Palace examination

[diàn shì]

The highest section of the imperial examination

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synonym A late trial (Court examination) generally refers to the palace examination

The palace examination, also known as "imperial examination", "imperial examination", "imperial examination", etc., was held in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties The imperial examination one of. Only those who win the exam can participate. The purpose is to distinguish and select officials after passing the exam.

The palace examination is the highest section of the imperial examination. from Wu Zetian Created in the City of God Ziwei Palace^[1] , so it started from Tang. The first name of the palace examination is No. 1 Scholar.

Chinese name: Palace examination
Foreign name: palace examination^[6]
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty

Role: Selection of officials
Level: The highest section of the imperial examination
Pioneers: Wu Zetian^[1]
Ground breaking: China Ziwei City · Luoyang Palace

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embryonic form

Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty He personally asked Ruan Chong and personally reviewed the nomination of the examination paper. The first is the embryonic form of the palace examination.

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The palace examination in the history of the imperial examination was conducted by Wu Zetian Pioneering^[1] 。

An anecdote about the palace examination of Song Zhaoheng

At the beginning of the year February in the first year (AD 690), Wu Zetian Soon to become emperor, in the capital of gods Ziwei City Luoyang Palace Questioning Gongshi, elites from all over the country gathered China Luoyang There are tens of thousands of examinees, who have been taking the exam for several consecutive days. The audition in front of the hall starts from here.^[1-3]

Prepared

It was formally established in the Song Dynasty and continued to be used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Also called imperial examination and imperial examination, it refers to the examination given by the emperor himself. Trials Only the winner can participate. The purpose is to differentiate the passing of the test. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were ranked top three, but not top two. Northern Song Dynasty In the early years, the imperial examination was an annual two-level examination. The first level was the "exam for obtaining answers" held by the states; The second level is composed of Ceremonial department In Kaibao Temple Gongyuan Held“ provincial examination ". Later, it was held every other place or two years, and finally it was held every three years.

In the sixth year of Kaibao of Song Dynasty (973), hanlin academician Li Fang Zhi Gongju presided over the national test held at the Tokyo Tribute Academy. After various examinations, a total of 38 candidates, subjects and students were enrolled. Two of them were deposed when they called for the match because they were "the worst in quality and the worst in the match". Xu Shilian, the unsuccessful scholar, hit the drum and accused Li Fang of "making a choice with emotion" and asked for the palace examination to be fair. Song Taizu The imperial edict was issued to select 195 people from the losers and 36 of them Hall of Martial Arts The second round exam was presided over by Song Taizu himself, and 127 people won the second round exam, while 10 of the original candidates failed. After the announcement, the government and the public raised an uproar, and Li Fang was demoted. This imperial examination case not only became the beginning of the palace examination, but also established feudal society Level 3 of examination system 。

In the early Song Dynasty, the palace examination was a kind of elimination examination, and the specific proportion of elimination was not fixed, Acceptance Rate From one-third to two-thirds, there will be many qualified candidates in provincial examinations, and they will always be eliminated in the palace examination. But since then, there have been some people who have failed in the palace examination many times and become angry and go to compete with the Song Dynasty Xixia The situation. Therefore, the imperial court of the Northern Song Dynasty also believed that the elimination of the palace examination was really bad.

Northern Song Dynasty Jiayou Two year (1057) palace examination, Song Renzong Personally presided over, announced that the candidates would not be eliminated from the palace examination, and all those who participated in the palace examination would be admitted. 388 imperial examiners and 389 imperial examiners who took part in the palace examination this year Admitted^[5] 。 Since then, No elimination in palace examination , just based on Examination results Ranking the candidates becomes customization. However, because the ranking of the palace examination has an important impact on candidates' future career and promotion, the examinees still attach great importance to the palace examination^[4] 。

Ming and Qing Dynasties

After the palace examination of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was divided into three top grades: one top grade and three top grades Scholars and , commonly known as No. 1 Scholar, No. 1 Scholar, and Tanhua; Two top gifts Scholarship background , general name of the first place Transmission ； Three top gifts From the same Jinshi background 。 It became a regular system in the Song Dynasty.

