Franz Joseph Haydn

Austrian classical composer

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Franz Joseph Haydn (from March 31, 1732 to May 31, 1809), born in southern Austria Rohau ^[1] ， Classical period composer, Viennese Classical School founder^[2] 。

In 1740, he became a member of the choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral. From 1751 to 1753, he created the first opera, The Cunning Devil^[3] 。 In 1755, he created the first string quartet. In 1759, he became the music director of Count Ferdinand Morkin, which was the first official appointment of his career, and he wrote the First Symphony in the same year^[4] 。 During the 30 years from 1761 to 1791, he worked in the Esther Hatch Court and created most of his musical works in his life, including symphonies, instrumental concertos, string quartets, piano sonatas, operas, etc. From 1792 to 1794, he paid two visits to London, England, and created 12 works during this period“ A London Symphony ”^[5] 。 In 1798, he wrote an oratorio《 Genesis 》, premiered at the Vienna Royal Theatre. In 1801, he wrote the oratorio Four Seasons. In 1808, it was the last time to appear in public to celebrate the 76th birthday. Haydn died in Vienna on May 31, 1809 at the age of 77^[6] 。

Haydn is a prolific composer. He has created more than 100 symphonies, more than 80 string quartets, about 30 operas, as well as mass and ritual music, cantata, oratorio, etc^[7] 。 Because of his contributions in the field of symphony and quartet, he was awarded the title of "Father of Symphony" and "Father of String Quartet". At the same time, because of his warm temper, love for children and concern for subordinates, he won the nickname of "Haydn father"^[8] 。

True name: Franz Joseph Haydn
Foreign name: Franz Joseph Haydn
Papa (nickname)
Ethnic groups: Austrian
Nationality: Austria
one's native heath: Rolau, Austria

date of birth: March 31, 1732^[9-10]
Date of death: May 31, 1809
Constellations: Aries
Representative works: Symphony No. 45 、 Symphony No. 88 、 Genesis 、 Four seasons
Key achievements: Viennese Classical School founder
Occupation: composer

catalog

▪ General characteristics
▪ Characteristics of each genre
five Character evaluation
six Commemoration for future generations

Composing experience

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Early life

Haydn's birthplace

On March 31, 1732, he was born in the village of Rolau in southern Austria^[1] , ranking second among 12 children. His father, Matthias Haydn, was a professional wheel maker, and his mother, Anne Marie, was a cook. In 1737, when he was less than 6 years old, he left his parents and followed his uncle Frank to Heinburg. In the following three years of living in a foreign country, I learned to sing and play orchestral music^[2] 。

In 1740, when he was 8 years old, he first came to Vienna, the capital of Austria, and became a member of the Children's Choir of the choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral. In 1749, because Pour out one's voice , was expelled from the Children's Choir^[3] 。

Vienna Youth

Around 1750, he temporarily lived in the penthouse provided by Michael Church choir member Spengler, began to expand his social circle, and met the court poet Pietro Metastasio and others^[4] 。

From 1751 to 1753, he created the first opera, The Cunning Devil. In 1755, he created the first batch of string quartets for Baron Joseph von Feinberg. These works are the first batch of works in the history of string quartets. The structure of these works is mixed in the transitional stage^[3] 。

In 1759, he became the music director of Count Ferdinand Morkin, the first appointment in his career. At this stage, he composed 15 symphonies for the Earl's small orchestra, including his First Symphony^[4] 。

Esther Hatch Court

Franz Joseph Haydn

On May 1, 1761, he signed a contract to become the second conductor of Prince Esterhach's band. In 1762, Prince Paul Anton died at the age of 52, and his brother Prince Nicholas succeeded him. Haydn served for the prince for 28 years^[5] 。

In 1765, he began to establish a catalogue for his works, that is, to compile the Manuscript Catalogue up to 1780; In the same year, the creation of the "Trio for the Upper Bass Violin" and the early "String Quartet - Divertimento" were published in Amsterdam and London, initially establishing Haydn's international reputation^[4] 。

