Zhang Yuanji made important contributions to the publishing, culture, education and academic undertakings in modern China throughout his life[26], known as "the first modern publisher in China".[22][24]
Under his leadership, the Commercial Press has developed from a printing workshop into the most influential publishing enterprise in modern Chinese history[1]；He takes "supporting education as his duty" as his purpose[33]The new textbooks compiled by him are popular all over the country and have a pioneering significance in the history of modern education in China;He launched《Theory of Celestial Performance》《Camellia girl》A large number of foreign academic and literary translations have had a profound impact;Photocopy of its host《Four part series》, proofreading《Twenty four history of patchwork》As well as the creation of the Oriental Library, it has made great contributions to the preservation of national culture.Author《School History Essay》《Han Fen Lou Yan Yu Shu Lu》《Collection of Prefaces and Postscripts》《Personality of the Chinese nation》Etc.[6]
Chairman of the Commercial Press, a giant in China's publishing industry Proofread and print a large number of ancient books, such as "Four Part Series" and "Twenty Four History of Bainanben"
Zhang Yuanji in Qing DynastyTongzhiBorn on September 28, 2006 (October 25, 1867) in GuangdongGuangzhou[34]。Native place: Haiyan, Zhejiang.[7]
Haiyan Zhang's family is a famous family in western Zhejiang, and its ancestor is Zhang JiushiSouthern Song DynastyA famous minister of Neo Confucianism.Since the ninth ancestor of Zhang Yuanji built the garden, he has collected and engraved booksHengyeLater generations inherited the ancestral business and made the place a place of interest.The development and abolishment of gardens had a great impact on Zhang Yuanji's academic activities throughout his life.[36]
Zhang Yuanji spent his childhood in eastern Guangdong.He entered the school when he was seven years old and studied successively from Sun Yue, Tang Haifan, Zhu Yiting, Ma Fa, Chen Chubai, Fan Honggao and his uncle Liu Yunzhong. Later, he and his brother paid homage to his uncle Xie LiushengKart。[34]
In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), fourteen year old Zhang Yuanji returned to Haiyan with his mother and his family.The next year, his father Zhang Senyu died, and his family was in decline, relying on his mother and sisterneedleworkIncome for livelihood.Guangxu reign periodTen years (1884), he shouldCounty trialinscholar。In the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1889), he went to Hangzhou to answerLocal examination, MediumCite people。[7]
In the spring of the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), Zhang Yuanji went to Beijing to participate in the second round of the local examination of Yichou, claiming that he "learned from Wu CountyPan Zuyin”[23]。At the beginning of the 18th year of Guangxu (1892), he went to Beijing to participate in RenchenkeTrials, MediumGrade II AThe 24th Jinshi[2], joined the Imperial AcademyAn ordinary and lucky man。Same familyCai Yuanpei、Ye Dehui、Tang Wenzhietc.[36]。They were assigned toCriminal DepartmentGuizhou Si Renbe in charge。[7]
Relics of 1898
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the Qing DynastySino Japanese WarZhang Yuanji was deeply distressed by the loss of his country and devoted himself to the patriotic national salvation movement.Kang YouweiEtcStrong societyHe has frequent contacts with members of Qiang Society.[7]
In August of the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), Zhang Yuanji passed the examinationPrime Minister's Yamen for International AffairsZhang Jing, holding separate documents.When I was in Beijing, I often went toTaoran Pavilion, same asWenting styleThey talked about the government and advocated reform.Zhang Yuanji admiresWestern learning, advocating "Changming education" and "developmentintelligence of the people”Take the road of education to save the country.At the beginning of the following year (1897)Chen ZhaochangWhen it was founded in BeijingTongyi School, learn English, arithmetic and other new learning, with a view to cultivating talents.At the same time, supportWang KangnianDo《Current affairs》In order to enlighten the people, hope to learn from the western "useful learning", and strive for national self-improvement.In addition, he alsoEmperor GuangxuProvide some new books to make them realize the importance of spreading western knowledge and practicing modern education[7]。Same year andProlific translator of Western works into classical ChineseThe early thought was greatly influenced by the engagement[36]。
In June of the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Emperor Guangxu implementedReform reformZhang Yuanji won the leadership of the reformistsXu ZhijingThe recommendation of, and Kang Youwei were summoned.In September, he published "Announcing the disease, coordinating the overall situation to save the crisis" and put forward five suggestions: 1. Set up a political situation;2. Integrating the views of Man and Han;3. Communication between the top and bottom;4. The qualification of the appointed person;5. Be good at financing.Later, we made an upward turn. Please "set up vacancies for the new government office, and it is urgent to select talents carefully, so as to rationalize the administration and dispel the accumulated habits". It is suggested that we should eliminate redundant staff, and not send those who were laid off by the old government office to the new government office to promote talents.Therefore, Zhang Yuanji became one of the pioneers of the reform movement.In the meantime, in view of the fact that the reform was only on paper, he had a premonition that there would be "reaction" to the reform, so he had no more activities.In August of that year, he once worked in the General Administration of Railways, Mines and Railways.[7]
The coup of 1898Later, Zhang Yuanji was protected by Emperor Guangxu and only got "dismissed"never to be employed again”Punishment of.Zhang Yuanji handed over the school production of Tongyi School toBeijing Normal UniversityIn late October of the same year, he left Beijing with his family and settled in Shanghai[36], onLi HongzhangUnder the recommendationindustrial promoterAppointed to prepareNanyang Public School Translation AcademyIn April of the 25th year of Guangxu's reign (1899), he served as the president of the Translation Academy.Thereafter,Empress Dowager Ci XiHe was ordered to return to Beijing to become an official, but he did not respond politely.[7][45]
Education saves the nation
Zhang Yuanji, who was very indifferent to officialdom, was determined to practice his "education of talents" and take the road of education to save the country.He cooperated with Yan Fu at the Academy of Translation, and was translated by Yan FuAdam SmithOf《Yuanfu》One book was published and paid a high salary, which was the first of a generation.At the beginning of the 27th year of Guangxu's reign (1901), he was also acting Prime Minister of Nanyang Public School.In January of the following year (1902), it was founded with Cai Yuanpei, etc《Diplomatic Newspaper》Ten day magazine, introducing international trends and knowledge, advocating "civilized xenophobia".In February, Nanyang Public School set up a special economic class, and Cai Yuanpei was hired asGeneral teaching，Hu Renyuan、an early advocate of vocational educationTo teach, learn new western learning and cultivate new talents.At the same time, it also helpscommercial pressCarry out book translation and become a shareholder of the business.[7]
The Commercial Press was originally a printerXia RuifangIn 1902, Cai Yuanpei was appointed as the director of the compilation institute.In the winter of the following year (1903), Cai Yuanpeiyin“Su Bao case”When he left Shanghai for Qingdao, Zhang Yuanji was also dissatisfied with the bureaucratic habits of Nanyang Public Schools and supervised by the BritishFergusonDisagreement[45], so he resigned and transferred to business and took over the post of director of the Compilation Institute.In view of the lack of human resources, financial resources, technology and experience in business, he resolutely proposed a joint venture with Japanese bookseller Jin Gangtang.Simultaneously employJiang Weiqiao、Du YaquanSome scholars who know new learning will serve as editors. Yan Fu will be invited to translate world classics and publish western classics to communicate Chinese and western cultures;And invited textbook editing experts from Japan, including Shotaro Nagao, as consultants, andGao MengdanAnd so onprivate schoolTextbooks, published textbooks, were compiled into the earliest "Latest Textbooks" in China.The publication of the Latest Business Textbook, equipped with teaching methods for teachers, is far more than the old enlightenment textbooks.From 1904 to 1905, he edited and published with Cai Yuanpei and others《The latest self-cultivation textbook》Pay attention to personality and moral education.Later, Zhang Yuanji employed only the right people, was good at collecting progressive talents, strengthened the editing force, and published more than 1000 kinds of textbooks, teaching methods, reference books, literary works, etc., becoming the first publishing institution to publish complete sets of textbooks for primary and secondary schools in China.In ten years, business has rapidly developed from a small printing house to a new modern publishing enterprise.Therefore, Zhang Yuanji can be called the founder of the modernization of China's publishing industry, and the meritorious person of the Commercial Press who stepped into the modern printing and publishing industry.[7]
