synonymGuangfu people(Cantonese ethnic group in Guangdong) generally refers to Guangfu (Han ethnic group)
Guangfu people, also called Guangfu people, refer to the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou MansionRegional useCantoneseOf the Han nationality."Guangfu" is“Guangzhou Mansion”The abbreviation of this administrative division is Guangfu people.[3-4]
The people of Guangfu mainly started from the Tang and Song Dynastiesguangdong NanxiongZhuji LaneTherefore, Zhuji Lane is known as the ancestral home of Guangfu people, one of the three places to seek roots in China, and the birthplace of Guangfu culture, known as "ChinaCultural Posthouse, the root of the world "[6-10]。sinceNorthern Song DynastyMid late stage toYuan dynastyIn the early 200 years,central plainsandJiangnanThe clan moved from Nanxiong Zhuji Lane to the south for more than 130 times, mainly in the Pearl River Delta andHong Kong and MacaoAnd overseasCantoneseFor its cultural characteristics.[28]
"Guangfu" is“Guangzhou Mansion”The abbreviation of this administrative division.“House”The establishment of Lingnan can be traced back to the Guangzhou Governor's Office set up in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the General Manager's Office and the Guangzhou Governor's Office were set up.governor's officeIt is a government office, an organization, not the name of an administrative region.Therefore, there was no local administrative division of "government" in this period, and a region could not be called "government". There was no division concept of "Guangfu".In the administrative divisions of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was no case related to the name of "Guangfu", until the Ming Dynasty, when the Guangfu was established.[4]
The geographical scope of Guangzhou Mansion is actually based on Guangzhou Road in the Yuan Dynasty, but because of the population, economic development and military and political needs, four counties were newly opened in the Ming Dynasty and one county was newly opened in the Qing Dynasty.Therefore, the basic territory of Guangzhou Prefecture has been stable for more than 700 years since the Yuan Dynasty.Residents in this area have long been in the same intermediate administrative division, and folk customs are integrated to form a regional ethnic culture with common characteristics.[4]
Guangfu people refer to the Han people who use Cantonese dialect in the Guangzhou area of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. Guangfu people are the abbreviation of Guangzhou people.In addition to Guangfu people, there are also Han people living in this areaHakka people、Dan FamilyAnd other ethnic minoritiesHui nationalityandManchu。[3-4]
Before the Qin Dynasty, people living in Guangdong were called“South Vietnam”Ethnic minorities, includingZhuang nationality、Li nationality、the She ethnic groupetc.[25-26]。In 214 BC, after the Qin Dynasty unified the Lingnan area, Nanhai Prefecture was set up in the Lingnan area and Panyu City (today's Guangzhou) was established, covering an area of about 0.05 square kilometers, which opened the 2200 year history of Guangzhou.[27]
The Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty passed through GuangxiLinqu canalGuijiang ChannelXiaohe Ancient RoadIt has lasted nearly 1000 years since Xuwen and Hepu went to sea.It was not until the Tang Dynasty (716) that Zhang Jiuling drilled the Dageng Ridge Road（Meiguan Ancient Road）Later, Lingqu and Xiaohe Ancient Roads gradually declined.At this time, Panyu (Guangzhou) became the political, economic and cultural center of Lingnan, and began the era of the Tang Dynasty Maritime Silk Road from overseas to the Central Plains via Panyu (Guangzhou) Port[49]。The opening of Meiguan Ancient Road has reshaped the trade route in the south of the Five Ridges, and it has become the most important traffic road in the South Ridge. Population migration, military mobilization, business travel, envoy visits, etc., mostly pass through this road.[50]
Until the Song Dynasty, the population of Guangdong was still scarce. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, the population increased to more than 784000.However, the Pearl River Delta was not formed at that time, and the sandbars exposed to the water were not only the soil mixed with leaking sand and mud, but also often flooded by flood or salt tide, which was not conducive to farming.After the Southern Song Dynasty, the Han people from the north came to Guangdong one after another due to the war. They were designated to go through Nanxiong County, first to report to a government agency in Zhuji Lane, and then to receive a permit to go to the counties in the Pearl River Delta for resettlement.Today, the Pearl River Delta, known as the cornucopia of Guangdong Province, was developed by them and also the beginning of the great development of Guangdong Province.[29]
To explore the source of Guangfu, from many historical studies, the ancient Zhuji Lane in Nanxiong, Shaoguan is an important birthplace.According to textual research, for thousands of years, there have been more than 150 ancestors with family names living here from the Central Plains to the south, and then they moved southward to the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas in a large scale due to war and other reasons, spreading branches and leaves everywhere.Meiguan Zhuji Ancient Road is the largest channel for people from the Central Plains and Jiangnan to migrate to the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong due to war and other reasons.A large number of people in the Central Plains passed through this ancient road, stayed temporarily or stayed for a long time, and then transferred south to the Pearl River Delta after several generations of reproduction, so Zhuji Lane became the largest source of people in Guangzhou.
