Friedrich Wohler

German chemist

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Friedrich Wohler is a German chemist July 31, 1800 -- September 23, 1882 urea , broken Organic compound Is famous for his theory of "vitality".

Chinese name: Friedrich Wohler
Foreign name: Friedrich Wöhler
date of birth: July 31, 1800
Date of death: September 23, 1882

University one is graduated from: Heidelberg University
Occupation: German chemist
Key achievements: Synthetic urea
one's native heath: Eschersheim near Frankfurt

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brief introduction

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Friedrich Wö hler, German chemist from July 31, 1800 to September 23, 1882. He was artificially synthesized urea , broken Organic compound Of Vitality theory And famous. Weiler liked chemistry when he was young, and was particularly interested in chemical experiments. Joined in 1820 Marburg Medical University Studying medicine, but still often in the dormitory chemical experiment 。 His first scientific paper was "About Mercuric thiocyanate ", published in the Gilbert Yearbook and received Bezerius (Jons J. Berzelius). Back to Heidelberg University , a famous chemist Gemelin (Leopold Gmelin), physiologist Friedrich Tiedemann. Obtained in 1823 Surgery Doctor of Medicine 。 After graduation, he worked in the laboratory of Bezerius for one year, and later taught in Frankfurt, Berlin and other places.

Life

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Born on July 31, 1800 Frankfurt In nearby Eschersheim, his father is a famous local doctor.

From 1820 to 1821 Marburg University Study medicine.

From 1821 to 1823, he studied medicine at Heidelberg University and followed Li Obed Gamelin Learn chemistry.

On September 2, 1823, he completed his studies in Heidelberg University and obtained the degree of surgery Doctor of Medicine , recommended to be located at Sweden Stockholm Bezerius' laboratory work.

1825-1831, Germany Berlin Science and engineering school Teach chemistry courses.

1831-1836, Germany Kassel Polytechnic Teach chemistry courses.

From 1836 to 1882 University of Gottingen He is a full professor of chemistry.

Died on September 23, 1882 Gottingen 。

One loss, one gain

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One day, Doctor Weiler came home and said severely to Little Weiler: "The teacher told you today that you didn't work hard. Even if you don't like mathematics, you should learn it. You make me lose face in front of the whole city. You dad Not only here, but also Frankfurt Is bit Be respected Your doctor is also respected in other places, but you are one of our family lazybones 。” Friedrich looked at his father wrongly and frowned. "What kind of laziness do I have? I have read a lot of books and done a lot of things." "Do something useless!" His father raised his voice, "I want you to learn your lessons well! Bring your chemistry book." Friedrich thought that his father was not joking this time, hesitated, and reluctantly took out the book Experimental Chemistry 。 The book has been torn. Dr. Weiler rolled it up and said, "If you learn all your subjects well in the summer vacation, I will give it back to you." For Friedrich, there is no more severe punishment. Since he found this old book in his father's room Chemistry textbook He could no longer put the book down, and his room became a laboratory. Even the simplest experiment would make him satisfied: he lit a piece of sulfur, and did not care how suffocating the gas produced was. He looked at the blue and purple flame happily, and how magical it was! However, his most precious thing, the chemistry experiment book, was searched by his father.

Friedrich's eye Weepy Sit on the chair. His ears fever , pouting unhappily. In any case, he should be loyal to his favorite chemistry! Suddenly, he jumped up and ran out of the room at a fast pace. Buch The doctor lived far away, on the other side of the river, so Friedrich ran down the street. "I want to see Dr. Buch, will you?" He said to gatekeeper Say. "Please come in." Friedrich's father and Dr. Bush are good friends, but Friedrich himself is here for the first time other people's homes Come on. He knows, Dr Buch Knowledgeable And has a rich collection of books. But he never thought that Dr. Buch would have so many books! In the doctor's spacious office, bookshelves along the wall are as high as ceiling The corridor is also full of bookcases. Friedrich looked at these rich and valuable books and was amazed. "Why, do you like it?" asked the master, looking at the child. Dr. Buch was a middle-aged man in his forties and fifties, but his hair was a little gray. He combed it back, revealing a high forehead, intelligent eyes, and looked calm and kind. "So many books!" Friedrich said happily. "That's why I came to you, Dr. Bush. You have Chemistry Your book? I want to see it. " "Just looking?" Dr. Buch asked with a smile. He had heard from his friend Dr. Weiler that the child always wanted to do some experiments. "Well, boy, let me find some books for you." He pointed to a bookshelf. "Here are all books about chemistry. Choose whatever you like Come out 。”