（Main reference materials of atlas[35]）
Support constitutionalism
When Zhang Yuanji entered the Commercial Press to practice his "Changming education" and "developing the wisdom of the people", the domestic political storm became more fierce,revolutionariesandConstitutionalismSimultaneously launch activities.Zhang Yuanji advocated on the side of the constitutionalistsconstitutionalism, hoping to establish aconstitutional monarchyThe ideal government.In the summer of the thirtieth year of Guangxu (1904), he andZhang JianAnd others urged the Minister of Military AircraftQu HongxuanAdvocate constitutionalism and urge the Qing government to issue edicts for implementation“Preliminary constitutionalism”。[7]
Provinces since the 31st year of Guangxu (1905)Road protection campaignZhang Yuanji is againstSuzhou Hangzhou Ningbo RailwayOne of the central figures in the movement of borrowing to protect roads in Britain.In July this year, he andTang ShouqianZhejiang Provincial Railway Company was established as a director of the Board of Directors.In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), it was started by the Ministry of Foreign AffairsChucai Hall, was assigned asTone up。In a few months in Beijing, he drafted more than ten articles of association and measures of various appendix categories for the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Established by the Qing DynastyQing Ministry of CommunicationsWhen Zhang Yuanji was asked to take charge of the department, he refused.Return to the south in October.In the winter of the same year, he led the Zhejiang delegation to Beijing to petition and won the victory of not taking Zhejiang railway as collateral.At the end of the year, he was elected Vice President of the Preparatory Constitutional Association.[7][36]
In the 33rd year of Guangxu's reign (1907), Zhang Yuanji resigned from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Posts and Communications as a director of the Commercial Press.[36]In October, he was elected as the vice president of Zhejiang Provincial Refusal Association.In November,Preparatory Constitutional AssociationAt the second plenary meeting held in Shanghai, he andZhou JindongEighteen people will serve as the staff of the association.At the same time《Oriental Magazine》Advocate constitutionalism and publish a series of new books for disseminationnational sovereignty、Citizenship、representative system、local self-government、IndividualismAnd other political thoughts.[7]In the same year, presided over the publishingWu GuangjiantranslateAlexandre Dumas《Xia Yinji》《Continued Xia Yinji》It is the origin of Chinese vernacular translated novels.[36]
Since the 34th year of Guangxu (1908), Zhang Yuanji has participated in editing《etymology》, which took eight years to complete.[36]
From March to December of the second year of Xuantong (1910), Zhang Yuanji made a round the world trip.[36]
Keep pace with the times
Zhang Yuanji in Middle Age
In the third year of Xuantong (1911), he and others set up a law and politics magazine in Shanghai, and started the publication of "Law and Politics Magazine";Attended various meetings of the Central Education Association in Beijing and was elected as the vice president of the Central Education Association[42]。In July, the decision was made to select and print ancient books.[36]October,Revolution of 1911Zhang Yuanji, on behalf of Zhejiang Province, attended the meeting of representatives of provincial governors in Shanghai to discuss the establishment of a republic government.At the same time, he also often met with Zhang Jian, Tang Shouqian and other people to plan a meetinghigh Qing officialAt the same time, he advised the Qing Emperor to abdicate.[7]
In January of the first year of the Republic of China (1912),Provisional Government of the Republic of ChinaEstablished in Nanjing, the republican ideology gradually entered the hearts of the people, and Zhang Yuanji soon accepted the republican ideology.In order to meet the needs of educational development in the early Republic of China, he timely rectified the publication of business textbooks, "republished republican textbooks", published new dictionaries, and added the Natural History Department and the Iron Industry Manufacturing Department to manufacture standard models, instruments and exhibits to promote the development of business.[7]Since this year, we have been collecting information from all over the countrylocal recordsIn more than ten years, we have collected more than two thousand six hundred kinds of books, totaling more than twenty-five thousand six hundred volumes.[36]
In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Xia Ruifang died, and Zhang Yuanji was once the general manager. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916), he became the manager.During his term of office, he carried out business reform, and newly established the General Affairs Department to manage printing, compilation and distribution;Production of teaching slides and establishment of correspondence schools;A variety of comprehensive and specialized journals have been established, making business the largest new cultural enterprise in China.[7]
New Culture MovementDuring the period, Zhang Yuanji adapted to the times and shifted the focus of business publishing to the publication of academic books, reusingMay Fourth leader、Mao Dun、Zheng ZhenduoThey advocated vernacular Chinese, publicized women's liberation and supported the New Culture Movement.Politically, he opposed warlords and supported the patriotic movement of students.[7]
In April of the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), Zhang Yuanji resigned as the manager and took another postsupervisor。During this time, he got rid of many daily affairs, implemented scientific management on business, and comprehensively supervised the publishing business of business.Under its auspices, a new typesetting frame is designed to improve printing efficiency;Edit a set of eight volumes of New Law Textbook and publish it《First edition of four series》, and set the privateHanfen BuildingRenaming the collectionOriental Library, open to the public.[7]
On April 27, the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), Zhang Yuanji announced his resignation.In July, he was re appointed as chairman of the board of directors and formally retired.[7][36]
After retirement, Zhang Yuanji was still thinking about the development of business.In order to preserve and promote traditional culture, he continued to work tirelessly to sort out photocopies of ancient books. He went to Japan to visit books and borrow photosOrphan46 kinds of secret scripts[36]；He personally participated in the selection, collation, photocopying and publishing, edited and proofread a variety of modern collections, diaries, and ancient books, and solved a large number of historical problems and version errors.We also studied the "fax version" with workers to improve the printing level.Under his careful planning, since the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916), more than 50 public and private collections at home and abroad have been used to compile and print the Secret Collection of Hanfenlou《Four part series》《Continuation of Ancient Yishu Series》《Twenty four history of patchwork》《Preliminary compilation of series integration》Large series of books, such as "Siku Quanshu Zhenben", have made great contributions to the rescue and sorting of ancient books and to the promotion of the cultural heritage of the motherland.[7]His book selection is practical, and his mother's book is goodFax versionLithographyOur organization has created a new stage for the engraving and photocopying of ancient books.
