In 1900 (the year of Gengzi),Boxer MovementIt reached a climax in parts of northern China, and the Qing Dynasty fought with international powers,Eight-Nation AllianceOccupy Beijingthe Forbidden Citypalace.In September 1901 (the year of infamy), China and 11 countries reached the humiliating Final Protocol to Resolve the 1900 Rebellion, namely《Boxer Protocol》。According to the treaty, ChinaCustoms silverAnd other tariffs to pay 450 million taels of silver to each countryCurrency exchange rateSettlement at 4%annual interest, paid off in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 982.23 million taels.[7]This money was called "Boxer Indemnity" in history.
Chinese name
Boxer Indemnity
Indemnity object
Germany, France, Russia, Britain, the United States, Japan and other 11 countries
The sixth paragraph of the Xinchou Treaty agreed that the Qing government should compensate Russia, Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sweden andNorwayVI The military expenditure and loss of the "victim country" were 450 million taels of silver, and the period of compensation was 1902 to 1940,annual interest4%, the total principal and interest is 980 million taels, which is the "Boxer Indemnity".Among them, Russia sent troopsManchuria, the cost is the most, soamount of incomeThe largest is more than 130.37 million taels.The population of China at that time was about 450 million people, and the Boxer Indemnity was apportioned to each Chinese about one or two silver coins.In the following 1903-1905 "payment and payment" negotiations and 1922-1924Jinfulang caseDuring the negotiation, China's compensation burden increased by 8 million taels of silver and 70 million taels of silver successively.
NationalDistribution ratioRussia is the largest, accounting for 28.97%, Germany 20.02%, France 15.75%, Britain 11.25%, Japan 7.73%, the United States 7.32%, Italy 5.91%, 1.89%, and the rest are less than 1%.Repayment of principal and interest is scheduled to be handled in ShanghaiHSBC, Dehua, Daosheng, Huili and Zhengjin.The following year, the United StatesCitibankSet up a bank in Shanghai, participate in the formation of a banking committee, and pay the principal and interest collected to banks designated by various countries.The Qing government used the tariff revenue only to offset the old borrowed foreign debt. In order to raise compensation, it apportioned an annual amount of more than 21.21 million taels to each province and customs, resulting in land tax, grain tax, deed tax, local taxPrice increase of salt jin, tariff, lijinUnified taxAnd various exorbitant taxes and levies.When repaying the compensation, the silver price fell, and countries insisted on "paying the market price of the due date". By 1905, the pound deficit owed 1.2 million pounds (8 million taels of silver).On April 26, the Qing government paid the balance toHSBC BankThe loan is 1 million pounds, with an annual interest of 5%. It will be paid off in 20 years, with a total principal and interest of 1525000 pounds.With tariff andShanxi ProvinceTobacco and alcohol taxThe bonds were issued in London at 97%, with the market price of 99% - 103%.This loan is actually an additional burden for the Boxer Indemnity.[9]
Since 1909, the United States has returned some of its surplus capital and interest to serve as a study fund in the United States. From 1911 to June 1924, it returned more than 12.5 million dollars of the surplus capital and interest to serve as China's education and culture fund.
