology or causal morphology.
Morphological method is officially named "morphologisch Literaturwissenschaft", which is a basic theoretical study of literature and art. Its central view is that the "Gestalt" of poetry is the "Erscheinung" of organically composed nature;Poetry is a "Gestaltganzes", that is, a living organism, which forms a whole through a formative intermediary of creativity equal to nature.Each individual element and level in the overall configuration, and the works of art that make up the poem, are regarded as the "Metamorph" of the overall configuration.
significance
Morphology is the science of studying the form of animals and plants.What position it occupies in the theoretical framework of biology has always been controversial, and in a sense, it will be the same in the future.It is worth noting that since the late 18th century, people have often tried to establish a "pure morphology" that is more or less separated from biology, that is, a science that biologists, mathematicians and artists all like.Only when we understand that morphology is often used to represent some unrelated or very different developments can we understand the complex history of morphology.[1]
development
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botany
In the field of botany, morphology was based on C.F. Wo lff's argument that leaves and flowers had the same origin in the second half of the 18th century. In 1827, A.P. de Candolle founded organology.In 1851, W. Hofmeister determined that ferns and gymnosperms were in theComparative morphologyIn the later half of the 19th century, due to the histology of H.A. de Bary（higher plantResearch on internal organization), systematic histology of Van Tieg hem（Central pillar theoryThe presentation and discussion of), the organology of K.E. Goebel (comparative study of tissues and organs of the whole plant),Plant morphologyIt has been basically established.
After the 20th century, yesLower plantDescription of morphology, especially reproductive process andlife historyHas learned more about;At the same time, the formation of morphological structure continues to receive attention through experiments on growth points.
zoology
In the field of zoology, from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, there appeared the physiological (functional) morphology of G.L. Cuvier, which was opposite to morphology, and the pure morphology of E. Geoffroy, Saint Hilaire, etcComparative morphologyIt has a deeper relationship with, and has many similarities with, the biology of natural philosophy.In the 19th centuryGenesisThe content of animal morphology has a strong tendency to compare morphologytheory of evolutionThe establishment of has made contributions.In zoology, since genetics has long separated from anatomy as an independent discipline, the later development of morphology should be seen from each of its branches.After the end of the 19th century, we began to apply experimental methods to morphology that is both descriptive and evolutional, thus producingExperimental morphology。After entering the 20th century, due to surgery andtissue cultureThe development and research of experimental morphological techniques such asMorphogenesisThe developmental morphology of the process and its mechanism entered a flourishing period.And withoptical microscopePrecision andPhase contrast microscopeThe application ofelectron microscopeApplied to biological research, it is possible to directly obtainPolymer structure。
Through the joint discussion of other scholars, morphological methods are now based on the principles of phenomenology and the ideology of configuration theory.
linguistics
The grammatical branch that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.It is usually divided into two parts to study tortuosity and word formation.
mathematical morphology
Mathematical morphology is a discipline based onLattice theoryThe subject of image analysis based on topology is the basic theory of mathematical morphology image processing.Its basic operations include: binary corrosion and expansion, binary opening and closing operations, skeleton extractionlimitCorrosion, hit miss transformation, morphological gradient, top hat transformationParticle analysis, watershed transformation, grey value corrosion and expansion, grey value opening and closing operation, grey value morphological gradient, etc.
history
mathematical morphology Born in 1964Paris Institute of MiningG. Matheron and J. Serra jointly laid their theoretical foundation.April 1968 FranceFontainebleauThe Research Center of Mathematical Morphology was established, and the Paris Institute of Mining provided a research base for the Center.
The development process of mathematical morphology in the 20th century can be roughly divided into:
The gestation and formation period of the 1960s;
The enrichment and development period of the 1970s;
Maturity and opening up period in the 1980s;
The expansion period from the 1990s to the present.[2]