On March 3, 1766, the old court musician Werner died, and Haydn officially became the chief orchestra conductor of the court; In the same year, he began to create large-scale vocal music works including religious and secular music^[5] 。

In 1768, he created the opera "The Pharmacist", which was written for the opening of Esterhach Opera House. In 1769, he created the opera Fisherwoman, which was the last opera created in the 1860s^[3] 。

In 1772, he created“ Storming ”The movement influenced Symphony No. 45 in F minor, which is also called "Farewell Symphony". In 1773, during the visit of Queen Maria Tracia, she performed the opera "Immaculate Deception" created by Haydn, and the puppet play "Philemon and Boris" of the singing drama type^[3] 。

From 1775 to 1777, he composed the humorous operas "Encounter by chance" and "Moon World". In 1779, he created the short opera Desert Island, which was scripted by Metastasio^[5] 。

Haydn in Creation

In 1780, he became a member of the Italian Monad Philharmonic Association. In 1781, after not writing string quartet for nearly 10 years, he created six string quartets of Op. 33; In the same year, it established contact with William Foster, a British publisher and instrument manufacturer, to sell Symphony No. 74 in E-flat Major^[4] 。

1784, and Mozart Acquaintance; In the same year, he accepted the commission of the concert of the Olympic branch, a Masonic organization, and composed the 82nd to 87th symphonies, which are also collectively called the "Paris Symphony". In January 1785, he went to Vienna to participate in the quartet performance dedicated to him by Mozart; In February of the same year, Haydn was absorbed as a member of the Vienna Masonic branch; In October of the same year, the European Magazine published a review article entitled "Joseph Haydn"^[3] 。

In 1786, he composed Symphonies No. 88 and No. 89 for John Tost, of which Symphony No. 88 in G Major was recognized as one of his best symphonies^[6] 。

In 1788, he composed Symphonies No. 90 to No. 92 commissioned by the Earl of Oni. Among them, Symphony No. 92 in G Major is also called "Oxford" Symphony. These three symphonies show Haydn's talent for orchestration, especially his use of woodwind^[5] 。

On September 28, 1790, Prince Nicholas died. Paul Anton, the heir of the family, was not enthusiastic about music. He dissolved the band, and Haydn was relieved of his responsibility. From then on, he ended the 30 year court music life^[4] 。

When I went to London

Haydn crossed the sea to Britain

In December 1790, I met Mozart for the last time before leaving for London at the invitation of Salomon^[4] 。 From 1791 to 1792, he composed 6 London Symphonies No. 93 to No. 98, among which, Symphony No. 94 in G Major is also known as《 Surprise Symphony 》Is one of its most popular symphonies^[7] 。

In 1793, Beethoven Start learning composition from Haydn^[4] ； In the same year, he composed Symphony No. 99 in E flat major. In 1794, he went to England for the second time; In the same year, he completed the creation of five London Symphonies No. 100 to 104. In August 1795, he returned to Vienna^[3] 。

Vienna in its later years

Portrait of Haydn in his later years

In February 1796, the oratorio Seven Words of the Savior was performed in the Black Mountain Palace. On February 12, 1797, in celebration of Joseph II, Haydn performed God Bless His Majesty Franz at the Royal Chinese Theatre^[4] 。

In March 1798, he created an oratorio《 Genesis 》It was premiered at the Vienna Royal Theatre, and 400 people participated in the performance. In April 1801, the oratorio Four Seasons premiered in Montenegro Palace; In May of the same year, the first will was made^[4] 。

In 1803, he created the last string quartet, Op. 33, String Quartet No. 68 in D Major, which was not completed; In April of the same year, the city of Vienna awarded the Honorary Citizen Award; On December 26 of the same year, he conducted the oratorio Seven Words of the Savior in the square hall of the imperial palace, which was his last public performance^[4] 。