In 1914,the First World WarBurst.In 1917,beiyang government Join the Allies and stop paying reparations to Germany.After World War I, according to《Treaty of Versailles》China stopped fighting against GermanyAustro Hungarian EmpireCompensation.“October Revolution”After the outbreak, the Soviet government said in 1924 that it would give up the Boxer Indemnity of Russia.In 1925,British ParliamentThrough the "China Indemnity Case", China abandoned the outstanding Boxer Indemnity. In addition, Belgium and Italy signed agreements in 1925 and 1933 respectively to return the Boxer Indemnity to China. The Netherlands returned all the remaining Boxer Indemnity to China in 1926. The relevant reparations of various countries were mainly used forcultural educationcause.Japan appropriated the Boxer Indemnity to finance its cultural aggression against China.[10]
Until the beginning of 1939,National GovernmentOnly then did we officially and completely stop paying the Boxer Indemnity.According to statistics, the total amount of principal and interest paid by China to Boxer Indemnity is about 652 million customs taels, and after deducting the compensation returned by the United States and Britain and other countries, about 76 million customs taels, China finally paid about 576 million customs taels, accounting for 58% of the total amount of principal and interest of the compensation.[10]
social influence
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This kind of economic sanctions with plunder as its content left indemnitors with deep national pain.First, in the 18 years from 1895 to 1913, Chinacapital of the national bourgeoisieA total of 549 factories and mines have been opened, of which only 17 have capital of more than 1 million yuan but less than 5 million yuan.However, by the time the Boxer Indemnity was finally remitted or suspended, China had paid more than 65237 million taels of silver over the years, equivalent toSilver dollarNearly 1 billion.With this measurement, we can see that a huge amount of capital has been lostnational economyThe degree to which vitality is suppressed.
Second, according to the survey of various countries at that time, ChinarevenueFor 100 million taels of silver, the expenditure is 110 million taels, which makes China have to turn external pressure into internal pressure: every year, the compensation is shared equally among the provinces, and the provinces are shared among the states and counties, and the states and counties are shared among various people.The final result is that the increase of small grain rations, the heavier the old taxes and the more new taxes,Chinese societyEvery one of them suffered from the Boxer Indemnity.One result is that people hate foreign powers even more;Another result was that the struggle against taxes and taxes became one of the main contents of the popular uprising.In the last ten years of the late Qing Dynasty, they contributed tosocial contradictions The further intensification of the Wuchang Uprising prepared some realistic conditions for the violent blow of the Wuchang Uprising.Both of these results show that the transformation of economy into politics has affected society and contributed toSemicolonialEstablishment andSemi colonyDeepening of degree.[2]
Refund by country
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U.S.A
Compensation (refund of false part) Tsinghua University established
In early December 1904, the Chinese envoy to the United StatesLiang ChengOn the issue of whether China's compensation is in gold or silverUS Secretary of StateJohn Hay argued.During the conversation, Haijohn revealed:“Geng ChenThere are too many compensation cases. "This information was immediately captured by Liang Cheng.This shows that the US government has found that its relevant departments reported the losses caused by the Boxer Rebellion in a "false report" phenomenon.Liang Cheng gave up the negotiation strategy very tactfully and stopped arguing with Hai John about whether to use silver or gold for compensation. Instead, he "took advantage of the gap to return the lost profits".So he did not miss any opportunity to lobby around the United States Congress and its members to return the false compensation.In early 1906, the United StatesUniversity of IllinoisPresident Edmund James presents to the PresidentTheodore RooseveltA memorandum requestingU.S. governmentAccelerate to attract Chinese students to the United States.On March 6 of the same year, American missionariesMing EnpureachWhite HouseVisit President Roosevelt.He suggested that the President should return a part of the Boxer Indemnity of the Qing Government of China to set up and subsidize schools in China.In 1907, Ming Enpu published China and the United States Today, in which he pointed out that more concessions should be madeChinese intellectualsStudy in the United States.
Under the promotion and encouragement of Ming Enpu and others, Roosevelt proposed amessageHe pointed out: "Our country should help China to implement education with strength, so that this huge number of citizens can gradually integrate into the modern world. The method of assistance should be to recruit students to the United States, to join our universities and other higher learning societies, so that learning can become a tool and great talent. I understand that our educational community will be able to appreciate this beauty, work together with morality, and sponsor the national Chengsi event."
On May 25, 1908, the United States Congress passed Roosevelt's Consultation.On July 11 of the same year, the U.S. envoy to ChinaRouke YiIt formally declared to the Chinese government that half of the "Boxer Indemnity" received by the United States would be returned to China for the purpose of funding students studying in the United States.The remaining part of the "actual compensation" includes the US troops sent to ChinaMilitary expenditureCompensation and compensation for the loss of American businessmen and missionaries in China.