zhang jiulingIn the 17th year of the Kaiyuan era, the ancient Meiguan Road was excavated on a large scale on the original basis under the imperial edict of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, making it the shortest, fastest, most convenient and lowest cost ancient "highway" connecting the military, politics and economy of the North and the South, and the largest channel for migration from the Central Plains and Jiangnan to Lingnan in all previous dynasties.Ming JiajingHuang ZuoRepair《Guangdong Tongzhi》It is recorded that "from Jian'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, most Chinese people who avoided the land entered the mountain range, and their descendants tended to be homesick. Their flowing style and style of dress were gradually influenced, so the custom gradually changed, and the common people were almost the same as those in Zhongzhou." The ancestors of Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty immigrated to the north and south rivers of the mountain range in the Jin Dynasty to settle down.
In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 AD), especially when the Northern Song Dynasty perished, a large number of refugees left Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, with Zhao Gou, King Kang. Many distinguished families and civilians moved south along this ancient Meiguan Road.When someone goes to Nanxiong Zhuji Lane, he will naturally recall that there is also a Zhuji Lane in his hometown Kaifeng, Henan (named in the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Song Dynasty).There is a written record: "When you enter the mountain range to Nanxiong, you will never forget the place where Yuyu came from. It is also called Zhuji Lane. It is like the new abundance of Han Dynasty, which makes you think about your hometown. Many old people in Guangzhou moved here."
During the nearly 200 years from the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD) to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the clans in the Central Plains and Jiangnan moved southward in a large scale due to the military disasters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.In the high tide of migration at this time, batch by batch came from the north, and batch by batch moved southward (3 times in large scale, about 130 times in small scale), and moved from Zhuji Lane to the Pearl River Delta.
In the last years of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), after the death of the Ming Dynasty, some of the deceased officials fled to Guangdong, bringing a large number of folk immigrants, either to avoid natural disasters or to find a better life.Most of them also pass through Meiling and transfer from Meiguan, Zhongzhan, Zhuji Lane and Nanxiong City to the Pearl River Delta.
In the Qing Dynasty, Guangfu people migrated overseas again, becoming the main body of overseas Chinese colonizing overseas.Since the 18th century, Guangfu people have traveled across the sea and taken root in many cities in the United States, Canada, Europe and Oceania.[28]
Architecture
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ancestral hall
Guangfu Ancestral Hall is widely distributed todayGuangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay AreaIn the Song Dynasty, a large number of northerners crossed over Dayu Ridge into Lingnan to avoid the war and settled in Zhuji Lane for the time being, and then went south to the Pearl River Delta to live in villages.These villages "live together" will generally compile genealogy according to the family name, and if conditions permit, they will also build ancestral temples.[33]
The Ming Dynasty issued the "Six Sacred Edicts", which required people to "be filial to their parents, respect their elders, live in harmony in the countryside, and teach their children lessons", and gradually relaxed the restrictions on folk temple establishment.During the Ming Dynasty, there were 6355 Ju Ren, 889 Jinshi, 6 first class Jinshi and 3 top scholars in Guangdong, among whichGuangzhou MansionThey accounted for half of the country, including 3090 people and 457 Jinshi. Of the six first class Jinshi in Guangdong, five came from Guangzhou.Guangfu people, who passed the imperial examination and became officials in the imperial court, tried their best to build a temple and become boosters.As a result, the first peak of temple building appeared in Guangfu area.[33]
Guangfu Ancestral Hall