In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), he was employed as the honorary director of the Photocopy Song Version Sutra Collection.[36]
Patriotism
On January 29, the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932)January 28 IncidentDuring this period, the Japanese army bombed the Commercial Press.As a result, this publishing giant, which almost monopolized China's education publishing, lost 16.3 million yuan and destroyed more than 80% of its assets, accounting for 52% of the national publishing volume.At the same time, 450000 books collected by the Oriental Library affiliated to the Commercial Press were also destroyed, most of which were rare and orphaned ancient books.Zhang Yuanji, who was 65 years old at the time, was deeply hit: "It is sad that the Oriental Library has not kept a piece of paper in the General Survey Factory for several days." Then, despite his old age, he stepped back to participate in the revival of business as the chairman of the board, and convened the board of directors to form the revival committee of the Oriental Library[36], personally serving as the chairman.[7]
On May 27, the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), he was elected as one of the initiators of the Chinese Museum Association.On July 5, he was appointed as a director of the temporary board of directors of Shanghai Library.On November 24, the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), he served as a director of the Board of Directors of Shanghai Municipal Library.In May of the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), he served as honorary director of Shanghai Literature Exhibition.[36]
When the Japanese army invaded North China, Zhang Yuanji wrote it in vernacular with patriotic enthusiasm《Personality of the Chinese nation》(1936)[36]We should encourage our countrymen with the national heroes of all ages, make generous speeches, advocate the national spirit and cultivate national personality.At the same time, he successively wrote articles in Ta Kung Pao to expose the corrupt practices of Kuomintang bureaucrats, and published articles in Oriental Magazine to arouse people's understanding of the Kuomintang's foolish rule.[7]
After the beginning of the comprehensive war of resistance against Japan, Zhang Yuanji stayed in Shanghai.He upholds the national interests and resolutely refuses to allow businesses to register with Japan.The Japanese army sent personnel to ask for an interview, but he refused to meet for a long timeTaoyinIn Shanghai.stayEnemy occupied areaUnder the circumstances of hard life, Zhang Yuanji used to sell articles to subsidize his livelihood. He intended to sell his house, but he never stopped rescuing and sorting out rare books. He worked with Zheng ZhenduoHe BingsongAnd other painstaking efforts to search the lost and preserve the literature;AndYe CaichuAnd set up private public libraries to encourage private donations of books.[7]
After the victory of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), Zhang Yuanji's career of selling words did not end. In selling words, he did not forget to "enlighten the people's wisdom", and wrote a lot of banners of "governance maxims" for educators.At the same time, he is extremely concerned about the revival of the post-war business.In December of the 36th year of the Republic of China (1947), he was promoted as the new Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Commercial Press[36], spend more energy on business.General ManagerWang YunwuHe resigned and became a minister of the National Government. The position of general manager was held by the KuomintangZhu JingnongHe took over, but Zhu Jingnong did not act in his name.Zhang Yuanji was deeply dissatisfied with this bureaucratic habit and forced Zhu Jingnong to resign in the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948).[7]
After the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, the people of the whole country demanded peace and democracy, and the anti civil war democratic movement rose, with Zhang Yuanji's support.In the summer of the 36th year of the Republic of China (1947), Shanghai students held anti hunger and anti civil war demonstrationsChen ShutongNine people are waiting to write to the mayor of ShanghaiWu Guozhen, Guard CommanderXuan Tiewu, supported the struggle of students, demanded reform, condemned the suppression of students by the authorities, and demanded the immediate release of arrested students.[7]
In the 38th year of the Republic of China (1948), Zhang Yuanji openly supported the patriotic struggle of students in the struggle against the United States and Japan.In August of the same year, Zhang Yuanji was electedAcademia SinicaThe first academician of, affiliated with the humanities and history discipline, was elected for the reason that "he has presided over the Commercial Press for decades, compiled and printed books such as" Four Books Series ", proofread and printed ancient historical books, and made great contributions to the academic field".[14]On September 23, he delivered a speech as an academician at the first academician meeting of the Academia Sinica《IndigestionWords[36], openly appealed for peace, demanded the cessation of civil war, and pointed out that civil war was“quarrel between brothers”And exhausted the country.During this period, he often wrote poems expressing his dissatisfaction with the corrupt rule of the Kuomintang.The authorities threatened Zhang Yuanji, accusing him of "making eyes for bandits" and "sympathizing with the Communist Party", but Zhang Yuanji remained unmoved.[7]
On the eve of the liberation of Shanghai in 1949, when the Kuomintang army forcibly occupied the United Library, Zhang Yuanji personally went to negotiate and maintain it, forcing the army to withdraw.Under the high-pressure rule of the Kuomintang at that time, he ignored his personal safety gains and losses and showed great wisdom and courage.After the liberation of Shanghai at the end of May, Zhang Yuanji was very happy.In late August, Deputy Director of the United Front Department of the CPC Shanghai Municipal CommitteeCome back every weekTell Zhang Yuanji that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has decided to invite him to attend the first plenary session of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the New China as a specially invited representative in PeipingFounding Ceremony。On September 6, Zhang Yuanji went north to attend the National Political Consultative Conference.On September 30, he was elected as a member of the first CPPCC National Committee, and in December, he served as a member of the East China Military and Political Commission.[7][16][36]
1952Shanghai Museum of Culture and HistoryCurator.In 1954, he was electedThe First National People's CongressRepresentative.[36]In addition, it is the secondNational People's CongressRepresentatives, andPublic private partnershipChairman of the Commercial Press."The old home of hundreds of years is nothing but virtue. The first good thing is reading."[21]This is a couplet written by Zhang Yuanji in his later years.He devoted his whole life to the cause of culture, education and publishing with patriotic zeal. After the founding of New China, he was still an old man, enthusiastic about the country's economic construction and cultural undertakings, and edited《Han Fen Lou Yan Yu Shu Lu》Publication.[7][16]
I have been busy with you for 90 years, but now I have to hand it over;
In this new world, even if I don't live to be 100 years old, I will see peace![20]
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the United Front Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Peng Zhen, Chen Yi, Ke Qinger, Li Weihan, Guo Maruo, Shen Junru, Chen Shutong, Huang Yanpei and others presented wreaths and elegiac couplets.Vice Mayor of ShanghaiCao DiqiuToEulogyGu Tinglong, the curator of Shanghai Historical Literature Library, introduced Zhang Yuanji's life story.More than 200 people participated in the public memorial ceremony.In the afternoon, Zhang Yuanji's body was cremated at the Jing'an Temple crematorium.In September, his ashes were buried in Lianyi Mountain Villa Cemetery. Chen Shutong inscribed the tombstone: "Tomb of Mr. Zhang Jusheng in Haiyan, Zhejiang Province, Yuanji".[20][40]
Main impacts
Announce
edit
Zhang Yuanji becamecommercial pressAnd then presided over the Commercial Press for decades, making it from a humble small printing house to the largest publishing enterprise in modern China.His thoughts and management strategies have opened up a new era for China's publishing industry.[43]
Catch the trend of the times and expand the business scope
Portrait of Zhang Yuanji
When Zhang Yuanji devoted himself to the cause of cultural publishing, it was at a time when old learning declined and new learning began to emerge in the late Qing Dynasty.And all kinds of newschoolThe development situation of the Commercial Press provides an opportunity for the development of the Commercial Press.Zhang Yuanji was keenly aware of the information of the times, and timely seized the opportunity to set the correct policy of "supporting education" for the Commercial Press, so that the Commercial Press complied with and promoted the trend of new education, and published enlightenment textbooks successively《Preliminary stage of literature》Advanced Literature and Zhang Yuanji《Latest Chinese textbooks》。They "often discuss and study together for a lesson book, which takes a long time and lasts for one or two days", and their attitude is extremely serious.The textbooks prepared by them are novel in content, illustrated with pictures and texts, and welcomed by the educational community.It has sold more than 100000 copies in a few months and has been popular for more than ten years.In addition to Chinese, Zhang Yuanji also organized and publishedGezhiThe latest primary school textbook, which consists of 78 volumes in 16 subjects, such as written calculation, agriculture and commerce, "will be published soon, and the children's books of other bookstores will gradually become unpopular", becoming a model for textbooks compiled by various bookstores.For a time, "the prosperity of business textbooks is the highest in the country" to guide new knowledge and communication culture.Zhang Yuanji is keen on compiling and publishing foreign academic masterpieces.In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897),Prolific translator of Western works into classical ChineseStarted translating English classical political scientistsAdam Smith's works《Yuanfu》Zhang Yuanji learned that Yan Fu wanted to sell the translated text to Beiyang Translation Publishing House at a high price, but failed to do so. Zhang Yuanji paid a generous remuneration to purchase the translated text, and suggested that the phonetic translation of the words in "Yuanfu" should be "prepared for inspection, so as to facilitate learning". He also personally compiled the Chinese and Western chronology and names of people and places.With his great help, a set of 10 volumes of Yuan Fu changed fromNanyang Public School Translation AcademyAll out.For the first time, European classical political economy theory was imported completely, which played a beneficial role in promoting the ideological enlightenment of Chinese society.[43]