Why did Americans want to use the returned Boxer Indemnity to run schools?James, the president of Illinois University, claimed in a memorandum to Roosevelt in 1906 that "it is more reliable for business to follow the spirit of domination than to follow the military flag." So he urged the U.S. government to take measures to attract Chinese students to create a group of new leaders for the United States to control China intellectually and spiritually.
On October 28, 1908, the two governments drafted the regulations for sending students to the United States: from the first year of refund, the Qing government should send at least 100 students to the United States every year in the first four years.If 400 people are sent in the fourth year, at least 50 people will be sent to the United States every year from the fifth year until the refund is exhausted.The dispatched students must be "strong in body, pure in temperament, perfect in appearance, pure in family background, and of the right age". They must be able to write in Chinese and have literature and history knowledge, and can directly enter American universities and colleges in EnglishSpecialized schoolsListen to the lectures and stipulate that 80% of them should study agriculture, mechanical engineering, mining, physics, chemistryrailway engineering, banks, etc., and the remaining 20% study law, politics, finance, normal education, etc.
By the 1930s, the United States had surpassed Japan to become the country with the largest number of Chinese students studying abroad.At the same time, Americans have established 12Christian University, including the famousYenching University。In church hospitals, Union Medical College Hospital appeared,Rockefeller FoundationAnd funded the rural investigation and archaeological activities of Chinese scholars.[3]
britain
Under the influence of the United States, various suggestions and arguments about the use and management of the return of Boxer Indemnity began to appear in Britain.At the same time, the Chinese government and people also started a struggle to ask Britain to return the balance of the Boxer Indemnity and to advocate China's freedom in the use and sovereignty of the Boxer Indemnity.In the face of the struggle of the Chinese government and people and the complicated situation at home and abroad at that time, Britain finally had to make concessions on this issue.
On September 19 and 22, 1930, China and Britain exchanged letters on the issue of the Boxer Indemnity.The main contents of the two exchanges of letters are: the Geng Dynasty ClassicBritish ParliamentIt will be returned to China upon approval;Most of the money is invested in railway construction and other production enterprises, and the rest is used foreducation；China will appoint a Sino British Geng Fund Committee to distribute and manage the fund.
On December 12, 1930, the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs proposed to the Parliament a bill on the use of Geng money. On March 5, 1931, the bill was put forward in the ParliamentUpper HouseApproved and approved by the King.[11]
Soviet Russia
1917RussiaOctober Socialist RevolutionAfter the success, the Soviet government announced to give upRussian EmpireAll privileges in China, including the return of the unpaid part of the Boxer Indemnity.The privileges of the Russians in China will also be abolished, and there is only one exchange condition for all these:beiyang government Acknowledge the newSoviet regime。In May 1924, the two countries signed the Sino Russian Agreement, which stipulated the purpose of refund, in addition to paying the Chinese government the Russian moneyCollateralIn addition to all debts of,remainderIt is all used for China's education, and is handled by a fund committee jointly organized by China and the Soviet Union (Russia's return of Boxer Indemnity Committee).[1]
France
The total refund balance of French Geng payment was more than 3915800franc, equivalent to more than 75550 US dollars.In accordance with the agreement, the total balance was from December 1, 1924 to 1947.Continue to borrow money year by yearSino French Industrial Bank, as the bank's guarantee for issuing five percent US dollars.The Sino French Industrial Bank took this US dollar debt asFour expensesUse: 1. Exchange the non interest bonds held by Far East creditors;2. Handling Sino French education anda philanthropic undertaking；3. Unpaid by the Chinese governmentequityBalance;4. Repayment of loans owed by the Chinese government to Sino French Industrial Bank.[12]
After determining the amount of their income, each country agreed with the Qing government that the compensation belongs tosilver standardstillgold standardA dispute has arisen over the issue of.According to the treaty, China should deal with other countriesCustoms silver, but in the case of falling silver prices,ImperialismThe country felt that the payment by silver was not good for them, so it stipulated in the treaty that there were two kinds of customs and foreign currencyPrice comparisonFor the excuse of blackmail, unjustifiably insist that the compensation is gold standard compensation.Under the oppression of imperialism, in July 1905, the Qing government was forced to admit that the reparations to the great powers were gold standard reparations, and at the same time promised to pay the losses of gold pounds owed to the great powers before 1905.Accordingly, China's Geng payment to Japan was also usedpoundPay according to 9763Japanese yenThe equivalent price is 1 pound.In addition, China paid Japan the so-called“Pound loss”724487 yen (514916 flat).Japan has also made further progress and unjustifiably demanded that China's future Geng payment to Japan "purchase pounds and remit them to the garrison with a telecommunications bill on scheduleLondonJapanConsul GeneralReceive ".