Friedrich could hardly believe his eyes. It seemed that what was in front of him was not Dr. Bush, but Ali Baba and his endless treasure. Father searched one of his books, but he got a treasure house book! Weiler was so happy that he never stopped diligently To borrow.

Naughty boy

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Friedrich Copper sheet and Zinc flake Made a Battery pack He tried many times to get potassium, but there was no result. He also tried to put Caustic potash Melt, then turn on the current for a long time, but it also failed. Maybe the current is not strong enough? He thought in disappointment. He couldn't help touching the electrode of the battery with his hand. The current of this group of batteries was strong enough, and he immediately received a great shock. But it did not cause harm to the body. He decided to go with his little sister To make fun of 。 "I want to show you something interesting, would you like to? Come with me." "You must promise me that you will not make people angry." My sister said as she followed him up the stairs. "What is this?" She looked at the copper and zinc pieces. "Don't ask, you just need to hold it." MEI MEI reached out her hand, and suddenly a scream rushed out of her mouth, and she felt a strong electric shock all over her. Friedrich burst into laughter. When he unplugged the power supply, his sister lay on the bed with a pale face. There was still something left in her eyes Extreme fear Look. After a while, she woke up and scolded her brother loudly. "What's the matter?" Mother rushed in surprised. "Nothing, Mom. I just showed my sister how wonderful electricity is." "He wanted to kill me, Mom." My sister pursed her lips Complaint "Now my hands are shaking, and Elbow It's very painful. It's all because of his annoying battery. " "Friedrich, you really don't know how shy you are." Mother scolded him. "You have grown up, but you still do stupid things. Dad will never support your behavior." Father was really angry, but Friedrich explained to him that this phenomenon was not as scary as his sister said. "Women are too timid." Friedrich whispered. "I have tried many times myself. If you don't believe me, you can try it." Doctor Weiler didn't want to be in his son's mind Lose one's dignity , so he agreed to have a try. When he went upstairs to Friedrich's room, the young experimenter put two wireway He handed the end to his father, and then switched on the electricity, which immediately tied the doctor's hand tightly. No matter how hard he tried, he could not open his hand. "Friedrich, come on! Stop it!" His father's angry voice made Friedrich understand that his performance would never be rewarded. He hurriedly removed the electrode. Father has jumped up from the chair and grabbed Battery box Throw them all out of the window. "You are so outrageous! You have no brains!" Friedrich finally got a scolding from his father.

Interesting experiment

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When Friedrich Weiler went to college, he soon turned his dormitory into a real one Chemical Laboratory 。

Once, this Young scientist hold Ammonium thiocyanate Solution and Mercuric nitrate solution When mixing, we get Mercuric thiocyanate Precipitation. He filtered out white precipitate After drying it, I went to bed myself. But he couldn't sleep at all. He was early from dawn. Time passed slowly. Weiler got up in his clothes, lit the candles, and went on with the experiment. He put some mercury thiocyanate in Tile Let it close to the burning charcoal fire in the fireplace. After a while, the tiles were heated, and the white powder on the tiles began to make a sound of "popping" and spread on the tiles. Eh, it's amazing. Weiler opened his eyes wide. The color of the powder changed from white to yellow, and the volume expanded significantly, becoming more and more large. Weiler watched with interest what happened. When the noise stopped, he took some white powder again, dipped it in water, and rubbed it with two palms to form a white "little sausage ”, dry on the tile for a while, then heat one end of the tile violently Crackle It sounded again. At this time, the heated end of the "small sausage" began to expand violently, forming a large bubble. The spherical bubble quickly rolled along the "small sausage" to the other end, because it expanded to the whole substance. Finally, the reaction stopped, leaving a piece of yellow material that did not flow. Weiler stayed up all night. When he got up the next day, he took this decomposition reaction Write down. After Repeated test He published on how mercury thiocyanate occurs thermal decomposition Although the article is not long, it has attracted the attention and praise of the great chemist Bezelius. This event made young Weiler increase confidence in his own strength; So he decided to Heidelberg To open a new page in his life journey.