On March 27, 1808, in order to celebrate Haydn's 76th birthday, the University of Vienna auditorium staged Genesis. Prince Esthach sent his carriage to take Haydn. The guests present included Beethoven, who was 38 years old at that time. This was his last appearance in public^[3] 。

On February 7, 1809, the will was revised for the last time; In the early morning of May 31 of the same year, he died in Vienna at the age of 77^[8] 。

Personal life

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Haydn's wife Maria Anna

On November 26, 1760, she married Maria Anna, the daughter of the wig maker. In their nearly 40 years of marriage, they never had children. Maria Anna's overbearing, ferocious and generous character forced Haydn to hide his income; At the same time, Maria Anna could not understand her husband's career all the time, which led to the disharmonious marriage of the two, and Haydn cheated many times^[4] 。

Main works

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symphony

Work No	S/N	tonality	also called	Creation time
I:1	one	D major		1759
I:2	two	C major		1764
I:3	three	G major		1762
I:4	four	D major		1762
I:5	five	A major		1761
I:6	six	D major	Morning	1761
I:7	seven	C major	Noon	1761
I:8	eight	G major	Dusk	1761
I:9	nine	C major		1762
I:10	ten	D major		1760
I:11	eleven	E ② Major		1761
I:12	twelve	E major		1763
I:13	thirteen	D major		1763
I:14	fourteen	A major		1764
I:15	fifteen	D major		1764
I:16	sixteen	B ② Major		1763
I:17	seventeen	F major		1760-1761
I:18	eighteen	G major		1757-1759
I:19	nineteen	D major		1759-1760
I:20	twenty	C major		1757-1763
I:21	twenty-one	A major		1764
I:22	twenty-two	E ② Major	Philosophers	1764, revised in 1773
I:23	twenty-three	G major		1764
I:24	twenty-four	D major		1764
I:25	twenty-five	C major		1760-1764
I:26	twenty-six	D minor	"Sorrow"	1768
I:27	twenty-seven	G major		1757-1760
I:28	twenty-eight	A major		1765
I:29	twenty-nine	E major		1765
I:30	thirty	C major	Alilua	1765
I:31	thirty-one	D major	Horn	1765
I:32	thirty-two	C major		1757-1763
I:33	thirty-three	C major		1761-1762
I:34	thirty-four	D minor		1765
I:35	thirty-five	B ② Major		1767
I:36	thirty-six	E ② Major		1761-1762
I:37	thirty-seven	C major		1757-1758
I:38	thirty-eight	C major	Echo	1767
I:39	thirty-nine	G minor	"Sea Storm"	1765-1768
I:40	forty	F major		1763
I:41	forty-one	C major		1768
I:42	forty-two	D major		1771
I:43	forty-three	E ② Major	Mercury	1770-1771
I:44	forty-four	E minor	Mourning	1772
I:45	forty-five	F ♯ minor	Farewell	1772
I:46	forty-six	B major		1772
I:47	forty-seven	G major	Palindrome	1772
I:48	forty-eight	C major	"Maria Teresa"	1768-1769
I:49	forty-nine	F minor	Suffering	1768
I:50	fifty	C major		1773
I:51	fifty-one	B ② Major		1773
I:52	fifty-two	C minor		1773-1774
I:53	fifty-three	D major	Emperor	1777-1779
I:54	fifty-four	G major		1774
I:55	fifty-five	E ② Major	"Principal"	1774
I:56	fifty-six	C major		1774
I:57	fifty-seven	D major		1774
I:58	fifty-eight	F major		1767
I:59	fifty-nine	A major	Fire	1768
I:60	sixty	C major	"A man in a trance"	1774
I:61	sixty-one	D major		1776
I:62	sixty-two	D major		1780
I:63	sixty-three	C major	"Roxolanny"	1777, revised in 1779
I:64	sixty-four	A major	"Time changes"	1773-1775
I:65	sixty-five	A major		1769
I:66	sixty-six	B ② Major		1774-1776
I:67	sixty-seven	F major		1774-1779
I:68	sixty-eight	B ② Major		1774-1776
I:69	sixty-nine	C major	Lauden	1775-1776
I:70	seventy	D major		1778-1779
I:71	seventy-one	D major		1779-1780
I:72	seventy-two	D major		1775-1776
I:73	seventy-three	D major	Hunting	1781-1782
I:74	seventy-four	E ② Major		1780-1781
I:75	seventy-five	D major		1779
I:76	seventy-six	E ② Major		1781-1782
I:77	seventy-seven	B ② Major		1782
I:78	seventy-eight	C minor		1782
I:79	seventy-nine	F major		1784
I:80	eighty	D minor		1784
I:81	eighty-one	G major		1784
I:82	eighty-two	C major	Bear	1786
I:83	eighty-three	G minor	Hen	1785
I:84	eighty-four	E ② Major		1786
I:85	eighty-five	B ② Major	Queen	1785-1786
I:86	eighty-six	D major		1786
I:87	eighty-seven	A major		1785
I:88	eighty-eight	G major		1787
I:89	eighty-nine	F major		1787
I:90	ninety	C major		1788
I:91	ninety-one	E ② Major		1788
I:92	ninety-two	G major	Oxford	1789
I:93	ninety-three	D major		1791
I:94	ninety-four	G major	“ Consternation^[11] ”	1791
I:95	ninety-five	C minor		1791
I:96	ninety-six	D major	Miracle	1791
I:97	ninety-seven	C major		1792
I:98	ninety-eight	B ② Major		1792
I:99	ninety-nine	E ② Major		1793
I:100	one hundred	G major	"Army"	1793-1794
I:101	one hundred and one	D major	Clock
I:102	one hundred and two	B ② Major		1794
I:103	one hundred and three	E ② Major	"Drum beating"	1795
I:104	one hundred and four	D major	London	1795