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, wars were frequent, and the construction of Guangfu Ancestral Hall fell into a low ebb.After the "one port trade" in Guangzhou, the economy recovered rapidly, and a large number of clan properties were accumulated. Guangfu ushered in the second peak period of building and repairing ancestral temples in history.Most of the newly built ancestral halls in this period were small and medium-sized ones with three openings and three entrances, and new characteristics also emerged.First, the architecture has more local characteristics and uses more advanced techniques, such as wood carving, stone carving, tile pottery, color painting, etc., stone eaves columns, shrimp beams, wok ear gables have also begun to appear in large numbers, and people use patterns rich in local characteristics in decoration to convey family and country ideas such as harmony, filial piety, ethics, loyalty and bravery.The other is the appearance ofChen Family TempleThe "He Clan Ancestral Temple" represented by "He Clan Ancestral Temple" is most concentrated in the places near the original Gongyuan, such as Xiaoma Station, Liushui Well, Yuehua Road, Guangwei Street, etc., such as How Family Ancestral Temple, Zhu Family Ancestral Temple, Zhao Family Ancestral Temple, etc.[33]
There are more than 1300 ancestral temples in Guangzhou, such as GuangzhouQiangang VillageOfGuangyu Temple, the prime minister of the late Southern Song DynastyLu XiufuThe Guangfu Family Ancestral Hall built by later generations in memory of Lu Xiufu records the hardships and glory of Guangfu people's ancestors moving southward from the Central Plains[43]。ShenzhenFenghuang Ancient VillageIs a national hero of the Southern Song Dynastyknown as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereignsGuangfu Village, where descendants live together, has exquisite and complex architectural decoration of the Chinese clan ancestral hall[44-45]。Xinhui District, Jiangmen CityCixi VillageIt is the royal village of the Zhao family in the Southern Song Dynasty, where many Guangfu ancestral halls are preserved[46]。Doumen District, Zhuhai CityNanmen VillageIt is also a Guangfu village inhabited by descendants of the Zhao royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty. The ancestral temple of the Zhao family is preservedAxis handleAnd buildings[51]。Qingyuan CityShangyue VillageHe is a famous general of the Southern Song DynastyZhu WenhuanGuangfu Village, where descendants live together, has preserved ancient ancestral buildings such as Ruizhu Ancestral Temple of Xiangxian Dynasty[47-48]。Chang'an Town, Dongguan CityShangsha VillageyesFormer Residence of Sun Yat sen's AncestorIt is a village of Guangfu, with Sun's Ancestral Temple reserved[110]。Nanlang Town, Zhongshan CityZuobu VillageOfSun Gongci of ShuangzhuangIt is the ancestral temple of Sun Yat sen and a typical representative of Guangfu architecture.[111]
Wok ear room
Wok ear roomIt is a typical representative of Guangfu architecture. The gable of the house is built in the shape of a wok ear, so it is called "wok ear house". Only families with fame and official positions can build it[34]。Guangfu Folk HouseStyle inSouthern Song DynastyLater, it was gradually established, and was quite mature by the middle of the Qing Dynasty.The main representative forms are comb style villages with neat layout and compound courtyard with three rooms and two corridors.There is a geomantic pond in front of the village, and a grand ancestral hall is arranged at the front of the central axis, which becomes the composition center of the whole village.The building is obviously affected byJiangnanUnder the influence of the regional architectural model, the wok ear style gables rise one after another, forming a spectacular feature of Guangfu folk houses.The wok ear shaped gable is called“Guanyin pocket”。[69-70]
The wok ear shaped building has good fire prevention and ventilation performance: in case of fire, the towering gable can prevent the spread and invasion of fire;When the breeze blows, the gable can wind into the roadway, and then flow into the house through the door and window.There is also a saying among the people that "wok ear house" contains wealth, auspiciousness, and plenty of food and clothing.[35]The wok ear house symbolizes the two ears of the official hat, which means "to be the best", expresses the yearning of the local family for fame, and is also a symbol of the wealth of the family."Comb layout" and "Wooer gable" become the architectural marks of Guangfu villages in the Pearl River Delta.[36]
Wok ear room
Lingnan Garden
Lingnan GardenIn a narrow sense, it can be called Guangfu Garden, which also shows the deep roots of Guangfu culture[72]。ShundeQinghui GardenPanyuYuyin Mountain HouseDongguanKeyuanFoshanLiangyuanCollectively known as the four famous gardens in Lingnan[37-38]。During the Qing Dynasty, China's private gardens became more and more mature, basically forming three centers of Beijing, Jiangnan and the Pearl River Delta[71]。Many officials and literati who became officials built private gardens mainly to cultivate their moral integrity and enjoy life. In their spare time, they invited a group of literati to recite poems and paint.The gardens in Guangzhou flourished in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Guangzhou was rich in resources and rich in people.[73-74]
Qinghui Garden
Xiguan Grand House