In 1914, the two camps of imperialism broke outthe First World War，EntenteIn order to attract China to join the war, the Group offered China the bait of postponing the payment of Boxer Indemnity for five years and free of interest.As Japan also joined the Group of Allied Countries, it had to take the same pace as Britain and the United States on the issue of Boxer Indemnity.On December 1, 1917, Japan agreed that China would postpone the payment of Boxer Indemnity to Japan for five years.At the end of 1922, China's five-year moratorium on Japanese Geng payments expired. In March of the next year,Japanese ParliamentBy decree, it was decided to transfer the balance of Boxer Indemnity (72108776 yen) to "China's cultural undertakings".Accordingly, Japan formulated the "Special Cultural Undertakings for China"accounting law”, and onMinistry of Foreign AffairsThe Cultural Affairs Bureau was set up to take charge ofroutine workIn addition, a survey meeting on cultural undertakings in China was set up asAdvisory bodyTo review cultural undertakings towards China.At the end of this year, Japanese officials in charge of cultural affairs with China, such as Chuyuan Shengci, and Chinese envoys to JapanWang RongbaoThey held informal consultations and roughly agreed that the Boxer Indemnity would be mainly used for cultural undertakings run by China, such as setting up a library in BeijinghumanitiesThe Institute has set up a natural science institute in Shanghai, and allocated 300000 yuan a year to subsidize Chinese students studying in Japan. In addition, if there is any surplus, it will set up a museum at an appropriate placeJinanSet up medical universities, medical schools and affiliated hospitals in Guangdong, etc.On February 6, 1924, China and Japan officially signed the Agreement on Handling Cultural Undertakings with Boxer Indemnity to China, which has nine paragraphs in total. It was decided that 10 people from each side should form a review committee.Japan invests 3.8 million yuan a year in cultural exchange speeches and student travel fees, subsidies for Chinese students studying in Japan, etc.
After the signing of the Sino Japanese Cultural Agreement, the Ministry of Education of the Beijing Government promulgated the Measures for the Distribution of Geng Payment Subsidy for Tuition Fees of Students Studying in Japan in 1924, stipulating that each province shouldHouse of RepresentativesThe number of members shall be determined.However, the Chinese academic community opposed Japan's "cultural undertakings against China" from the very beginning. Many people in the educational community believed that this was a "specious return of compensation" and "specious cooperation".April 27thNational Federation of Education AssociationsEleven domestic academic groups, including the Committee on Returning Boxer Indemnity, planned, decided and managed all Japanese cultural affairs with Boxer Indemnity.The National Education Academic Group also issued a declaration, advocating that China and Japan should jointly set up a Council for Cultural Undertakings, with half of the members in China and half in Japan, and a separate chairman to be filled by the Chinese, which is the minimum. It also proposed that if Japan cannot tolerate these measures, it will never participate in such undertakings.Chinese students studying in Japan had raised objections when Japan first discussed returning the Boxer Indemnity to China for "cultural undertakings towards China".On June 26, 1923,Student Union in JapanDeclared that Japan's subsidies to Chinese students studying in Japan include JapanCultural aggressionI can't accept the evil.In July, the students studying in Japan also issued a declaration, pointing out that "Japan's cultural undertakings to China are not open to Chinese participation, but only for the interests of the Japanese empire, regardless of the interests of the Chinese themselves, which is clearly the precursor or subsidiary cause of Japan's colonial policy on the Chinese mainland."
