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Payables

Unpaid funds

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Payables Refers to all kinds of funds that should be paid but have not yet been paid by public organizations in economic activities. That is, in the process of production and operation, due to purchase of goods and materials, raw materials, and acceptance of labor supply, the enterprise should pay the unpaid amount to the supplier. include Accounts payable 、 Notes payable and Other payables 。

Chinese name: Payables
Nature: Unpaid funds

Interpretation: For purchasing commodity materials
Features: Payables and advances from customers

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Payables and Advance receipts It refers to the liabilities incurred by public organizations in settlement. The main debtors of this part of liabilities are mainly non-governmental organizations. Because government organizations generally do not involve in profit-making activities except for official business, their purchase behavior is also guaranteed by financial funds, and there are few payable but unpaid items. Non governmental organizations' own business activities are to a certain extent profitable, and they will also engage in some economic activities outside their business, such as opening economic entities and providing paid services. In this way, accounts payable and advance receipts will occur.

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1. Accounts payable

Accounts payable It refers to the amount that should be paid but has not yet been paid by the public organization when purchasing goods or services, and it is a current liability of the public organization.

2、 Notes payable

Notes payable refer to the use of Commercial bill settlement In order to make timely payment for goods, the public organization Acceptance Of Commercial bill , including Bank acceptance bill and Commercial acceptance bill Two. A bank acceptance bill is a bank's commitment to pay the payee on a certain date, and a commercial acceptance bill is a buyer's commitment to pay the payee on a certain date. Before the payment date, commercial bills are a current liability of public organizations.

3、 Other payables

Other payables refer to the amount payable by public organizations to other units or individuals, except for accounts payable and notes payable, including Wages payable 、 welfare payable Water and electricity charges payable Lease in fixed assets Rent payable Pooling pension , Deposit The housing provident fund deposited by individuals and the income payable to investors.

Payables Management of

1、 Accounts payable Management of

(1) Set "Accounts Payable" account according to the invoice and receipt document provided by the opposite company Accounting voucher Timely handle accounts.

(2) The determination of the entry time should be determined according to the specific situation: if the goods and the invoice bill arrive at the buyer at the same time, the accounts payable should be recorded according to the invoice bill after the goods are accepted and warehoused; If the goods do not arrive at the same time as the invoice bill, the payable debts of the purchased funds are generally estimated at the end of the month.

2、 Notes payable Management of

(1) Set the "Bills Payable" account, and issue bank bills Commercial bill Stubs of Accounting voucher Timely handle relevant accounts.

(2) Set the Bills Payable Memo Book to register the type, number, issuing date, due date, face amount, payee name or company name, payment date and amount of each bill payable. After the bills payable have been paid off at maturity, they shall be written off one by one in the memo book.

(3) Should be on Bill acceptance Those who deposit the full amount in the payer Bank of deposit To ensure that the bank can transfer the money to the payee on the due date Endorsee Or discount bank.

(4) Issue and Acceptance Of Commercial acceptance bill If you are unable to pay when due, when no new bill is issued on the due date, you should Notes payable Convert to Accounts payable handle.

(5) At Bank acceptance bill If the other party is unable to pay when due Notes receivable In case of discount from the bank, the bank will deduct the money or make overdue loans.

3、 Other payables Management of

Unified setting of "other payables" account Payables Timely handle accounts according to relevant vouchers.

To sum up, all payables of public organizations should be settled with the other unit or individual in a timely manner and should not be in arrears. On the one hand, this can avoid increasing the interest burden of the unit and affecting normal business activities; On the other hand, it can guarantee the economic interests of the other unit or individual.

Tax adjustment

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Relevant regulations

Taxpayers engaged in production and business operations can hardly avoid the occurrence of creditor's rights and debts in the course of economic exchanges. yes Creditor's rights There is a risk of loss, and there is a possibility of income with debt. according to State Administration of Taxation Order No. 13《 Administrative Measures for Pre income Tax Deduction of Enterprise Property Losses 》Article 20 stipulates: "Enterprise accounts receivable Prepayments Occurring Bad debt loss The application for pre tax deduction must meet one of the following conditions:

（1） The debtor is declared bankrupt, revoked (including being ordered to close by the government), revoked its industrial and commercial business license, died or disappeared Surplus property Or the estate is indeed insufficient to pay off;