Xiguan Grand HouseIt was the rich and powerful businessmen in Guangzhou in the pastXiguanLarge residential buildings built in the area.These houses are tall and bright, with a combination of hall and garden, and are beautifully decorated.Its basic layout is three rooms and two corridors, symmetrical from left to right, with the main hall in the middle.Each hall is one entrance.The halls are separated by patios.There are study, side hall, bedroom and staircase on both sides of the main hall.Finally, the kitchen.On the right side of the entrance hall, there are usually yard sketches, planting flowers and trees, and arranging rock fish ponds for recreation and viewing.The back of the courtyard is a study.There is a Qingyun Lane on both sides of the big house, which means "stepping up to the top".[37]
Blockhouse
Kaiping DiaolouyesGuangfu Folk Houseone of[103]。From 1855 to 1867Hakka peopleWhen they moved into Kaiping, a bitter struggle broke out between local people and Hakka people.At that time, Kaiping locals went abroad to do business and work, and accumulated a lot of wealth. They returned home with the wealth they had accumulated from overseas.These treasures also attracted the attention of bandits, who even came to rob them.At this time, most of the overseas Chinese who originally wanted to buy land to build houses and honor their ancestors built their houses into "blockhouses" to protect their families.In fact, the prototype of blockhouses appeared in the Ming Dynasty, but it flourished around the 1920s. According to statistics, there were more than 1000 blockhouses in Kaiping at that time, and more than 3000 in the heyday.[112]
language
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CantoneseAlso called Cantonese, it is the mother tongue of Guangfu people and belongs toSino Tibetan language familyChinese nationalityChinese dialects , one of the top ten Chinese dialects[40]。The Cantonese dialect consists ofAncient ChineseIts formation and development have gone through a long-term process.From the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, Han people in the Central Plains continuously migrated to Lingnan, promoting the development and finalization of the Cantonese dialect.Since the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Cantonese dialect has changed little.[25]
The standard pronunciation of Cantonese isCantonese speech。The Cantonese dialect has its origin in the Northern Central Plainshonest advice, from ChuQuechan And so on, is a reservationancient ChineseA language with many elements[41]。Scholars in the Qing DynastyChen LiYes《Song rhyming dictionary》And Guangzhou dialect.In Guangzhou Yinshuo, he elaborated on the characteristics and origins of Guangzhou dialect, and believed that the tone of Guangzhou dialect was combined with the rhyme book of Sui and Tang dynasties《rhyme classification of characters》Because "people in the Central Plains have lived in Guangzhong for more than a thousand years, and the sound of Guangzhong today is the sound of the Central Plains in the Sui and Tang dynasties..."[42], Master of Traditional Chinese CultureNan HuaijinMr. Yu believes that Cantonese is the "national language" of the Tang and Song Dynasties.[41]
Tone is a very important element in Chinese. The Cantonese dialect has many and complex tones.Ancient poeticlevel and oblique tonesRhythm is based on different tones. The more tones, the more you can understand and appreciate the musical beauty of ancient poetry.The ancient Chinese language has four tones: Ping, Shang, Qu and RuEntering tone characterThe whole set is reserved in the Cantonese dialect.There are many elegant ancient words.In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were almost dominant in number, and in Guangdong dialect, monosyllabic words still accounted for a considerable amount.In ancient Chinese, subject predicate inversion, attribute postposition, adverbial postposition and object preposition are common phenomena.Attributive postposition is to put the attribute behind the head word, which is a common phenomenon in Guangdong dialect, such as "guests" (guests).[41]On the one hand, Guangzhou dialect inherits and retainsancient ChineseOn the other hand, it also absorbs some elements of southern non ChinesemandarinThey are quite different and have their own unique phonetic characteristics.[25][80-81]
Imperial Examination Culture
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Distribution of Guangdong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty
Village Tribute of Guangzhou MansionJinshiThe total number of people is 1283, including 260 people in Panyu, accounting for 20.3%;357 people in the South China Sea, accounting for 27.8%;238 people in Shunde, accounting for 18.6%;193 people in Dongguan, accounting for 15.0%;231 people in Jiangmen[56]；138 people in Xiangshan (Zhongshan, Zhuhai).[57]
In the Ming Dynasty,Guangzhou MansionThere were 486 Jinshi, ranking first in Guangdong, accounting for 55% of the total number of Jinshi in Guangdong, far higher than that of Guangdong in the Ming Dynasty[109]。The number of township tributes and Jinshi in Nanhai, Shunde, Sanshui and Gaoming counties under Foshan's jurisdiction accounted for 48.7% of the total number of township tributes and Jinshi in Guangzhou, accounting for almost half of the country.[52]