On May 4, 1925, the Sino Japanese Cultural Agreement was exchanged in Beijing. Under the firm opposition of the Chinese people, Japan made a slight concession and agreed to organize the China Japan Consultative Committee.Although the committee is composed of 10 Chinese and 10 Japanese,ChairmanThe Chinese side also took the post, but the Japanese side stipulated that the functions and powers of the committee should not go beyond the scope of Japanese laws and regulations. The three authorities for planning, regulation and management of undertakings, if there is any plan in the future, it should still be approved by the Imperial Japanese Parliament before coming into effect,Ministry of Foreign Affairs of JapanThe Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the People's Republic of China still has the real power to make a final decision.It can be seen from this that this General Committee is just a person who has to obey Japan's orders everywhereFictitious organizationnothing more.In view of this, on May 9,National Education FederationThe Geng Tzu Committee sent a telegram to the provincial education associations to clearly express its opposition to the Sino Japanese Cultural Agreement.On June 3, 19 major groups in the education sector issued a declaration opposing Japanese cultural aggression and firmly demanding the cancellation of the agreement.August 17-23,China Education Improvement SocietyAt the meeting held in Taiyuan, the "Educational and Cultural Measures for Refusing Japan and Britain to Exercise Their Aggression with Geng" was passed.In June 1926, the China Improvement Society proposed to the Beijing government to request the annulment of the negotiation on the ground that the Japanese cultural cause measures were detrimental to China's sovereignty.On August 6, the Education Federation issued a special declaration on the Boxer Fund to Japan, believing that most of the 11 Chinese members of the General Committee of the Sino Japanese Consultation selected by the Chinese side catered to Japan's will and called on the Chinese people not to recognize what they had done.On August 13, Japan secretly renamed the former General Committee of China Japan Consultation as the General Committee of Oriental Cultural Undertakings. On August 21TokyoMeeting, Chinese memberJiang YongAt the meeting, domestic education groups said that they could not recognize the informal return of Japanese Geng money.The Education Improvement Society provides electricity for students studying in Japan to monitor Jiang Yong's actions nearby.
Although the intelligentsia firmly opposed Japan's cultural undertakings to China, the Beijing government, under the pressure of Japan, not only continued to pay the Boxer Indemnity to Japan, but also allowed Japan to engage in "cultural undertakings to China" under the banner of returning the Boxer Indemnity.During the 14 years from the end of 1923 to 1937, China paid a total of 45731181 yen to Japan, plusQingdaoPublic propertyAnd salt industry subsidiestreasury billThe amount of compensation actually paid by China to Japan accounted for 99% of the Geng Indemnity, and the part of these expenses spent by the Chinese only included subsidies for students studying in Japan and visiting expenses for Chinese scholars and students, which amounted to less than 19% of the whole Geng Indemnity.Japan's use of the Boxer Indemnity for the so-called cultural cause against China is just a cover. Although it wants to win the favor of the Chinese people, it cannot hide the essence of its aggression.From the perspective of Japanese organizations dealing with Geng payment and other items, the "Bureau of Cultural Affairs to China" was established in April 1923, directly under theMinistry of Foreign Affairs, the Director General of Asia is also the Director General;In December, the "Investigation Meeting on Cultural Undertakings of Branches" was set upForeign MinisterAnd most of its members are Japanese governmenthouse, bank and university officials.In addition, the so-calledCultural institutionsNone of them is not under the complete control of the Japanese side.All the budgets of China's pledges to Japan must be approved by the Japanese Congress year by year and completely manipulated by Japan, which is essentially different from the fact that some countries will return the Boxer Fund for specific purposes.For example, although the return of the United States is not unconditional, the conditions it specifies are that China must use the returned Boxer Indemnity for education. China has a great deal of interest in the returned Boxer IndemnityAutonomy；However, the right to use the Japanese Geng Tzu was in the hands of Japan, and the use of the Geng Tzu was ultimately subject to Japan's interests.[3]
Other countries
the First World WarAfter the outbreak, Britain, France, Russia, etcEntentePersuade China to participate in the war between the Allies and Germany, so as to attack Germany's interests in the Far East.For this reason, China proposed to all countries to postpone the payment of Boxer Indemnity, hoping thatDeferred paymentIn 10 years, Japan, Italy, Russia and other countries all agreed.
