Ejection seat is a seat for pilots. It is a seat type life-saving device that can eject the pilot out of the cabin by relying on the power device under the seat when the aircraft is in distress, and then open the parachute to enable the pilot to land safely.
The ejection chair was invented by the Germans in World War II.At the beginning, the ejection chair used compressed air as the ejection power, but the difficulty in developing the air tight maintenance technology and the lack of power made this first "Generation 0 ejection chair" finally fail.Later scientists successfully developed the "first generation ejection chair" using rocket power.In modern times, the ejection seat has been a fully automatic program device. As long as the pilot pulls the ejection handle, the ejection from the seat to the parachute landing will be automatically completed according to the program.
Chinese name
Ejection seat
Foreign name
ejector seat
English
（Ejection seat）
Definition
Life saving equipment used by pilots in emergencies
In World War I, countries began to equip fighter pilots with parachutes.With the increase of aircraft speed, it is increasingly difficult for pilots to climb out of the cockpit and parachute.During the Second World War, the speed of the fighter plane had increased to more than 600 kilometers per hour, and the pilot had to risk being blown down by strong wind or being blown into the tail wing of the aircraft when he parachuted.Germany was the first to start research on seats that can eject pilots from the cabin.
In 1938, Germany had tested the rubber band powered ejection seat, but it did not meet the practical requirements.Later, the ejection seat powered by compressed air was developed. Although it was equipped with German military aircraft, its performance was not ideal.So they developed the ejection seat powered by gunpowder.
They used Henkel 289 and Downey 335 military aircraft to carry out tests. They installed the modified anti-aircraft gun powder on the aircraft seat and ejected the pilot and seat together out of the cabin with the power of ammunition explosion.
In 1940, the ground test was carried out, and the test personnel were successfully ejected from the ground plane into the air.Later, after flight ejection test, it met the practical requirements and was equipped with the air force before the end of the Second World War.
After the war, gunpowder powered ejection seats were constantly improved, and by the 1950s, they had been widely used in jet aircraft.In order to solve the problem of low altitude life-saving, the United States, Britain and other countries successively developed rocket assisted combined power ejection seats in the 1950s.
In the 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union first developed closed and semi closed ejection lifesaving systems on the basis of ejection seats in order to protect pilots from high-speed, low temperature, hypoxia and other factors when parachuting at high altitude and high speed.
Russian made Ka52 attack helicopter
In the early 1970s, the United States tested the flying ejection lifesaving system. The seat became a controllable aircraft after leaving the aircraft. After flying a certain distance, the seat separated and parachuted down.Most of the main fighters in various countries have open rocket ejection seats, whose life-saving performance can generally meet the life-saving requirements of the aircraft at zero altitude and speed of - 1200 km/h.
As the performance of flying modern fighter becomes more and more superior, the requirements for ejection seats are also higher and higher.But what is really famous in the world is the Russian K36 ejection seat.Its performance has been proved by actual combat.
The ejection seat is not only the patent of the jet fighter, but also the Russian made Ka52 attack helicopter.When the aircraft is destroyed or a serious mechanical accident occurs, the small detonator set up can blow up the coaxial reverse rotor, and then the two pilots eject in two directions to escape.Of course, only the Russian ka-52 has ejection seats.
Technical indicators
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Zero ejection seat
All ejection seats in the world have zero ejection function, that is to say, 100% ejection is successful under the condition of zero height and zero speed (nearly static).At first, the ejection seat powered by compressed air was developed, and then the ejection seat powered by gunpowder was developed.
Although all rocket ejection seats in the world at the beginning of the 21st century have the function of ejection and successful parachute opening under the condition of zero altitude and zero speed (near static), whether the pilot can land safely is also affected by many factors, such as aircraft speed, angle, ejection angle, etc., so the ejection seat is just a tool to ensure the survival probability of the pilot as much as possible,It is not an absolutely safe escape device.
Old style ejection seat
This is one of them
It is basically installed on the first and second generation fighters, and the representative models are MiG 19 and MiG 19 trainers.
1> The pilot manually pulls the ejection handle or pull ring;
2> The seat restraint device tightens the pilot's body and legs to avoid collision between the body and legs and the equipment in the cockpit during ejection;
3> The hatch cover throwing device works to release the cabin lock, take the hatch cover away by air, and pull out the connected traction umbrella fuse at the same time;
4> The guiding device installed at the rear of the seat works, and the projectile is fired, generating gas pressure to push the pilot and the seat out of the cabin;
5> When the seat rises, the anti G suit, oxygen mask, headset and other devices worn or worn by pilots will automatically separate from the cockpit;
6> After the seat leaves the cockpit, it begins to fall under the influence of gravity, and then the towing parachute opens and pulls out the main parachute;
7> The separation process between people and seats is basically the same as that of rocket ejection seats.
Since the old ejection seat does not have the rocket power of the rocket ejection seat, it cannot be used in ultra-low altitude conditions. The survival probability of pilots is relatively small, and they have long been eliminated. However, due to the large number of aircraft equipped with this type of seat, and still serving in some developing countries, it is mentioned that it will eventually fade out of the historical stage with the equipment of new aircraft.