opera

name	Genre	Creation time	Script Author
Fisherwoman	Harmonic opera	1769	Gordoni
Cheating of disloyalty	Musical comedy	1773	Coltrini
Philemon and Boris	Puppet play of singing drama type	1773	C. G. Pefel
Unexpected Encounter	Harmonic opera	1775	Freibert
Fire	Puppet play of singing drama type	1775	nameless
Moon World	Harmonic opera	1777	Gordoni
True	Harmonic opera	1778-1779	Putini, Travaglia
Desert Island	serenata	1779	Metastasio

mass

name	Creation time	remarks
Mass in War Times	1796	It is also called "Timpani Mass", because there is a prominent Timpani sound part
Bernardi Mass of Ophida	1796	Also called Holy Mass
Mass in Hard Times	1798	Also called Nelson's Mass
Tracia Mass	1799	Maria Tracia is the Queen of Austria, and she may have sung the song
Genesis Mass	1801	Drink the oratorio of the same name
Band Mass	1802	Wind music played an important role in it

Reference source of the above music works^[3-4]

Creative characteristics

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General characteristics

Haydn's musical works involve various genres and forms. He has created more than 100 symphonies, concertos for various instruments, more than 80 string quartets, more than 50 piano sonatas, about 30 operas, as well as a large number of mass and ritual music, cantata, oratorio, vocal music for solo singing, small instrumental music (hip-hop, serenade, minuet, etc.), There are also many folk song adaptations^[7] 。

His works have a healthy, lively, humorous and relaxed atmosphere, and keep in touch with folk music in temperament. Rough and simple folk dance music was introduced into the form of symphony by him. His melody is fresh and bright, his harmony is concise and clear, his structure is reasonable, his works are well handled in details, and there are often outstanding contrasts in strength. In addition, Haydn was influenced by the enlightenment thought, so his music expressed his love for life, the world and nature, and his optimistic and frank personality and open-minded attitude. On the whole, Haydn's music is different from that of Mozart or Beethoven as well as that of composers in the earlier period or the same period. He perfected the style and style of classical music and made it the founder of Vienna Classical Music School^[7] 。

