According to the Bible, the Lord GodEdenAnd he set up a garden, and a river came out of Eden to moisten it. The river was divided into four streams, and the third of them was called“Khidekel ”Some biblical scholars pointed out that it is very likely that the Hidekil River is what we call the Tigris River.
name:Tigris River
English name:Tigris River
State:Asia
Flow area:Turkey Iraq
Drainage area:375000 square kilometers
Length:2045 km
source:Golchuk Lake at the foot of Toros Mountain, southeast of Elaze, east central Turkey
Main tributaries:Bihetan River, Great Zab River, Lesser Zab River, Achiam River, Diyala River and Karkheh River
Average flow:1150m3 m3
Water conservancy construction:Dicle Dam and Kiralkizi Dam in Turkey;Derbendi Khan Dam, Mosul Dam and Doken Dam in Iraq
scenic spot:Mesopotamian civilization
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Tigris Euphrates River System（Tigris-Euphratesriver system），Southwest AsiaThe largest river system includes the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. The source of the two rivers isturkeyIn the eastern mountains, less than 80 kilometers (50 miles) apart, it flows through northern Syria and Iraq in the southeast direction and flows intoPersian Gulf。The downstream of the area defined byMesopotamiaKnown as one of the cradles of civilization.Euphrates RiverThe total length is about 2800 kilometers (1740 miles).The Tigris River is about 1900 kilometers (1180 miles) long.The two rivers are usually divided into three sections: the upstream gradually descends from the source at an altitude of 1830 〜 3050 meters (6000 〜 10000 feet) and passes throughAnatolia Plateau In the eastern gorge and valley;MidstreamSyriaThe northern highlands and the Iraqi highlands are 366 meters (1200 feet) above sea level at the foot of the so-called Kurdish escarpmentDelta52 meters (170 feet) from the top;And the two riversAlluvial plain。The two rivers converge at Al Qurnah to form the Arabian River.
brief introduction
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geographical position
Tigris River
The largest river in West Asia.Originating in TurkeyAnatolia Plateau East of the southeastToros MountainSouth foot, flows southeast, passesturkeySoutheast City——DiyarbakirLater, it forms a boundary river of about 32km with Syria, that is, it flows directlyIraqDomestic.
From Baghdad down, there are groups of lakes and swamps on both banks, which are located in Gurney andEuphrates RiverConfluence, renamed the Arabian River, near Fa'ao, flows intoPersian Gulf。
sinceHeadwater of riverTo Gulnai, the river is 1950 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 375000 square kilometers and an annual runoff of nearly 40 billion cubic meters.
The river water is mainly supplied by melting snow in high mountains and spring rain in the upstream. The water rises in March every year, and the water level is the highest in May.
Due to the flow along the piedmont, the tributaries along the way have short flow and fast catchment, which often cause the river to surge and flood, forming a vast and fertile alluvial plain along the coast, which is an important irrigation in Iraqan agricultural region。
Along the riverThere are various water conservancy projects, among which the Baditata Reservoir in the northwest of Baghdad is the most famous.
The Tigris River was separated from the Euphrates River 5000 years ago.
Tigris River
Until about 3000 or 4000 years agoTwo river basinThe sediment brought byPersian GulfSedimentation and land filling finally brought the lower reaches of the two rivers together in southern Iraq.
Both rivers originate fromArmenian Plateau。The Euphrates River enters Iraq through Turkey and Syria, with a total length of 2750km;The Tigris River enters Iraq through Turkey, with a total length of 1950 kilometers.
The drainage area of the two rivers totals 1.048 million square kilometers.When the two rivers meet at Qurnai, they are called Arabian River, which is nearly 200 kilometers long and 800 meters wide. The upper part is in Iraq, and the lower part is the boundary river between Iraq and Iran.
The Bible is the first document to mention the Tigris River.In the second chapter of Genesis, it is mentioned that this river is one of the four rivers flowing through the Garden of Eden. In the Bible, the Tigris River is called the Hidekil River, and the other three arePishon （Pishon）、Gihon (Gihon) andEuphrates River。
The middle reaches of the Tigris River was the site of urban civilization in ancient times, and the earliestIrrigation canal system。
Achaemenid Empire After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire (330BC), this rich region became the political and commercial center of Mesopotamia.