In August 1917, China entered the First World War and stopped paying German reparations that year.1919Treaty of VersaillesArticle 128 stipulates that Germany will give up the reparations after March 14, 1917, and the German reparations will be terminated.Austro Hungarian EmpireAfter collapse,AustriaandHungaryIn 1919 and 1920, respectively, the compensation of the occupied Austro Hungarian Empire was abandoned.The Boxer Indemnity of Russia was postponed, suspended and finally abandoned.It happened in Russia in 1917October RevolutionChina began to consider suspending the payment of Geng to Russia.In 1920, the Soviet government ordered the cancellation of domestic and foreign national debt,Freeze deposit。In 1924, China and Russia signed an outline agreement on the settlement of outstanding cases. The Soviet government said it would abandon the Boxer Indemnity of the Russian part, and declared that the various priorities guaranteed by the clauseDebt serviceLater, it was completely used to advocate Chinese education funds.At this point, the Russian reparations ended.BelgiumIn 1925, the Sino Belgian Agreement was concluded to return the Boxer Indemnity.ItalyIn 1933, a Sino Italian agreement was concluded to return the Boxer Indemnity.NetherlandsIn 1926, he returned all the Geng money to China, but designated it forwater conservancy undertaking65%, and 35% for cultural undertakings.[1]
Refund use
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Shanxi University
Shanxi University
1901Boxer MovementAfter the defeat, the British missionariesTimothy Richard (Timothy Richard) was invited to Shanxi to deal with "the aftermath of the teaching plan"."Handling Shanxi Teaching Plan" drafted by Timothy Liconstitution》In addition to punishing criminals, returning church property and apologizing, they also proposed to use compensation to run schools.Article 3 of the Constitution stipulates that Shanxi Province will impose a total fine of "500000 taels of silver and 50000 taels of money handed over every year for ten years, but this fine will not be returned to the Westerners or the believers. It is designed to enlighten the people of Shanxi Province, set up schools to teach useful learning, so that the children of officials, gentlemen and commoners can learn without being confused, and select one person from each of the learned people in the West to take charge of their affairs".The Articles of Association was submitted on May 29, 1901Li Hongzhang, Li expressed his full agreement, andTelegramJin FuCen ChunxuanDo so.On June 7, 1902,Shanxi Universitystart.[8]
Tsinghua University
Origin of Tsinghua Foundation
Tsinghua University
China and the United States agreed that in BeijingQing governmentMinistry of Foreign AffairsResponsible for establishing a training school for studying in the United States.Tang Guo'anParticipated in the specific organization of the "Geng sent to the United States", served as the meeting office of the "Tourism Aesthetics Affairs Office" jointly under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education, and then became the deputy supervisor and supervisor of Tsinghua University[4]。In June 1909, Beijing set up the Office of Tourism Aesthetics, which is the embryonic form of Tsinghua University.In 1909, the Academic Affairs OfficeShijia HutongThe first batch of students were recruited, 47 of whom were from 630 candidates and went to the United States in October.In 1910, Tang Guo'an selected Tsinghua Park for the School of Tourism Aesthetics Department and named it after reading“Tsinghua College ”[5]。The second entrance examination was held in August 1910.More than 400 people took the exam, and finally 70 people were admitted.Among the second group of students who came to America from Geng Dynasty, a famousHu ShiHe was ranked 55th in the exam that year.There are later ones in the same listlinguistbetter known as YR. ChaoMeteorologistZhu KezhenEtc.