In the process of the replacement of old and new cultures at the beginning of the 20th century, the Commercial Press undertook the task of enlightening the whole generation of people who entered the school during the first large-scale school boom in modern China with new ideas, new knowledge and new culture.[43]
Introduce foreign capital and expand enterprise scale
The first capital of the industry.In order to improve the economic benefits of business and accumulate funds, Zhang Yuanji took three practical steps: first, he presided over the compilation and printing of new textbooks, which sold well all over the country, and won long-term stable high income for business;Second, catchConstitutional movementAt the time of the upsurge and the shortage of legal and political books, a large number of relevant books were launched, especially the 81 volumes of the great book "The Complete Book of Japanese Laws and Regulations";Third, compiling, printing and publishing various reference books, such as《etymology》《A Dictionary of Chinese Names》It has also become a stable source of profit.These decisions undoubtedly laid a solid economic foundation for the prosperity of business.[43]
The Commercial Press has attracted foreign capital and cooperated with Japan's Golden Harbor Hall, which is also an important reason for business to expand capital and obtain development.Jingangtang was a large publishing company in Japan at that time, with abundant capital and talents, rich experience in textbook printing, and monopolized most of the country's markets.In the 28th year of Guangxu's reign (1902), the reputation fell sharply due to the "textbook suspect case".Yuan Liangsanlang, founder of Golden Harbor Church, is going to invest in China and arrange some people to get out of prison for the suspicious case.According to the middleman, in the 29th year of Guangxu's reign (1903), Commerce and Japan's Golden Harbor Church each contributed 100000 yuan to form a joint stock company.The main reason for the Chinese joint venture was that the business at that time could not compete with Japan in terms of scale, technology and ability, and could only temporarily use cooperation for development and independence.Since it is an expedient measure, the business side holds the power of management.It is stipulated in the agreement that the Chinese side shall preside over the employment and administrative power, and the Japanese shareholders shall abide by Chinese commercial laws;It is specified that both the manager and the chairman of the board of directors are Chinese, and only the Japanese side is selected as the supervisor;The Japanese capital shall not exceed half of the total share capital;China has the right to dismiss the Japanese staff at any time.These provisions have effectively ensured the autonomy in business after the joint venture.The act of absorbing foreign capital has made business rise rapidly. The turnover of the joint venture in the current year was up to 300000 yuan, which has risen to 1 million yuan a year later.Business makes full use of abundant funds and actively introduces advanced technology and equipment.At the same time, he spared no expense in hiring senior technicians to teach his apprentices while working.Therefore, the Commercial Press can track foreign advanced printing processes, such as lead printing, monochrome lithography, photocopies, etc. All kinds of printed products are exquisite.In various industrial exhibitions held in China, Japan, Southeast Asia and Italy, it has won a large number of medals with its high-quality plates and various types.In just 10 years, business has gradually developed from a small printing workshop to a relatively modern modern enterprise.[43]
Business and Jingangtang joint venture, China is not bound by foreign capital, developed business, improved technology, and foreign capital has also been profitable.This mutually beneficial Sino foreign joint venture not only creates a precedent for equal cooperation among private enterprises.[43]
Employing talents to promote enterprise development
Passport of Zhang Yuanji as an envoy
Another important reason for the rapid development and enduring of the Commercial Press is Zhang Yuanji's talent oriented approach to employment.Business was originally founded by several people who share the same Christian belief or have relatives, so it is inevitable that there is a caring relationship in the employment.At the beginning of taking charge of the Institute, Zhang Yuanji tried his best to recruit some well-known scholars to enrich the editing team and cadre team, and formed an excellent knowledge group:Gao MengdanHe is sharp in thought, sophisticated in knowledge, and "weak in glory and profit", "self-sufficient in teaching and reading", even a scholar has never been defeated.He translated western books such as“PrometheusStealing fire ", published an article in the newspaper and proposed the abolition of kneeling and other shocking views. Zhang Yuanji was extremely appreciative of this. He invited him to the museum as the Minister of Chinese Culture and Culture, and later appointed him as the Director of Compilation;Kuang FuhuangHe is a doctor studying in the United States. He is proficient in English and has a sincere character. He is always loyal to business and scrupulous in his duties. Business and personal friendship are all based on the interests of the enterprise. Zhang Yuanji hired him as the minister of English;Young middle school teacherYun TieqiaoHe loved literature and made a breakthrough with excellent translation and novel creation, which was discovered by Zhang Yuanji《Fiction Monthly》Editor in Chief.Lu XunThe first novel, Nostalgia, was published in the Monthly Fiction after Yun Tieqiao's enthusiastic recommendation;better known as Mao Dun(Mao Dun) When he first entered business, he changed the course paper in the English Department.Once I saw the newly published Source of Words, I couldn't help writing a letter to Zhang Yuanji to criticize the gains and losses.Zhang Yuanji thought that putting Shen Yanbing in the English Department was "using non talented people", so he was transferred to the Ministry of Culture and Culture.Facts have proved that Shen Yanbing's literary talent is far better than his English translation.[43]
Zhang Yuanji paid attention to the recruitment of talents and the cultivation of talents.He advocated to increase the talents of employees in practical work, as well as employees' self-study and part-time study.CommercialHanfen BuildingandOriental LibraryAt that time, many publishing houses in the world could not catch up with his rich collection of books.Zhang Yuanji instructed the library to lend books in the library, regardless of the industry or spare time.Good scholars benefit a lot.Zhang Yuanji is often subsidized by the library to support the editorial staff with considerable knowledge in their further study.The Commercial Press also set up a commercial cram school, with Zhang Yuanji as the principal. From the first year of Xuantong (1909) to the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), it had seven sessions, with more than 300 graduates.These people were assigned to various departments and branches of the company to take positions and become the backbone of the business of the enterprise.Zhang Yuanji broke the old family concept and narrow regional vision in employment, and found, supported and reused talents in the whole society.He believes that relying on the old people often leads to "the company will not work with spirit, and the cause cannot progress at any time".He advocates attracting new people who adapt to the development trend of the times in many ways to "prepare to replace people and cultivate new progress" for the future development of the enterprise.Zhang Yuanji attached great importance to employment, but he was extremely strict in this respect.At the beginning of the 1930s, his son Zhang Shunian returned from studying in the United States and wanted to work in business, but was rejected by Zhang Yuanji.He believes that: if you want to arrange, it will inevitably bring adverse effects;It is difficult for them to be fair, and they will be constrained in employment decision-making, operation and management in the future.[43]
Zhang Yuanji's talent oriented and new development oriented concept in managing business actually constitutes the main reason why the Commercial Press has rapidly become a cultural center.Through the Commercial Press, he provided new venues for intellectuals to settle down, and also provided free space for them to carry out academic research and cultural exchanges in an independent spirit.Zhang Yuanji contributed a lot to the development of China's new culture.[43]
Carry out reform and improve the internal management of enterprises