Palace examination paper

Examination Paper of Zhu Jiujiang Temple

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In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the procedure was as follows: retest before trial the Forbidden City Internal the Hall of Preserving Harmony Take an exam. After the re examination, he should take the palace examination on April 21 the Hall of Preserving Harmony 。

Palace examination only Asking , candidates have entered since dawn, through roll call, roll call Praise and worship , salute and other etiquette, and then issue the strategy questions. In the early Qing Dynasty, we asked about one or two things in the question of policy making, which was two or three hundred words long; After Kangxi, the title was five or six hundred words long, or even about a thousand words long. In the 26th year of Qianlong's reign (1761) Reading Secretary In the Eight Secret Discussions Circle Four questions. There is no limit to the length of the policy text, which is generally about 2000 words. There are certain limits on the format and number of words for the beginning, ending and middle of the writing. It is especially emphasized that the writing must be in the formal style, that is, the so-called“ Hospital body ”、“ Pavilion style ”The characters should be square, bright, dark and big. From a certain point of view, calligraphy is often more important than articles.

The palace examination lasted only one day, and the examination papers were handed in at dusk. The examination papers were collected and kept by officials, such as the examination papers, the palm scroll, and the envelop. By the date of marking, the papers shall be handed in separately Reading officer 8 people, one table for each, circulated in turn, with five marks of "○", "△", "", "1" and "×" added respectively. The one who gets the most "○" is a good volume. Then, the ten volumes with the most "○" are selected to be submitted to the emperor. The first, second and third places in the first class are the top scholars, the second and third people in the first class, and the third person in the first class is the third person in the first class“ Scholars and ”, also known as "Three Tripod Armor". A number of persons, accounting for one third of the applicants, called“ Scholarship background ”, the first name of the second tier Transmission 。 A number of top three students, accounting for two-thirds of the applicants. Finally, the form filling officer fills in the form.

Three persons in the first class will be appointed immediately, and the top scholar will be appointed Compiled by Imperial Academy , Ranking Top, Exploring Flowers Imperial Academy Edit. 2、 If the top three Jinshi wants to be appointed as an official, he has to go through the Baohe Temple again final court examination Times, before and after comprehensive Examination results , choose the best to enter the Imperial Academy An ordinary and lucky man 。 Commonly known as“ be chosen as a member of the Hanlin Academy ”The rest will be distributed to each department to serve as principals or to serve in other places. Records of Emperor Xi of the Ming Dynasty: "March (14th) of the second year of the apocalypse" Geng Chen , try the world with the court successful candidates of the national civil service examination , ordered... General Minister Zuo Tongzheng Yuan Keli , Zuo Temple Cheng of Dali Temple Guo Shangbin Read the book as an official. "

Palace examination

Baohe Temple

The policy paper of palace examination

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County trial → prefectural civil service exam → Hospital trial → Local examination → Trials → Palace examination

The winners are called:

Child → Student (scholar) → Juren → successful candidates of the national civil service examination → Jinshi

After the palace examination results were filled in, the emperor the Hall of Supreme Harmony hold Transmission The grand ceremony announced the results of the palace examination. Scholars are divided into top three. Three people in the first class, called No. 1 Scholar, Top Ranking Scholar and Tanhua, are awarded Scholars and ； A number of top two Scholarship background ； A number of top three From the same Jinshi background 。 2、 The top three are all called Chuanlu. After the ceremony, the new Jinshi the Hall of Preserving Harmony participate in final court examination 。 The Korean examination paper is divided into three grades, and the first grade is called Chaoyuan.

Three of the top three Jinshi were appointed immediately after the palace examination, and the top scholars were awarded Compiled by Imperial Academy , Ranking Top, Exploring Flowers Imperial Academy Editing; Other Jinshi are awarded with An ordinary and lucky man , Principal Zhongshu , pedestrian, commentator, doctor Push official , prefectures, counties, etc.

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