Rocket ejection seat
Modern fighters have been widely used, such as J-8, J-10, etc
1> The pilot manually pulls the ejection handle or pull ring;
2> The seat restraint device tightens the pilot's body and legs to avoid collision between the body and legs and the equipment in the cockpit during ejection;
3> The hatch cover throwing device works to destroy the locking point of the cabin and snap the hatch cover open (or release the cabin lock to take the hatch cover away by air);
4> The guiding device installed at the rear of the seat works, and the main projectile is fired, which shoots the pilot and the seat out of the cabin;
5> When the seat rises, the anti G suit, oxygen mask, headset and other devices worn or worn by pilots will automatically separate from the cockpit;
6> When the seat rises to a certain height, one or more rocket packs installed at the bottom of the seat work to accelerate the process of the seat leaving the cockpit. At low altitude or zero altitude, the power provided by the rocket can bring the pilot to a safe parachute opening height, improving the survival rate of the pilot;
7> When the seat leaves the cockpit, a small parachute connected to the main parachute will be ejected to stabilize the seat flight and assist in opening the main parachute, also known as the stabilizing parachute or the towing parachute;
8> When the rocket stops working, the seat begins to fall under the influence of gravity, and the main parachute is opened by the traction parachute connected to the pilot's parachute (or the automatic parachute opener works to eject the main parachute);
9> The separation of the person from the seat can be done by the pilot himself by pulling the buckle to release the restraint device of the seat, but it will be done by the automatic separation device when the height is too low (because the pilot's body bears a great load during the ejection process, the brain may be ischemic dizziness, or even coma, and the separation process cannot be completed by himself),The height of the automatic separation device is generally 300 meters.
working process
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In the case that the cockpit cover cannot be popped off or thrown out, the seat has the ability to eject through the cover. The working principle is to use the seat top to puncture the cockpit cover against the seat's lifting force, so that the pilot and seat can exit the cabin.
Although all rocket ejection seats in the world have the function of ejection and successful parachute opening under the condition of zero altitude and zero speed (near static).However, whether the pilot can land safely is also affected by many factors, such as aircraft speed, angle, ejection angle, etc.
Equipment model
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K36 ejection seat
On the afternoon of July 24, 1993, when two Russian made Mig-29 fighter planes were performing at the Fairford International Air Festival, their flight paths were misaligned, resulting in a violent collision between the wingman and the captain.Both planes were flying at subsonic speeds, so the wingman's fuselage fell to the ground and exploded just three seconds after it broke.But the pilot ejected successfully in the air less than 50 meters from the ground.In this accident, all 2 pilots were rescued.Although the Russian fighter plane crashed, it made the K36 ejection seat famous from then on.
K36-LT ejection seat
In the summer of 2010, a Russian Air Force Yak-130 trainer fighter jet suddenly crashed out of control while flying.However, the two pilots not only survived, but were "unscathed".The K36-LT ejection seat plays a life-saving role at a critical moment.Previously, Russia announced that a new generation of ejection seat K36D-3.5 with more advanced performance has been assembled on the 5th generation fighter T-50, and will complete the final test together with the supporting system, and then mass production, comprehensive equipment, and build the last gate for pilot safety.K36D-3.5 is good at turning surprise into danger free.Its predecessor, K36D, is world-famous for its unique design and excellent performance. Many fighter planes and trainers use various types of K36 ejection seats.It was put into service in 1970, and has been continuously improved since then. It has produced more than 12000 sets, and is still recognized as the best ejection seat in the world.Over the past 40 years, more than 500 pilots have been saved. 97% of them not only successfully escaped, but also were in good health. They were able to continue flying soon after the accident.[1]
J-7E lifting ejection seat
The J-7 aircraft is a single seat, light, double speed daytime jet fighter manufactured by Shenyang Aircraft Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. It is one of the largest fighters equipped by the Chinese Air Force and Navy aviation forces due to its technical characteristics such as good flight performance, light and small flexibility, low cost, high efficiency, and simple use and maintenance.It was put into trial production at the beginning of 1964, and its first flight was successful on January 17, 1966.Production stopped in 2006.Later, on the basis of J-7 prototype, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation, Chengdu Aircraft Design and Research Institute and Guizhou Aviation Industry Corporation made several modifications.
The initial J-7 was not widely used in China, mainly due to the unique cockpit ejection rescue system of Migoyan Design Bureau.The hinged front cabin cover of this system is connected with the driver's seat, which can shield and protect the driver during the ejection lifesaving process.Due to the complexity of this linkage system and the rough processing quality, the ejection of this Chinese made life-saving system is easy to fail.
The J-7II flew for the first time on December 30, 1978. The original Soviet designed take away ejection lifesaving device was replaced by the self-developed rocket ejection seat. The new ejection seat is equipped with a high thrust ejection rocket. When ejecting, it not only accelerates steadily, making the possibility of spinal injury less, but also enables it to have a higher ejection trajectory.When the aircraft is at zero altitude on the ground and the speed exceeds 260 kilometers per hour, the system can also launch.In 1985, five ejection tests of this ejection seat, which was widely recognized by the Chinese Air Force, were successful.[2]