（2） The debtor is overdue for more than three years and has conclusive evidence that it is unable to pay its debts;

（3） Eligible Debt restructuring Formed bad debt ;

（4） Due to natural disasters, wars and international political events, etc Force majeure factors Impact, really unrecoverable Receivables 。”

new Enterprise accounting system It is stipulated that all enterprises shall implement Allowance method Accrual Bad debt loss get ready. Accrued within the proportion specified in the tax law Bad debt reserves Yes Allow Pre tax deduction However, when a taxpayer actually suffers from bad debt losses, it must also be confirmed by the tax authority according to law Offset Bad debt provision (the part exceeding the bad debt provision is directly entered Administrative expenses ）The reason why the provision for bad debts has been recognized by the tax authority and the write off of bad debt provision must be recognized by the tax authority is that after the impact of bad debt losses bad debt reserve The provision for bad debt reserves should be entered into "administrative expenses", which will affect corporate income tax Of tax base 。

If the debtor has been declared bankrupt or revoked according to law, the debtor shall be deducted Liquidated assets After the actual repayment, the unrecoverable amount shall be recognized as the property loss of the taxpayer; For those that have not yet been liquidated, it shall be issued by the intermediary agency after professional inference and objective evaluation Economic authentication certificate For the part that cannot be recovered, it shall be recognized as loss in tax; The debtor has disappeared or died Accounts receivable After obtaining the certificate of disappearance or death from the public security organ, if it is determined that the inheritance is not sufficient to pay off the debt or the debtor cannot be found to recover the debt, natural disasters, wars and international political events Force majeure factors Impact on really unrecoverable Receivables 。 Or after obtaining the relevant certificates issued by the Chinese embassies (consulates) abroad, the part that cannot be recovered shall be recognized as loss in tax; Receivables that cannot be recovered within the time limit, if there is a court judgment or award that has lost the lawsuit, or if the lawsuit is won but cannot be executed, or if the debtor is unable to repay the debt and has been ruled by the court to suspend the execution at the end (middle), it shall be recognized as loss according to the court judgment, award or legal documents that suspend the execution at the end (middle); Among the receivables that cannot be recovered after the deadline, if the single amount is small enough to cover the cost of settlement, the enterprise shall make a special explanation, which shall be issued after the intermediary agency makes professional inference and objective judgment Economic authentication certificate For the part that cannot be recovered, it shall be recognized as loss in tax; For receivables overdue for more than three years, the enterprise has a record of negotiation on collection according to law, confirming that the debtor has Insolvency . If it has suffered losses for three consecutive years or has stopped operating for more than three consecutive years, and can be determined that there is no business transaction within three years, the intermediary agency will issue an economic authentication certificate after making professional inference and objective judgment, and it should be recognized as a loss in tax; For receivables overdue for more than three years, if the debtor is overseas, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and cannot be recovered after legal collection, after obtaining relevant certificates issued by overseas intermediaries or by Chinese embassies (consulates) abroad, it shall be recognized as a loss in tax.

concrete content

At the same time, enterprise accounts receivable Prepayments Application in case of the above circumstances Bad debt loss Pre tax deduction The taxpayer shall bear the burden of proof for the loss of bad debt, and must provide the tax authority with corresponding evidence of the loss, including:

（1） Bankruptcy announcement of the court and Bankruptcy liquidation Payment documents of;

（2） The certificate of cancellation or revocation issued by the industry and commerce department;

（3） Relevant cancellation and order to close by government departments Administrative decisions Documents;

（4） The death and disappearance certificates issued by the public security and other relevant departments;

（5） A conclusive proof that the debt is overdue for more than three years and has become insolvent;

（6） Creditors Debt restructuring agreement Court decisions, state-owned enterprises Debt to equity swap Approval documents;

（7） And Related parties Of Current accounts There must be a court judgment or a certificate issued by the local competent tax authority.