7 in FoshanNo. 1 Scholar, accounting for more than half of the number of top scholars in Guangdong, is a veritable hometown of top scholars in Guangdong.This has a lot to do with Foshan as the political, economic and cultural center of Lingnan. Foshan is located in the core area of Guangfu culture, andNanpanshunThe region is the most typical.Scholars in Qing DynastyWu RongguangPrevious positionsGovernor of HuguangFirst, he once said: "The nine prefectures in Guangdong ranked two out of 70 in terms of the number of subjects under the imperial system, each of which is almost half of Guangzhou's prefectures, 14 of Guangzhou's genera, and half of the South China Sea."[52]
cultivation culture
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SangyuanweiFounded in the Huizong period of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was the largest Jiwei water conservancy project in ancient China, which was inseparable from the arrival of Zhujixiang immigrants from the Central Plains in the South China Sea and the foundation opening in Shunde during the two Song dynastiescentral plains、JiangnanRich production experience in agricultural irrigation and water conservancy[64]。The construction of Sangyuanwei water conservancy project startedZhujiang deltaThe history of large-scale reclamation and agricultural development in the region isSangji fish pondThe origin of the mode of production is the common spiritual home of Guangfu culture.It is also an important witness of the historical process of population migration, economic zone expansion and center of gravity southward in eastern China since the Tang and Song Dynasties.[65]
becauseSangji fish pondThe rise of the local sericulture industry from the Tang and Song dynasties when the annual five income to seven income, eight income.To create a miracle that may not have been expected in the past -- from "a boat of silk" in Sangyuan Wai to "a boat of silver" in the 13th line of the Qing Dynasty, Yuguo is open to trade and sails to the five seas[64]。The Pearl River Delta has also become GuangdongsilkIt is the main production area of, and has formed a recycling agricultural model of planting mulberry on the ground, raising fish in ponds, feeding silkworms with mulberry leaves, feeding fish with silkworm excrement, and fertilizing mulberry in pondsSericultureCulture.By the time of the Republic of China, the raw silk output of the province accounted for one third of the total output of the country. Without the "Sangji Fish Pond" in the past, there would be no rich Pearl River Delta today.[66]
Belief culture
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Nanhai God
In the 14th year of Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (594),Emperor Wen of the Sui DynastyAn edict was issued to build a Sihai Temple to offer sacrifices to Sihai and build it in GuangzhouNanhai Temple, and VulcanZhu RongAlso officially honored as the "sea god" enshrined in the South China Sea Temple[104-105]。Song RenzongIn the first year of Kangding (1040), the official title of Nanhai God was "Hongsheng Guangli King".Since then, the South China Sea God has been called "Hongsheng King" by the people.In addition to the official ceremony at the South China Sea Temple, people also formed various solemn sacrificial activities and a large number of South China Sea God "leaving the palace" Hongsheng King Temple[106]。There are more than 200 "Hongsheng King Temple" in the Pearl River Delta, which is actually the South China Sea Temple[108]。Hong Christmasalso calledNanhai God's Birthday、Polo's birthdayThe birthday is from February 11 to 13 of the lunar calendar every year. It is a folk festival to celebrate the birthday of Zhu Rong, the South China Sea God.[105]
Northern Emperor
Northern EmperorAlso known as Xuanwu, Zhenwu, etcTaoismThe god of Zhongsi water is one of the most worshipped gods by Guangfu people[60]。Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the worship of Xuanwu has become more and more popular, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, when border disasters occurred frequently. As the main god of the north, Xuanwu's worship has received official support[61]。Under this background, with the massive southward migration of the population in the Central Plains, the Xuanwu worship came to Lingnan[62]。In the early Ming Dynasty, King YanZhu DiIt is believed that the acquisition of imperial power was due to the expansion of the Northern Emperor, who listed the sacrifice of the Northern Emperor as a national ceremony. Therefore, the Xuanwu belief was further spread throughout the country.The worship of the Northern Emperor became one of the mainstream folk beliefs in the Pearl River Delta after the Ming Dynasty.The worship ceremony of the Northern Emperor rose to become the official ritual system, not only the temples dedicated to the Northern Emperor were all over the villages, but also the shrines of the Northern Emperor were widely worshipped in villagers' homes.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Foshan TempleAnd the worship of the Northern Emperor has a considerable influence in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macao[62]。On the third day of the third lunar month every yearNorthern Emperor's BirthdayThe scale of folk celebration activities of the Han nationality was grand.[107]