Encyclopedia x ignorance: illustrating Sumerian civilization
Natural characteristics
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terrain
Scenery of Tigris River
The terrain is high in the north and low in the south,turkeyThe upper reaches of the south and northern Iraq are mountains and plateaus, the middle is desert, and the lower reaches are plains (deltas, marshes and coastal plains).The river originates from Hazar Lake, a mountain lake in TurkeyDiyarbakir(Diyarbakir)AnatoliaThe eastern hilly area gathers some streams, stretching about 1900 kilometers (1180 miles) in the southeast direction, heading towards the Persian Gulf, and finally joining the Euphrates River to form the Arabian River, 193 kilometers (120 miles) long.The first 450 km (280 miles) of the Tigris River to Magara Harabesi belongs to Turkey (before entering Iraq, there was a 30 km (20 miles) long section between Turkey andSyriaThen most of the river reaches are in Iraq, and the last section of the Arabian River is about 65km (40 miles) longIranThe boundary river of.The Tigris River varies widely in width. It is very narrow in some valleys in northern Turkey and Iraq, but it is half a mile wide in the southern plain.
rivers
Tigris River is a typical intermountain river in Turkey, with narrow and definite valley and fast flow,ChannelDeep, with many canyons andRapids。After entering Iraq, you will travel between Taurus and Kurdish mountains and begin to zigzagTikritThe south bank wall of the village (Tikrit, 160 km [100 miles] north north west of Baghdad) retreats into a wide, gently undulating plain and slowly descends tosea level, thus widely appearingMeander, there are manyOxbow lakeRemaining river channels and broken branches.
TigrisBasic riversideZagros MountainsThe southwest foot flows.First, it passes through important oil fields in northern Iraq——Kirkuk field And flows through this areapetrochemical industryCenter——Mosul 。From Tigris River to al Kut and al Amarah, the ground is very flat, and the river has less twists and turns, but braidedBranching flow, the river water is scattered out of the bankMarshland, or overflow in various parts of the channel.Since then, along the left bankDazab River、Little Zab River、Diyala River And other tributaries to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.For the section from Bagh to al Qurnah, there are large marshes on both banks, which are supplied by tributariesIrrigation canal, leakage and evaporation, the Tigris River lost more than 80% of its water. After that, the river closed, the flow rate slowed, the curvature increased, the river body was narrow, and navigation was difficult.The Tigris River flows from Baghdad to Gulnai and joins the Euphrates River, forming a 193km longTidal reach--The Arabian River continues to flow southeast toFao (Fao) into the Persian Gulf.
Climatic hydrology
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climate
The basin crosses the subtropical zone, with mild climate in the north and hot climate in the south.May to OctoberHot season, the hottest month from July to August,Daily maximum temperatureUp to 43 ℃;The cold season is from November to April of the next year. The daily temperature is about 16 ℃. There is snow in the northern mountainous areas in winter.The rainfall in the basin is more in the north than in the south. The annual rainfall in the northern mountainous area is 600~900 mm, and the rainfall in the central and southern areas is only about 150 mm, and it is concentrated from November to April of the next year.
hydrology
Bridges on the Tigris River
Tigris River is rich in waterAnnual runoff700 billion cubic meters.From the source to Gurney, the river is 2045 kilometers long,Drainage area375000 km2, annual average flow 1150 m3/s, annual runoff 36.6 billion m3.The annual runoff is nearly 40 billion cubic meters.The river water is mainly supplied by melting snow in high mountains and spring rain in the upstream. The water level rises in March every year, reaches the highest level in May, and drops after the end of June.The average annual flow into the sea is about 1500 m3/s, and the water volume into the sea is 47.3 billion m3.The main tributaries of Tigris River include Bihetan River, Great Zab River, Lesser Zab River, Achiam River, Diyala River and Karkheh River.Tigris RiverEuphrates RiverandArabian River3. The total area of the river basin is 1.05 million square kilometers, and the annual average flow into the sea is about 1500 m3/s.
Hydro junction
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Tigris River is relatively rich in resources, but mainly concentrated in the southeast of Turkey and the main stream and tributaries of northern Iraq.There is a large water drop, which is suitable for constructionHydropower engineeringAnd otherscomprehensive development。
Hydropower engineering
Turkey and Iraq have respectively built some power stations on the main stream and major tributaries of the upper reaches of the Tigris RiverCascade development。DickerDam: rockfill damDam height87m,Dam crest306 meters long, 595 million cubic meters of reservoir capacity, 110000 kilowatts of hydropower station installed capacity, the project was started in 1986 and completed in 1993;Han Dam in De'er: located on a small tributary in the north of Baghdad, the dam is 135 meters high, the total reservoir capacity is 3 billion cubic meters, and the installed capacity of the power station is 115000 kilowatts. The project was built in 1956;Mosul Dam: located near Mosul, the main stream of Tigris,Earth rock damThe dam is 131 meters high and the total reservoir capacity is 12.5 billion cubic meters,Installed capacity of hydropower station1.03 million kilowatts. The project was completed in 1983. In addition to power generation, the project can irrigate 100000 hectares of farmland;Dokan dam is located on the Little Zab River,arch damThe maximum dam height is 116m, and the total reservoir capacity is 6.8 billion cubic meters.
irrigation system
Tigris River BasinIrrigation projectIt is very developed. As early as 3000 years ago, Numrood Dam was built at the top of the delta.In addition to some projects in Turkey's GAP project plan, the existing irrigation projects in Iraq include: Kut Dam was built in Tigris River in 1939,Diversion irrigation1.365 million hectares of farmland;Eski Kelek Irrigation Project is located atZab Riverupper reaches,Irrigation area10000 hectares, completed in two phases;Dalmaj project: located on the right bank of Tigris River, with an irrigation area of 100000 hectares, the pump stationIrrigation and drainage system, the project was completed in 1980;The Lower Diyala irrigation project draws water from the Diyala River, with an irrigation area of 350000 hectares.