For the same taxpayer For example, Receivables Is its creditor's right, Payables Is its debt. According to the "principle of reciprocity", State Administration of Taxation Order No. 13《 Administrative Measures for Pre income Tax Deduction of Enterprise Property Losses 》Article 5 stipulates: "If it is really impossible to pay due to the creditor's reason Accounts payable , including accounts payable that have not been paid for more than three years, if the creditor has recognized the loss in accordance with the provisions of these Measures and deducted it before tax, it shall be incorporated into the taxable income of the current period and paid according to law corporate income tax 。” It can be seen that accounts receivable are included in Taxable income There are two cases:

One is that the debtor is unable to pay the payable amount to the other party due to the other party, i.e. the creditor;

Second, the amount that has not been paid to the other party for more than 3 years due to the debtor's own reasons, and the other party has reported to the tax authority for approval in accordance with the provisions to deduct before enterprise income tax.

For the latter case, whether the other party has Receivables According to the law Pre tax deduction ? As the payable party, it is impossible to claim from the creditor what has been done Bad debt loss If the other party has not confirmed the waiver of the creditor's rights, the taxpayer cannot Payables Arbitrary "cancellation" shall not be required in the tax law taxpayer It must be self declared at the time of enterprise income tax declaration Tax adjustment 。 Therefore, the burden of proof should lie with the tax authorities. Only the tax authority can make tax adjustment according to whether the creditor's tax authority approves the deduction. For the former, that is, "if the payment is indeed impossible due to the creditor's reason Accounts payable ”。 Payables to taxpayers shall be incorporated into Taxable income :

1、 The creditor has been declared bankrupt or revoked according to law, and the creditor has been liquidated and does not need to pay the other party's money; For those that have not been liquidated or have been liquidated but have not been completed, they cannot be deemed as "truly unable to pay";

2、 Accounts receivable for which the creditor has disappeared or died, and there is no payment object after obtaining the certificate of disappearance or death from the public security organ;

3、 Due to natural disasters, wars and international political events, etc Force majeure factors Impact on those that cannot be paid Payables 。 4、 The amount that is not required to be paid after the judgment, ruling or victory of the court.

Exception review

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Payables It refers to the amount payable to the supplier due to the purchase of goods and materials, raw materials and acceptance of labor supply during the production and operation activities of the enterprise. It includes: purchase payment payable, lease payable fixed assets Rental fees and payables Packaging Rent Deposit Tax payable, others Provisional receipts 、 Wages payable 、 Advance receipts Etc. Because the enterprise Economic business There are so many that it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive review during the audit, so we should focus on the key points for inspection.

（1） Review“ Accounts payable ”“ Other payables ” account Creditor of Amount incurred

The review of accounts payable should generally focus on large book accounts, long outstanding book accounts, and accounts with long overdue and sudden settlement, and focus on the credit amount of the "accounts payable" subsidiary account. The method of reverse check should be adopted, and access should be based on the account book number of economic business Bookkeeping voucher and Original voucher Verify.

The credit amount of "accounts payable" or "other payables" account, if Debit The corresponding amount belongs to Economic business Abnormalities of:

(1) If and“ Advances from customers ”The amount of debit incurred by the buyer may be transferred in from the sales revenue or the supplementary payment paid by the buyer.

(2) If it corresponds to the debit amount of the "bank deposit" or "cash" account, the amount of off book materials sold may be Packaging Transfer in of rental income.

(3) If and“ Wages payable ” account Debit of Amount incurred Correspondingly, relevant funds may be transferred in the name of salary payment.

(4) If and“ Accrued expenses ”The debit amount of the account is corresponding, and the overdrawn or balance may be transferred in.

(5) If“ Accounts receivable ”、“ Other receivables ”The credit amount of the account, and“ Accounts payable ”Or“ Other payables ”Of the account Debit The amount incurred corresponds to that between the buyer and the seller Wipe out account As a result of the cancellation of accounts, barter will be formed and no accounting treatment will be made for sales.

The correspondence of the above five abnormal accounts can be found through Bookkeeping voucher , check the attached "Original Voucher" for verification.

（2） Review debit amount of "accounts payable" account

Review the fund destination to see if there is any income Equity account Question.

Example? A metal material distribution company, 1999 Commodity sales revenue The total amount is 21.8 million yuan value added tax Output tax 3.706 million yuan, including 25.506 million yuan of tax, has been deposited in the bank account. From VAT output tax Deducted input tax 2.6 million yuan, and 1.106 million yuan of VAT has been paid. Pass the review“ Accounts payable ” General Ledger , find the credit of the account Amount incurred The total is 15.306 million yuan, Debit The total amount incurred was 11.62 million yuan at the end of the period Credit balance 3686000 yuan (including 315042735 yuan of unpaid payment for goods and 535572.65 yuan of VAT input tax). After review, the enterprise will Tax amount All from Output tax A deduction has been made in.