Zhang Yuanji attached great importance to the internal management of enterprises and tried to imitate the organizational system and management methods of modern western capitalism to conduct scientific management of the commercial press.In the second year of Xuantong (1910), he paid great attention to the management efficiency of European and American enterprises during his global inspection.As for the organizational matters of the company, he proposed measures such as "cutting down the organs, leaving out the leaders, hiring Westerners, improving printing, and adopting the rule of law", and instructed the accounting room to set up a register of readers' remittances, regularly check with each department, start investigating the bookkeeping reform of the accounting room, review the settlement plan, and personally draft a series of rules and regulations such as the budget regulations of each department and branch.In terms of financial cost, Zhang Yuanji tried his best to fund and sponsor things beneficial to the company, and tried to save unnecessary projects.For example, in April of the second year of the Republic of China (1913), Zhang Yuanji proposed that the wages of female workers should be paid within 56 days of maternity leave. This proposal was quickly concretized into the Provisional Rules for Wages of Maternity Allowances for Women's Tongues and was implemented that year.The business also specifically set up disease assistance and peerLife Insurance, peer children's education subsidies, clubs, medical wards, etc., all of which came from Zhang Yuanji's initiative or received his support.[43]
Due to Zhang Yuanji's scientific management and the keen management consciousness of the leaders including him, the Commercial Press has developed rapidly in more than 20 years.Especially in business expansion, technology update and capital accumulation.In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the business turnover was about 300000 yuan, and by the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), it had reached 9.74 million yuan;There are 53 branch halls and branches in Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and other cities.In terms of technology, business has been constantly innovating year after year, reflecting Zhang Yuanji's tenet that "the museum should use new machines" to modernize printing technology.Business has also made amazing achievements in the speed of capital accumulation.The capital was 50000 yuan in the 27th year of Guangxu (1901), 200000 yuan in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), 1 million yuan in the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), 2 million yuan in the 3rd year of the Republic of China (1914), and 5 million yuan in the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922).According to the Records of the History of Modern Chinese Industry, in the second year of the Republic of China (1913), there were 549 private factories and mining enterprises with a capital of more than 10000 yuan, with a total capital of 120.28 million yuan, with an average of nearly 220000 yuan each.The capital of the Commercial Press not only ranks first in the national publishing industry, but also ranks first among private factories and mining enterprises.It has developed into the largest national private enterprise in China within 10 years, and its speed is amazing.[43]
Preserve cultural heritage and photocopy ancient books
Zhang Yuanji has been in charge of business for decades and has always adhered to the correct direction of publishing books.The purpose of his involvement in the Commercial Press was to realize his ideal of opening the minds of the people, and he published a large number of academic works and textbooks, sorting out and preserving rich cultural heritage for the motherland.Although there was no broad market for books on international law, diplomacy and constitutionalism, Zhang Yuanji and his colleagues also published them because of China's needs at that time.He also founded libraries and collated and published ancient books.The original reference room of the Commercial Press Compilation and Translation Institute is far from meeting the needs. The company invested 100000 yuan to build a 5-storey building, named Oriental Library.In the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), this library was independent from the compilation institute and opened to the outside world, creating more powerful conditions for business staff to improve their level, and also providing convenient cultural services for Shanghai citizens, young students, experts and scholars.[43]
Zhang Yuanji was very distressed by the precious ancient books scattered abroad, and tried his best to prevent and save them.In October of the seventh year of the Republic of China (1918), he entrusted Fu Zengxiang to buy five volumes《Yongle Grand Ceremony》In fact, there are eight volumes in total. The seller sold the other three volumes to Tanaka, a Japanese, at a high price of 1000 yuan. Zhang Yuanji immediately wrote to Fu Zengxiang, saying that he was "deeply sorry to hear that the World Trade Ceremony has disappeared in China, and it is a pity that three volumes have flowed into the East Capital. So he sent a telegram saying," Eight volumes of precious books, please hold according to the East price, or add a hundred words ".The letter also said that in case of irretrievability, we should also try to take photos, "so as not to disappear in Zhongtu".[45]
Statue of Zhang Yuanji
In addition, Zhang Yuanji alsophotocopyA large number of ancient books.He photocopied ancient books and chose the best version;To promote Western learning, he wants to find the best translator;When publishing new books, he should use the best equipment and paper.Even the typesetting style of the book should be repeatedly reminded that the space around the book's version box should be widened, "otherwise, it will be troublesome at first sight".He personally reviews manuscripts, contacts relevant personnel, and even buys paper, presses, and ancient books.Among the various ancient books collated and photocopied by Zhang Yuanji, the most diligent and painstaking one is《Four part series》And "Hundred Anakims"Twenty Four Histories》。"Four part Series" began to be brewed in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915) and was compiled and published in the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922). It took seven years and is modern ChinaPublishing HistoryA huge project without precedent.The first edition, the second edition, the third edition and nearly 500 books were printed before and after, bringing together the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties at home and abroadA good bookAnd some fine manuscripts.Zhang Yuanji has personally done everything from determining the bibliography, selecting the original copy, collating the text, estimating the project and printing the paper.One of the biggest difficulties was to collect and select the edition. For this reason, Zhang Yuanji almost visited the famous Chinese book collectors at that time.Zhang Yuanji called this experience "Qiuzhifang, a collector of beggars, is close to Beijing and far away from Japan"[39]After the completion of the initial edition of the Four Part Series, Zhang Yuanji did another great cultural project, that is, the photocopy of the Twenty Four History of the Hundred Naik Version.The Twenty Four History tells the complete history of the Chinese nation since the Three Emperors and Five Emperors.However, the circulation of history has made it form various versions. Zhang Yuanji not only selects the best version as the base, but also gathers other versions from different places.The word "patchwork" comes from the ragged and patched clothes worn by ancient monks.Many books of the Song Dynasty are handed down with missing volumes, which need to be accompanied by other Song editions and pages, so they are called "patchwork editions".Gu TinglongZeng exclaimed, "Such a huge project is all written by hand, and the effort and effort of those collating notes and annotations are immeasurable. Zhang Yuanji has been doing such a job every day for ten years!" These two books also have the greatest cultural impact, and they are still the basic documents for ancient book workers at home and abroad.[44]
Because Zhang Yuanji is knowledgeable and has new ideas, the publications he advocates have adapted to the needs of the society and been welcomed by the majority of readers, thus creating higher profits and providing a reliable material basis for the further development of the enterprise.Just take "Chinese History Textbook" as an example. It is a general history of China's new style. It was published in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903) and received income in the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933)《University Series》。After the founding of New ChinaJoint Publishing Reprinted in 1955.A textbook has been printed for 60 years, which is extremely rare.[43]
Mao DunZhang Yuanji is indeed a pioneer in China's new publishing industryCaolaiPeople.He is not only a farsighted and enterprising entrepreneur, but also a knowledgeable person who knows both Chinese and Western cultures.He did not leave any special works, but each of the "Twenty Four Histories of the Hundred Nails" has a postscript written by him, as well as the "Journals of the Garden" published by him. It can be seen that he has profound cultivation in history and literature. "[11]
Hu Shi: "That's why I chose this articleLu Jia"), not only because it was written by Mr. Jusheng and I when we were neighbors, but also because Lu Jia's philosophy of 'saints don't empty out, and sages don't live in vain' has recently been matched with his positive spirit in life, and is also best used as a tribute to his birthday."[12]
Cao Diqiu"In my ninety-three years, I have experienced the great era of our country from the democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. As early as the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, I was keen to reform and save the country because of the corruption of the government and the deepening of the national crisis.After the Reform Movement of 1898, Mr. Wu devoted himself to the cause of cultural publishing, that is, while carrying forward the inherent cultural heritage of the motherland and participating in the work of the commercial press, he introduced Western culture, made the communication between Chinese and Western cultures, and made contributions to promoting the development of the cultural cause of the motherland. After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, Mr. Wu still vigorously presided over justice,Actively participate in the struggle against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang government.Since liberation, Mr. Zhang has actively supported various policies of the Communist Party of China, and the people of the motherland have also given him high trust and trust.In recent years, although he has been ill for a long time, he still cares about the cause of socialist construction of the motherland, and often praises the great achievements of the motherland with poetry. "[40]