At the beginning of 1911, Tsinghua Preparatory School for Studying in the United States, which used the Boxer Fund to train students studying in the United States, was officially established.On October 17, 1912, Tsinghua University was renamed Tsinghua University (the predecessor of Tsinghua University),Tang Guo'anAppointed as the first president[5]。In the following ten years, according to statistics, there were more than 1000 students sent by Tsinghua University to study in the United States.On August 17, 1928, Tsinghua University was renamed Tsinghua University,Luo JialunServe as President.In that year, they began to recruit students to study in the United StatesPublic studentIn 1933, the first group of students who were sent to Britain by the Geng Dynasty began to be recruited publicly.
The refund of the United States has had a great international impact.the First World WarAfter the outbreak,Beijing GovernmentIn August 1917, he declared war on Germany and Austria, and stopped paying Geng payment.After the war ended, China also stepped into the position of the victor. All countries expressed their willingness to be "friendly" with China in order to safeguard and expand their interests in China in a peaceful way. Therefore, they all followed the lead of the United States and gradually abandoned or returned the balance of Boxer Indemnity.Refunds are widely used in education in ChinaCultural undertakingsAnd industry.
In 1924,US CongressThe resolution was passed to apply the remaining Boxer Indemnity to China and establish the "China Culture and Education Promotion Foundation" (or "China Foundation"), with the amount in charge of 12.545 million US dollars,beiyang government A board of trustees consisting of 10 Chinese and 5 Americans was appointed.A considerable part of the amount is provided to Tsinghua University in the form of scholarships.Because of such a special source of funding andoperation pattern From the very beginning of its establishment, Tsinghua has already had some special advantages and school running conditions of its own in many aspects, which makes it different from other universities in China.This environment also givesengineer and educatorThe school management has objectively laid a certain material foundation and provided necessary conditions for running a school.ForeignhistorianCommented: "One of the secrets of Tsinghua's success is that when other universities turn to the unstable handouts of the warlord regime, Tsinghua'sannual budgetIt is guaranteed. "Although this view implies exaggerating the role played by the United States, it is basically fair.
Due to the abundant funding sources of Tsinghua University, there are also quite a fewAutonomyThese conditions naturally have some impact on school governance, and promote Tsinghua'smanagement systemAspects andoperating mechanismIt gradually formed a set of independent things with Tsinghua's own characteristics, which resulted in some special systems and styles, and even the gradual formation of Tsinghua's school spirit and style of study, all of which are inextricably linked with this.An example of this feature is that in the early 1920s and 1930s, Tsinghua University witnessed several large-scale school disturbances.Among them, the president of Tsinghua has changed many times, with more than a dozen appointments, and even the embarrassing situation that Tsinghua has not had a president for several years, which was maintained by the school affairs conference.[3]
Operation today
Tsinghua University, Hsinchu
In 1949, President of Tsinghua Universityengineer and educatorGo to the United States to handle the custody and application of Tsinghua Fund.In 1956, when Tsinghua University was established in Taiwan, Mei Yiqi borrowed interest from Tsinghua Fund to subsidize professors' salaries and build dormitories.The funding source of Tsinghua Foundation isChina Education and Culture FoundationThe dividends of the Boxer Indemnity.Tsinghua University, HsinchuprincipalChen LijunAccording to the introduction, even now, we still receive a Boxer indemnity check every year.He said that the Tsinghua Foundation is often thought to be half funded by Tsinghua on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, but according to him and the president of Tsinghua University in BeijingGu BinglinConfirmed that this fund was only allocated to Hsinchu Tsinghua.[6]