Enterprise accounting treatment

(1) Obtain sales revenue and value added tax Tax amount

Debit: Bank deposit 25506000

Credit: Commodity sales revenue twenty-one million and eight hundred thousand

Tax payable — Value added tax payable ( Output tax ) 3706000

(2) 1106000 yuan (3.76 million - 2.6 million yuan) of VAT paid

Debit: VAT payable - paying tax one million one hundred and six thousand

Credit: bank deposit 1106000

Review method

(1) Review“ Accounts payable ” General Ledger 。 The amount payable to the supplier for raw materials, goods and materials purchased by the enterprise or for receiving labor supply (that is, the amount payable for goods and amount of taxes on purchases , transportation costs) account Of Credit Reflection.

new value added tax According to the policy, if a commercial enterprise purchases goods or accepts labor supply, the payment for goods has not been paid, and the seller has issued a VAT Special Invoice , the input tax incurred shall not be Output tax Medium deduction. Where the payment for goods has been paid and the special VAT invoice has been issued, the input tax is allowed to be deducted from the output tax of the current period. However, in the actual operation process, the accounting personnel of the enterprise often will not allow deduction amount of taxes on purchases A deduction has been made. Therefore, in the new tax system After implementation“ Accounts payable ”This account has become the account of some enterprises“ Tax haven ”。

The account's Debit Amount incurred It reflects the repayment amount of accounts payable. In this part of the returned amount, the input tax on goods purchased and labor services received is only used for Taxable items Are allowed to be deducted from the output tax.

(2) Review the credit amount of the Accounts Payable account.

According to the account Recorded business occurrence time and account book number, access Bookkeeping voucher and Original voucher , check whether the account correspondence matches accounting system Provisions of.

Through inspection, it is found that the enterprise will VAT Special Invoice The business of purchasing goods that have arrived but have not paid for the goods has made wrong accounting treatment.

① When purchasing goods

Debit: Goods in stock thirteen million eighty-two thousand and fifty-one point two eight

Tax payable — Value added tax payable ( amount of taxes on purchases )　2223948.72

Credit: Accounts payable fifteen million three hundred and six thousand

② When paying the purchase price

Debit: accounts payable 11620000

Credit: bank deposit 11620000

The above accounting treatment indicates that deduction will not be allowed due to unpaid payment value added tax Input tax, which has been fully included in the "VAT payable input tax" account Debit , none at the end of the period Debit balance , and set the Credit balance All input tax included has been deducted.

Because "accounts payable" account Credit balance The amount including tax shall be converted into the amount excluding tax to separate price from tax. Calculate the more deductible amount of taxes on purchases =3686000 ÷ (1+17%) × 17%=535572.65 yuan;

Therefore, 535572.65 yuan of VAT shall be paid after review.

financing

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The financial department can also adopt more strategic financing plan, which is more strategic in action, so that suppliers can accelerate funding and pay outsource Give banks a way to better control their cash flow. Although you can choose to discount the invoice to the bank, some suppliers will be able to use the relatively high credit rating of the enterprise to achieve low liquidity. Other suppliers can use this financing tool to consolidate invoicing globally, obtain more transparent payments, and accelerate the resolution of disputed invoices. The financial department can use the successful procedure acceptance to improve the DPO of the enterprise by negotiating with the supplier to expand the terms.

Supplier Financing The plan is not only conducive to better cooperation with suppliers, but also reduces the number of suppliers Liquidity risk 。 Some suppliers in some regions, especially Europe, used to rely on insurance and letters of credit to working capital Financing. However, the recent changes in the financial market have decreased credit insurance Availability of. In addition, due to the growing trend of open payment accounts L/C financing It is also declining. Therefore, the financial department uses this plan to add Strategic value So as to increase the liquidity and stability of suppliers in challenging areas.

Successful implementation of the plan requires Senior management , clear supplier marketing strategy and carefully selected bank partners. Although any large enterprise will receive great help and support from senior management Supplier Financing The plan needs strong support to eliminate the island problem of enterprises. The Finance Department needs to clearly define the roles of AP, IT, legal, accounting and procurement departments and their Coordination relationship 。

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