Zhang ShunhuiZhang Yuanji andLuo ZhenyuTwo scholars who have made the most contributions to the collation of literature in modern times, and commented on Zhang Yuanji's contributions to the collection, collation and photocopying of literature and school history, thinking that his life was "a life of struggling for cultural undertakings, a life of being diligent and devoted to the collation of ancient books, and a life of never getting tired", and "a great contribution and far-reaching influence to the promotion of Chinese culture and the conduct of research"。[48]
Zhang Shunian: "The late father, Mr. Zhang Yuanji (Jusheng), was born in the age of declining national power and constant foreign aggression in the late Qing Dynasty. As a teenager, he received strict traditional Confucian education, and in 1892 he was awarded the Imperial Academy, Chang Guan, and Shu Ji. During his tenure in Beijing, he advocated the abolition of the imperial examination, the establishment of a liberal arts school, the teaching of science and foreign language knowledge, and participation in the Wucheng Reform.After the failure of the reform, he left the political arena and came to Shanghai to preside over the Nanyang Public School Translation Academy, entering the fields of education, translation and publishing.Soon he was invited by Xia Ruifang to enter the Commercial Press.For more than half a century since then, he has taken "supporting education as his own responsibility" as the purpose, started with compiling textbooks for junior high schools, worked tirelessly day after day, and spent 30 years with his colleagues to develop the Commercial Press into the largest publishing unit in China, providing a complete teaching material system for China's modern and contemporary education,It has provided a wide space for academic activities and made invaluable contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the West and the modernization of China's academic thinking.He adhered to the belief of his youth, that is, to promote national education and enlighten the people's wisdom to improve the quality of the whole nation so as to enrich the country and the country, and to practice and strive for it all his life.At the same time, he combined the economic and technical strength of the Commercial Press with his profound knowledge, and pushed the collection, sorting, collation, and photocopying of Chinese ancient books to a new level, from which he obtained a series of academic achievements. "[33]
Licky "Among the stars of the outstanding figures in modern China, Zhang Yuanji can be said to be particularly brilliant. In his early years, he broke out of the old camp of the feudal ruling class and resolutely participated in the Reform Movement of 1898. After being spared from the reactionary coup, he devoted himself to the cause of culture and education and fought for it all his life.As a personal participant in the Reform Movement of 1898, he went through the Revolution of 1911 and the period of the Northern Warlords and the Kuomintang, and finally became a patriotic and democratic figure. He participated in the People's Political Consultative Conference to create a new socialist China, and continued to contribute to the people's cultural publishing cause. "[45]
Jiang Yihua: "Zhang Yuanji was born as a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. Zhang Jing, the head of the Ministry of Calendar and Punishment and the prime minister's government office in various countries, was dismissed because of his participation in the reform movement, engaged in academic activities, and then joined the business as a scholar, committed to publishing, and set a monument in the history of modern Chinese cultural development.As a scholar and publisher, he serves two roles. The high level of academic literacy has promoted the vigorous development of his career, which in turn has promoted the sublimation of academic research itself. Both the academic and the career have shown extraordinary splendor, which has set an outstanding example for Chinese entrepreneurs in the 20th century to promote the development of their careers by improving their academic and cultural qualities. "[32]
Zhang Ronghua: "The activities of outstanding people are often associated with a revolutionary stage and an extraordinary achievement.But his great contribution to the academic history does not lie in this. Even if people today conclude that "compiling textbooks - compiling reference books - sorting out ancient books - introducing Western learning" is not enough to summarize the overall situation.If we compare these flowers to beautiful flowers, we should not ignore the fertile soil that makes them flourish.The most outstanding contribution of Zhang Yuanji's life is to cultivate this fertile land.That is to say, through the operation of the Commercial Press, he worked tirelessly to establish a solid foundation for maintaining the independent ideal and spirit of academic culture, and achieved rare achievements, becoming a model of modern China's commitment to opening up the 'public sphere'.This is the unique position of Zhang Yuanji among the masters of traditional Chinese culture since the end of the Qing Dynasty. "[31]
Statue of Zhang Yuanji
Zhang Jie"Zhang Yuanji can be called the elder with integrity and integrity in the history of modern Chinese culture and education, and has made outstanding contributions to modern Chinese education and publishing."[10]
In his life, Mr. Zhang Yuanji has experienced the great social transformation from tradition to modernity in China for nearly a hundred years. He was in the struggle between the old and the new, the study of China and the West, and then came across the alternate historical turning period. Mr. Zhang Yuanji, who was born in the Imperial Academy, followed the historical trend and kept pace with the times.As early as 1896, Tongyi School was established to emphasize western learning and cultivate talents.Since then, he has written to advocate the New Deal for many times.After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, when he was dismissed and "never reused", he decided to go south to Shanghai, taking "Changming education and enlightening the people's wisdom" as his own responsibility. During the period when he presided over the Commercial Press, he recruited talents, organized the preparation of new textbooks, translated and introduced western academic masterpieces, and with a high degree of cultural consciousness and responsibility, compiled and printed many rare ancient books, such as "Four Books Series", which have been preserved forever,Jiahui Xuelin.[29]
Mr. Zhang Yuanji has made great efforts to promote the cultural exchange and integration between China and the West, and inherit the excellent Chinese culture.[29]
Yu Dianli: "What I can think of today is the emotion and reason he pursues, tradition and modernity, nation and the world... We are looking for a fulcrum, and this fulcrum is a balance.One of the core ideas of Chinese traditional culture and Confucian culture is called 'Shizhong', which is such an idea that not only the Commercial Press, but also China's modern culture and society, not only stand erect, but also follow the world trend.It can also be said in reverse that when we stick to our own culture and preserve the foundation and root of our national culture, we have not been eliminated by the tide of the world and have not been further apart. "[29]
Anecdotes and allusions
Announce
edit
The truth of book collection
Zhang Yuanji's Seal for Book Collection
Zhang Yuanji made great efforts to search for ancient and modern books throughout his life. He successively acquired the books collected by such collectors as the Jiang family in Changzhou, the Xu family in Kuaiji, and the Yi family in Taicang, and set up "Hanfen Building" as the library in the Commercial Press;Soon after, Sheng was recruited again“Yiyuan”、Ding Richang"Hold Quiet Room"leading bibliographic scholar who founded several librariesMost of the books in the "Yifeng Hall" have accumulated more than 100000 volumes.It was called "Oriental Library" in the 13th year of the Republic of China (1924) and opened to the public in the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926).Added in the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929)Children's Library。There are more than 518000 books in total, and more than 5000 kinds of maps and steles.There were many rare books in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and foreign magazines, newspapers and books were also very complete. The quality and scale of the collection of books ranked first in libraries all over the country at that time.In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), the battle of "January 28" was bombed by Japanese invaders.Only 500 boutiques were removed and retained[46]。He recorded these books for fear that the book would be lost.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Yuanji asked Gu Tinglong to help sort it out and put it into print, which was called "Han Fen Lou Yan Yu Shu Lu"[47], and dedicate these books to the government, which is now in possessionBeijing Library。[44]
Zhang Yuanji has a rich private collection of books. He has collected books in his ancestors. He collected Yiqin, especially the Song engraving.There is a "garden" in the library, which follows the ten generations of the late Ming DynastyZhang QilingIt is the name of the study of the Ninth PatriarchZhang WeichiIt was opened as a library, lasting for several generations."Sheyuan" has a collection of more than 3700 books of more than 1000 kinds, which were later deposited in the United Library for public reading.Shanghai LibraryPan JingzhengHe is the author of the Catalogue of Books Collected by Zhang's Family in Haiyan Garden.