Characteristics of each genre

symphony

Among Haydn's more than 100 symphonies, the more famous ones are Symphony No. 31 (Horn), Symphony No. 45 (Farewell), 6 Paris Symphonies, 12 London Symphonies, etc. In his symphonies at different stages of creation, the number of movements is not fixed. There are four movement structures, such as Symphony No. 22 (Philosopher); There are three movements, such as Symphony No. 44 (Memorial); There are also five movements, similar to the ancient suite or patita. In his 12 important London Symphonies, he not only shaped the symphony into a four movement structure, but also determined the nature of each movement and the commonly used musical form: the first movement, allegro sonata form; The second movement, lyrical, singing trilogy or variation, the third movement, minuet trilogy; The fourth movement, dance like Rondo, Sonata or Sonata Rondo. Seen from the details of the musical form structure, the contrast between the two themes in Haydn's sonata form is not strong, but the first movement is often supplemented by the introduction of a general comparative image, and its connection and expansion parts are larger than those of Mannheim's music school. The first and last movements have often used the development technique of developing themes and short motivations. In addition, the modern orchestral system based on four parts of string music and double orchestral system gradually took shape in his hands^[7] 。

string quartet

In addition to symphonies, Haydn also made outstanding contributions to string quartets. In his middle and late works, the formal structure and skills of the string quartet have become mature. The structure of the four movements that are the same as the symphony has been determined, the digital bass has been abolished, and the four voice parts of the string music have been defined. The voice parts are more coordinated and balanced, no longer only emphasizing the first violin. His more important string quartets include "Skylark Quartet", "Emperor Quartet" and so on. In these works, the main theme is usually more important, which appears repeatedly or intersperses in the movement in the form of motivation^[7] 。

Vocal music works

Haydn's mass, cantata and oratorio have a taste of life, and their style and techniques have many similarities with opera. They belong to the religious music of the classical era. His oratorios Creation and Four Seasons in his later years are representative^[7] 。 Among them, the creation of Genesis is based on Milton's long poems, whose tone has secular vitality, which reflects Haydn's ability to express his religious feelings in a sincere tone. In addition, Haydn's reflective nature and habit of reading aloud have found their place in the scene structure of the oratorio Four Seasons. In general, Haydn's Genesis and Four Seasons can be compared with Baroque composers George Friedrich Handel 's oratorio^[8] 。

Character evaluation

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Portrait of Haydn, 1791

Haydn's great contribution is to synthesize all these into a style with credible logic and eternal vitality. This achievement made Haydn a peer and comrade in arms with Kant. Crachmar said that Haydn's style was "one of the greatest achievements in the whole art history", which was absolutely true^[8] 。 (Commentary on Music in Western Civilization by Paul Henry Lang)

If talent and a good person can be integrated, then Haydn is an example. He just reached the limit. This limit brings morality to knowledge: he wrote many music without "precedent"^[4] 。（ philosopher Nietzsche review ）

In Haydn's symphony, there is a rhythmic dance melody full of youth. Its interlacing, dispersing and reassembling are all accomplished with superb contrapuntal skills. In the end, such a process is almost no longer the result of a clever means, but a poetic dance based on the fantasy law, which penetrates into the skin of a truly optimistic life^[4] 。（ composer Wagner Comment)

Haydn is a great orchestrator. He is the father of modern orchestration^[4] 。 (Composer Rymsky Kosakov Comment)

Commemoration for future generations

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Haydn's Cemetery in Eisenstadt

Haydn's body is now buried in the cemetery of the Duke of Eisenstadt's family. In 1932, it was built into a large-scale cemetery, with an arched dome and bright skylight, surrounded by the titles of Haydn's musical works. Tourists who came to watch stood in front of the mausoleum, looking at the title of Haydn's works to remember the musician^[5] 。

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