Scientific achievements

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Weiler published chemical dissertation He has more than 270 articles and has won 317 honors and memorials from countries around the world. He is a diligent chemist. His main achievements are as follows:

Synthetic urea

Weiler has studied since 1824 Ammonium cyanate But he found that Cyanic acid Joined in ammonia Obtained by steam drying White crystal Not at all ammonium salt In 1828, he finally proved that the product of this experiment was urea. Weiler accidentally discovered Inorganic The method of synthesizing organic compounds is regarded as the pioneer of organic chemistry research. Before that, it was generally believed that organic matter could only be produced in animals or plants by one kind of vitality; Man can only synthesize inorganic substances but not organic substances. Beccarius, Weiler's teacher, also supported the theory of vitality at that time. He wrote to Weiler and asked him if he could "create a child" in the laboratory.

Weiler commemorative stamps^[1]

Weiler combined his discovery with Experimental process Written a paper entitled "On the Artificial Production of Urea", published in 1828 Yearbook of Physics and Chemistry Volume 12. His paper describes in detail how to use cyanic acid with ammonia or ammonium chloride And Silver cyanate To prepare pure urea. With the success of other chemists' reproduction of his experiment, people realized that organic matter can be Artificial synthesis This breaks the vitality theory that has occupied the field of organic chemistry for many years. Then, acetic acid 、 tartaric acid And other organic compounds have been synthesized, which supports Weiler's view.

Isomer

The discovery of urea process also shows that the molecular formula of ammonium cyanate and urea are the same, which is Isomerism The earliest example of. Then Weiler discovered cyanic acid and another German chemist Justus von Liebig The formula of fulvic acid discovered in 1824 is the same. In 1830, Bezelius put forward the theory of "isomerism": the same chemical composition They can form compounds with different properties. Their chemical compositions are the same, but they are compounds with different properties. Before that, the chemical community had always believed that the same component could not exist in two different compounds at the same time.

Preparation of aluminum element

Used by Weiler in 1827 Metal potassium Reduced fused anhydrous Aluminium chloride Get more pure metal aluminum Simple substance 。 Weiler also found beryllium (1828) and yttrium in the same way, and named beryllium 。

Elemental vanadium

Another famous story about the discovery of elements is that Weiler is analyzing a Mexico Although I guessed that there might be a new element in the ore, I let it go because I didn't study it carefully Sefstrim, brother Nils Gabriel After careful analysis of its composition, the element vanadium was found. General scientific data In the above introduction, Weiler confirmed the existence of vanadium for Sefstrim after the discovery of vanadium.

Other contributions

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Weiler also separated boron , studied silane And properties of titanium and its compounds. In 1842, he prepared Calcium carbide And prove that it interacts with water to release acetylene 。

Weiler and Liebig are also working together Organic chemistry He has made many contributions. In 1832, he and Liebig jointly discovered Benzoic acid Group, studied the group reaction of organic chemistry; In 1837, they jointly discovered Amygdalin ； In 1848, Weiler discovered hydroquinone 。

Main works

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1: Lehrbuch der Chemie/Chemistry textbook, Dresden , published in 1825, 4 volumes;

2: Grundris der Anorganischen Chemie/Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, 1830

3: Grundris der Organischen Chemie/Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Berlin, published in 1840

4: Praktischen Uebringen der Chemischen Analysis/Analytical Chemistry Experiment Course, Berlin, 1854

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