selfless
Zhang Yuanji's ancestral home
Zhang Yuanji has always advocated valuing responsibilities over profits, and his annual bonus should be lower than that of other senior staff.He refused to accept full pay despite going to work as usual in case of physical discomfort.In case of sick leave, ask the company to stop paying their own wages.By the 11th year of the Republic of China (1926), when he retired, the accumulated funds with interest and principal amounted to more than 5100 yuan. He was asked to withdraw them, but he refused to accept them.The company had to use the money as an education fund as suggested by him to pay tuition fees for the children of low-income employees of the company.In terms of employment, Zhang Yuanji put forward the policy of "taking the society and employing talents only".He believed that "the death of the Manchu Dynasty was due to the close relatives; the decline of the company must also be due to the close relatives." Zhang Shunian, the son of Zhang Yuanji, who returned from the United States and was good at economic management, was an urgently needed talent for the Commercial Press.However, Zhang Yuanji always put the overall situation of the company first and put forward that "I have always advocated that the children of senior staff should not be allowed to enter the company, and I should set an example and act in accordance with my words".After retirement, Zhang Yuanji volunteered to preside over《Twenty four history of patchwork》《Four part series》As for the editing of important documents, he only pondered over the salary cheque submitted by the company, and then wrote back: "... I dare not accept it if I am broken, and I will cancel and hand in the original invoice, and beg for it back."[21]
On the eve of the founding of New China, Zhang Yuanji was invited to attend the first plenary session of the CPPCC National Committee.During the meeting, due to company affairs, Zhang Yuanji entrusted the reception office of the conference to send a telegram to Shanghai. After that, he asked Director Deng of the reception office several times for expenses, but Director Deng refused to answer.In desperation, Zhang Yuanji asked someone to go to the telegraph office to find out the price, and then handed over the telegraph fee to Director Deng. He earnestly said: "Public funds should not be abused. If this money is really difficult to deal with, it should also be left in the reception office as public funds." During the meeting, in order to take care of Zhang Yuanji's living, the relevant parties allowed his son Zhang Shunian to accompany him at the meeting,Zhang Yuanji "didn't dare to accept" the allowance he sent as a subsidy.A representative persuaded him to "regulate the supply and not be too modest", but Zhang Yuanji said: "Our father and son have come here, and food and accommodation have been very well received. How dare we spend public money again?" A month later, Zhang Yuanji wrote in his diary: "The reception office sends 16000 yuan of pocket money. On the original list, it was noted that" I dare not accept it. "[21]
Sell words to make a living
Zhang Yuanji's Letters
Pacific WarAfter the fall of "isolated island" in Shanghai, the headquarters of the Commercial Press had already moved to the rear, and the commercial distribution offices and factories in Shanghai had been seized. 4.6 million copies of books were copied, and more than 50 tons of type were printed. Only a small part of them were returned when they were unsealed.[37]
Zhang Yuanji still stayed there to support the crisis. He neither registered with the Japanese and puppet authorities, nor refused the "joint venture" and "cooperation" between the Japanese and puppet states, and only printed some old books.His own family is also increasingly embarrassed, and even a few rare books have been sold.Even so, he never thought of bowing his head.About the beginning of the 31st year of the Republic of China (1942), two Japanese people came to see Zhang Yuanji. He wrote eight words on the back of each other's business card, "The two countries are at war, so it is inconvenient to talk", and refused to meet.[37]
Zhang Yuanji andintimate of Sun Yat-senI had a personal friend.In the 1920s, when he went to Guangzhou, Wang Jingwei accompanied him to pay his respectsHuanghuagang Martyrs' Tomb。After Wang Jingwei cooperated with the Japanese, he no longer had any contact with them. Wang Jingwei entrusted someone to bring himChen BijunHe scoffed at his co authored "Poems of Shuangzhao Mansion" and ignored it all the time.
A large stone engraved with Zhang Yuanji's famous reading couplets in front of the library of Zhang Yuanji[21]
At the suggestion of a relative, Zhang Yuanji began to sell words. He wrote a letter to the manager of the Tianjin branch of business, saying, "Everything in Shanghai is expensive, and it's hard to make a living. My younger brother hasBook sellingMonths. "He referred to the works of the then calligraphersEmbellish examplesWe will formulate a "book trading practice". In addition to asking Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou and other commercial branches to distribute the practice and collect the written documents, we will also hand over the calligraphy toRongbaozhai、Duoyun Pavilion, Jiuhuatang, Jiguge and other calligraphy and painting stores.[37]He carved oneStamp, there is "Wuxu"DangguRelics ".Zhang Renfeng, the grandson of Zhang Yuanji, remembered that every few days, his grandfather would write several calligraphy works on the dinner table: "My grandfather used a large round inkstone. The bamboo pen pot was filled with large and small brushes. He wrote most couplets. First, he folded the cut rice paper into seven squares, spread several thick layers of newspapers on the table, then spread the rice paper on the surface of the brush, and then waved the brush.Sometimes I stood beside him and watched him write. Sometimes I stood opposite him and helped move the paper forward after finishing a word.Grandfather has several couplet handbooks and other things, which may be based on the identity and hobbies of the character seeker.When he writes, we can't talk beside him. When we finish writing, we can ask him about it. "[38]
Governor of Zhejiang Province of Wang puppet governmentFu's theoryHe asked a relative of Zhang Yuanji to send a picture scroll with an inscription and a cheque of 110000 yuan. He found it was Fu Shi's statement on the seal of the cheque, and immediately rejected it. He returned the cheque and wrote a letter, which said: "You are the governor of Zhejiang Province, and you are in deep trouble... So you did not dare to obey.".[21]
On September 19, 1949, Mao Zedong invited Zhang Yuanji to travel with himTemple of Heaven, accompanied byone of the Ten Great Marshals、Chen Yi、Su Yu、Cheng Qian、Chen MingrenEtc.On the way, everyone was in high spirits, talking and laughing happily.[14]Mao Zedong, Zhang Yuanji and others visited the Temple of Heaven and took a group photo.staythe echo wallWhen ancient Berlin was resting, Mao Zedong asked Zhang Yuanji to sit beside him and asked him if he had been here when he was an official in Beijing in his early years.Zhang Yuanji replied with a smile: "This is where the emperor respects heaven. How can a petty official like me come here?" Mao Zedong laughed heartily and said that the Reform Movement of 1898 was a progressive political reform, which would also bleed. It left us experience to learn from.Scholars who engage in reform behind closed doors have no hope of success.We carry out the revolution mainly by mobilizing the masses.When talking about the commercial press, Mao Zedong said that the books published in business are beneficial to the people. He has read the books published in business《Scientific Outline》, and get a lot of knowledge from it.Mao Zedong also said that commercial publishing《etymology》When he was in Yan'an, he always put it on his desk and read it when he wrote.[15]
That night, Zhang Yuanji tossed and turned and said to his son, Zhang Shunian, "I am very excited today. I have lived toold ageYes, I have met Guangxu, Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat sen, Chiang Kai shek, and today I have the honor to meet Chairman Mao.Guangxu wanted to govern the country well, but he was too weak, and there was Cixi on the top, but no effective assistant on the bottom, lacking the broad support of the people, so the reform could only be a dream.Although Sun Yat sen had great ideals and aspirations, they could not be realized.Today I met Chairman Mao. He is knowledgeable and ambitious. I think China's prosperity is just around the corner.In my life, I have never seen a peaceful and prosperous era. China's foreign invasion and civil war have never stopped. It seems that there is hope for peace so far. "Zhang Shunian later recalled: "I have never seen my father so excited."[16]
The second time was on the evening of October 11, when Mao ZedongZhongnanhaiMeet Zhang Yuanji at the residence of Yinian Hall, and have dinner with Chen Yi, Su YuZhou ShanpeiEtc.After dinner, Mao Zedong kept asking questions and soliciting opinions.Zhang Yuanji suggested that newspapers should publish more letters from readers with real names and addresses in order to make the situation better.Mao Zedong said that he could first set up a column as an example.When Zhang Yuanji mentioned that the country was poor and the people were hard because of the continuous civil war. In order to make the country prosperous and the people rich, it was necessary to develop agricultural production. Mao Zedong nodded frequently to express his approval.[13]