Hydropower of Tigris River in TurkeyReserveIt is very rich, especially in the western basin, with water resources accounting for 1/10 of the country and hydropower reserves accounting for 1/12 of the country.In the early 1980s, the Turkish government made a unified plan for the whole Tigris River basin, including the construction of a series of dams, power stations and pumping irrigation projects.After these projects are completed,Annual power generationWill reach 8.141 billion kilowatt hours,Total installed capacity2.193 million kilowatts, nearly 650000 hectares of irrigated farmland, and 780000 kilowatts of water pump capacity is required.
Many old channels that have been used by rivers and are now abandoned have either dried up or been occupied by irrigation projects, some of which are very old.In order to block the flood and prevent the re migration of rivers, many dikes must be built below Samarra, which is one of the reasons why there are no towns and large villages along the river between Samarra and Baghdad. Although the land in this area is fertile and agriculture is developed.All settlements are built inAbsence from the LordDistantAncient river bedOr old channels.
In modern times, the main river control projects have established effectiveGeographical distributionWater and water storage system, on the one hand, preventHeavy floodFrom then on until the end of autumn, the rainfall stopped, and the dry and hot temperature reached 49 ℃ (120 ℉).
environmental protection
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Crude oil leakage
Baghdadyi built along the river
In 2007, it was located in northern IraqBaiji One nearbypetroleum pipelineThe fire broke out after the explosion that day, resulting in a large number ofCrude oil leakage, flowing into the Tigris River, threatening crops on both sides of the river and drinking water for residents and livestock.Later that day, the leaked crude oil had flowed along the river to the place 100 km south of BaijiTikritcenter.Baiji and TikritAll haveTemporarily closedwaterworks。
The Tigris River flowing through Iraq, once the birthplace of civilization, is now choked by the pollution of modern society.Researchers believe that the serious pollution of the Tigris River will put millions of Iraqis at risk.
American independent researcher Annan Beckman has been collecting water mark books for testing since last Sunday. He said: "Basically, this river is a public onesewerEverything can be found in this river. "Baikman's statement was confirmed by Iraqi officials.stayBaghdadBala Sharaf Erdean, a government official who tested the water quality, said: "You can see that people throw anything into the river, and this behavior is not under any control." When she used the bottle to extract water samples, she wore gloves only for surgery, and the water quality can be imagined.What's worse, untreated sewage brings diseases generated in the water to the downstream, and the waste of medical institutions also flows to the downstream cities along with the river, making the river full of fishy smell and black foam.In addition to the arbitrary waste disposal by residents, the black smoke discharged from the chimney of the power plant also intrudes into the river.Iraqi officials are worried about thisIndustrial wasteMore poisons will be added.Heavy metals detected from water have also aroused people's renewed concern about water quality.If heavy metals, etcHazardous substancesIf you enter the food, you may suffercancer。
war devastation
US troops occupied the bridge on the Tigris River in Iraq
Since American invasionIraqSince then, experts from the Iraqi government and environmental organizations have hoped to monitor a river flowing through Iraq.However, it was politely declined by the relevant departments for security reasons.EnvironmentalistBelieves that Iraqprovisional governmentThe river that provides drinking water for Baghdad and southern Iraq must be cleaned. Even when leaders focus most of their attention on the militants who cause great trouble, the danger (Tigris River) faced cannot be ignored.The Iraqi government's neglect of governance began in 1980Iran Iraq War。At that time, a large amount of money was spent on arms expansion.1991Persian Gulf WarThe subsequent sanctions further damaged the water treatment facilities. After the fall of Baghdad, the militants looted other government facilities and also demolished some sewage treatment facilities.American officials say they are doing their best to restore sewage treatment.Tahri Ergawali, an engineer who has been engaged in Iraqi sewage treatment for a long time, said, "We need the help of the Iraqi government, and we also need the help of the whole world." For 6000 years, the Tigris River has been flowing in BaghdadHeartland, raising residents on both sides of the Straits - providing water, food, transportation and entertainment.But after three years of war, pollution and politics, the ancient Tigris River has become a stagnant sewer - and it has gradually become an urban conflictvictimThe cemetery of.
