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Elastic scattering and inelastic scattering are also called elastic collision andInelastic collision。In a collision, if only kinetic energy is exchanged between two particles, and the type of particles and their internal motion state do not change, the collision is called elastic scattering.For example, in the process of high-energy physics e+e - → e+e -, e+p - → e+p, p+p - → p+p, the type of the initial and final state particles and their internal motion state do not change, which are respectively called high-energy electron proton, electron proton, proton proton elastic scattering.In addition to the exchange of kinetic energy, if the internal state of particles changes or converts into other particles during collision, it is called inelastic scattering.For example, atomic ionization and excitation caused by electron atom collision, as well as μ+μ -, τ+τ - or various hadrons produced by high-energy e+e collision are inelastic scattering processes.
The difference between elastic scattering and inelastic scattering is that in the collision process, the two particles with elastic scattering maintain their original energy without energy transfer;In the two inelastic scattering particles, the high energy particles transfer part of their energy to the low energy particles.
Inelastic scattering occurs when high-energy neutrons (i.e. fast neutrons) collide with other particles and become thermal neutrons.
The study of scattering process is very important for understanding many physical phenomena.For example, E. Rutherford's research on the scattering of alpha particles by matter found that there was a much smaller atomic nucleus than the atom itself, but it almost concentrated the entire atomic mass;И。М。The experiment of electron atom collision carried out by Frank, G.L. Hertz and others proves N. Bohr's hypothesis that atoms have stationary states;In cosmic rays, gas dischargeGas molecule collisionThe scattering process also plays an important role in such phenomena as;Currently built in the worldHigh energy acceleratorIs to use the scattering process between elementary particles to study the properties of elementary particles and the laws of their interaction and transformation.
Collisions between particles are used to study the properties, interactions and internal structures of particles.If there is only kinetic energy exchange between two particles in the collision process, and the particle type, its internal motion state and number do not change, it is called elastic scattering or elastic collision.If the number, type and internal state of particles have changed or transformed into other particles in addition to kinetic energy exchange during collision, it is called inelastic scattering orInelastic collision。
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The study of scattering process is of great significance for understanding many physical phenomena.For example, E. Rutherford's research on the scattering of a particle by matter proposed the nuclear model of the atom;J. Frank and G50. Hertz's experiment of electron atom collision confirmed N. Bohr's stationary state hypothesis;buildHigh energy acceleratorIt is to use the scattering process of accelerated particles to study the properties, interactions and transformation laws of particles.From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, using high-energy leptonsDeep inelastic scatteringIt is found that there are dot structures in protons and neutrons.