At the end of 1950, Zhang Yuanji learned thatPeaceful liberation of TibetHe wrote to Mao Zedong four times on December 30 and April 15, May 26 and August 29 of the next year with joy, and sent them to“Call depositPoems ", Snow in the West and Ancient Poems《Tibet Liberation Song》。Mao Zedong replied to the letter and praised "The poem of the snow covered western border is very good".On September 5 of the same year, Mao Zedong wrote back to Zhang Yuanji, saying that "the liberation song shows enthusiasm and generosity, and suggests that everything be well".This is Mao Zedong's high evaluation of Zhang Yuanji's two poems.There were about ten communications between them.[13]
At the end of 1952, Shanghai was preparing to buildresearch institute of culture and historyThe Central Committee decided to invite Zhang Yuanji to be the curator.But Zhang YuanjiyinhemiplegiaThe bed, didn't agree.The following spring, Mayor Chen Yi went to his couch twice to convey Mao Zedong's instructions:“Shanghai Culture and History MuseumThe first curator was none other than him. "He did not refuse.[14]
In the spring of 1958, Zhou En came to Shanghai for an inspection, especially to visit Zhang Yuanji in East China Hospital.Zhang Yuanji was already in a trance.Zhou Enlai stood beside the bed and said, "I'm Zhou Enlai." He moved slightly and nodded to show his understanding.For a moment, he said in a low voice: "Chairman Mao is very good." Zhou Enlai leaned over and said to him: "Chairman is very good, and I was specially entrusted to visit you." Zhang Yuanji's face showed relief.One year later, he died of serious illness.[13]
And Fu Zengxiang
noted scholar-official and bibliophileHe is an old friend of Zhang Yuanji, who is famous for collecting, proofreading and catalog edition.The two people have similar interests in collation, collection, ancient book photocopying and other aspects. Since they met at the National Education Conference in the third year of Xuantong (1911), the letters have been returned for decades. In 1983, the Commercial Press published a book of more than 300000 words, Zhang Yuanji and Fu Zengxiang, which collected 622 pieces of their books, containing extremely rich typology materials.[27]
Fu Zengxiang lay in bed with a stroke in his later years, looking very sad.Zhang Yuanji went to Beijing soon after he arrived in 1949Shilaoniang AlleyVisiting Fu Zengxiang, he described the visit in detail in his diary on September 12: "Going out to Shilaoniang Hutong to visit Uncle Fu Yuan (Fu Zengxiang's number is Uncle Yuan). You can't lie down, your tongue is difficult, and you can't speak well. Occasionally, one or two words can convey your meaning. When you see Yu Ruoxiang, you are as sad as you are happy. The travel notes on the head of the bed have been published in red, and there are five volumes of clouds in total. Also, you can check Ye Yuhu's Zhubi poem fan.It also belongs to the Shi Ji (Records of the Historian), which was taken from the cabinet by the king.There is an inscription by Shen Meilao at the beginning of the volume.Uncle Yuan wanted to take the bookmark he wrote, so that his servant could find it, but he could not get it. He was very unhappy. "Fu Zengxiang was fond of visiting famous mountains and rivers all his life. His footprints spread all over the country, but he ended up in such a situation at night. Zhang Yuanji was very sad and couldn't bear to stay any longer. He soon took the road to leave.[27]
A few days later, Chen Yi visited Zhang Yuanji and asked about Zhang Yuanji's old friends in Beijing. Zhang Yuanji took the opportunity to tell him about Fu Zengxiang.After the founding ceremony, Zhang Yuanji sent a letter to Chen Yi, detailing Fu Zengxiang's difficulties, with the aim of asking him to solve them.This is enough to explain the deep friendship between Zhang Yuanji and Fu Zengxiang.[27]
Zhang Yuanji is scheduled to leave Beijing on October 19 and visit the Tibetan Garden again before leaving.After this trip, Zhang Yuanji wrote in his diary: "I visited Uncle Fu Yuanji and inquired about the recent situation of friends in Shanghai. After hearing his words about Liu Hanyi, I told Xia Jiancheng and Mao Heting again. I sighed goodbye, fearing that this would be the last time." As he expected, Fu Zengxiang died ten days later.[27]
He is a famous scholar in Southern Song Dynasty. His works include Hengpu Anthology and Doctrine of the Mean.
Fifth ancestor
Zhang Xun (1728-1758)
Make a living by farming and reading.
High grandfather
Zhang Wanxuan (1750-1819)
Make a living by farming and reading.
great-grandfather
Zhang Xichun (1779-1841)
Make a living by farming and reading.
grandfather
Zhang Yingchen (1805-1863)
Make a living by farming and reading.
grandmother
Lv's
——
father
Zhang Senyu (1842-1881)
The word "Yun Xian" is called "De Zhai".byDonationAfter Tongzhi year, he was appointed as the magistrate of Huitong County and Lingshui County in Guangdong Province.
mother
Xie Shi (1845-1900)
Originally from Luoshuwan, Wujin, Jiangsu.Guangdong clothPhotopolishingActing as an agent of Zhaoqing Mansion and borrowing money from Luojiadu, Lechang CountyOn-Site InspectionXie Huanzeng's daughter.
Born to Zhang Yuanji and Xu Family.Graduated from ShanghaiSt. John's University, later studied in the United States, wonNew York UniversityMaster of Business Administration.
daughter
Zhang Shumin
Born to Zhang Yuanji and Xu Family.
grandson
Zhang Renfeng
——
granddaughter
Zhang Long
Born in 1929.
Source of the above content[8-9][25-28][34][36][41]
Zhang Yuanji is good atVersion directoryIt is also close to procuratorial work《Han Fen Lou Yan Yu Shu Lu》《Book of Song Dynasty in Treasure Hall》《Collection of Prefaces and Postscripts》It has become one of the examples cited in the identification of modern ancient books by combining the advantages of modern catalog style with the detailed records of Qi.In addition, he also wrote Essays on School History《Zhang Yuanji's Diary》Zhang Yuanji's Letters and Fu Zengxiang's Letters.In 2012, Zhang Yuanji and ZhesunZhang RenfengCollected and sorted《Complete Works of Zhang Yuanji》Publication.The Complete Works of Zhang Yuanji is edited by genre, including five categories of letters, poems, essays, diaries and ancient book research, with a scale of nearly 8 million words. The complete works are of great value to the study of Zhang Yuanji's life stories and thoughts, as well as the study of modern and contemporary publishing history in China.[22]
Commemoration for future generations
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Tomb site
Old picture of Zhang Yuanji's tombstone[20]
After Zhang Yuanji died, his family cremated him according to his wishes, and his ashes were buried in Shanghaia section of ShanghaiLianyi Mountain Manor Cemetery.During the "Cultural Revolution", Zhang Yuanji's tomb was "smashed", the urn was not destroyed, and the Zhang family managed to retrieve it, which was later buried in Jiaxing, Zhejiang ProvinceHaiyan County。[20]
Zhang Yuanji Library, located in Haiyan County, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, was completed and opened in 1987.In 2011, the new museum was expanded and officially opened to the public.The expanded library covers an area of 15000 square meters, with a building area of 11000 square meters.A memorial hall of Zhang Yuanji is set up in the museum, which displays Zhang Yuanji's works, manuscripts, articles for daily use and other materials.[17]
Sculpture
In 2017, sculptorsJiang TieliThe bust of Zhang Yuanji was inaugurated at the former site of the Fifth Printing Office of the Commercial Press, a cultural relic protection unit in Jing'an District, Shanghai.[19]
Commemorative activities
In order to celebrate the 115th anniversary of the Commercial Press and the 145th anniversary of Zhang Yuanji's birth, the Commercial Press, Shanghai Research Center of Culture and History, China Social Sciences Newspaper and the People's Government of Haiyan County jointly held the "Publishing Symposium of Zhang Yuanji's Complete Works and the Fourth Symposium on Zhang Yuanji's Academic Thoughts" in Haiyan, Zhejiang, the hometown of Zhang Yuanji, from April 25 to 27, 2012.[22]
2017 is the 150th anniversary of Zhang Yuanji's birth and the 120th anniversary of the founding of the Commercial Press. Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang Haiyan and other places have carried out different forms of commemorative activities. For example, Haiyan County held the "150th anniversary of Mr. Zhang Yuanji's birth and the fifth symposium on Zhang Yuanji's academic ideas".[29]
To commemorate the 155th anniversary of Zhang Yuanji's birth and the 125th anniversary of the founding of the Commercial Press and China Modern Publishing.On November 26, 2022, the "155th Anniversary of Zhang Yuanji's Birthday and the 125th Anniversary of the Commercial Press's Entrepreneurship · The Sixth Symposium on Zhang Yuanji's Academic Thoughts" was held in Haiyan, Zhejiang Province.The seminar was hosted by the People's Government of Haiyan County, the Commercial Press and the China Publishing Association, and organized by the Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television, Tourism and Sports of Haiyan County, the Centennial Cultural Research Center of the Commercial Press, Zhang Yuanji Library, Zhang Yuanji Research Association, etc.[26]