Opera music
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Lingnan GuqinOriginating in Xinhui, Guangdong, and popular in the Pearl River Delta, art is one of the representatives of Guangfu culture. Its real source is in the Song Dynasty.At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, along with the southward migration of the Song Dynasty, the Central Plains culture was also brought to Guangdong. In the following hundreds of years, Lingnan zither learning flourished and many zither players emerged.Such as Dali people in the South China Sea in the Ming DynastyKuang Lu, Xinhui people of the Ming DynastyChen Baisha, Shabei people in the South China Sea in the Ming DynastyChen Zisheng、Chen ZizhuangEtc.In the Qing Dynasty, the Lingnan School of Qin became more and more famous and its founderHuang JingxingThe great masters of the Republic of China areYang Xinlun。Important Qin Works《A genealogy of ancient hills》《Understanding Snow Mountain Musical Manual》Etc.[68]
Cantonese OperaIt is a traditional folk art of Han nationality sung in Guangzhou dialect, and is the largest local music in Guangdong.Originated from the eight tone troupe that sang Cantonese opera in the Qing Dynasty.In the early Tongzhi period, the inheritance and development of the blind female artist "Shiniang" tended to mature.After the Republic of China, "female performers" gradually appeared on the tea house singing platform to sing Cantonese opera, changed "opera house Mandarin" to Guangzhou dialect, changed the false voice to the real voice, and divided into three kinds of singing: big throat, flat throat, sub throat. Cantonese opera entered its peak period.[86]
Guangdongsouthern accentFormed during the reign of Jiaqing Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, it is a traditional rap art popular in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macao.Guangdong Nanyin originates from the Nanci class in other provinces and absorbs the voice of Jiangsu and Zhejiang“Yangzhou Tanci”Through the evolution and development, the music of other kinds of music has gradually formed the ballad system of southern melody.[82]
Dragon Boat Rap"Dragon Boat Song", also known as "Dragon Boat Song", is a folk art form popular in the Guangdong dialect area of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong Province.It was formed in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, mainly with singing and supplemented by speaking.[92]
Yue OuIt is a folk rap form spread in the Pearl River Delta in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.Feng Xun, Zhao Ziyong, etcWooden Fish Song、southern accentBased on the creation and development of Guangzhou dialect chant.[83-84]
Guangdong folk musicIt is a tradition popular in Guangfu dialect area of the Pearl River Deltaensemble of such instrumentsIt has a history of more than 400 years. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has gone through the stages of germination, development and maturity. There are more than 500 pieces of music whose names and scores can be verified.With the characteristics of light, soft, bright, fine and thick, and the fresh, smooth, melodious and beautiful styleSilk bambooThe subtlety and beauty of music has influenced the whole country and is popular in Chinese communities around the world.[67]
Arts and Crafts
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Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guangdong's painting industry has witnessed great development, with many talents, unique styles, diverse techniques, and innovation and change.Its representatives include: NanhaiLin LiangFreehand brushwork of flowers and birds, DongguanZhang MuFamous for painting horses, XinhuiGao YanGood at landscape, ShundeLi JianExcellent in poetry, calligraphy and painting, ShundeSu LiupengSu Renshan is good at figures, PanyuNesting、IncorruptibleworkFlowers and insects, attaching importance to nature, creating“Bump into water”"Collision with color" technique.At the beginning of the 20th century“Lingnan School of Painting”, its founderGao Jianfu、GaoqifengChen Shuren is from Panyu.They advocated advocating art revolution and establishing modern Chinese painting as the purpose;Compromise between China and the West and integrate the ancient and modern times as a way;Take both forms and species, and enjoy both refined and popular tastesAesthetic standards；withPart time work and writing，Color inkAnd pay equal attention toArtistic technique。Unique and influential at home and abroadArt genre。In modern times, those who inherit and develop this school of painting art areFang Rending、Li Xiongcai、the moon at the fortified passZhao ShaoleiYang ShanshenEtc.
Lion danceIt is one of the representatives of Guangfu culture[87], originated in Foshan, Guangdong[89], belonging to ChinaLion danceSouth Lion in.In history, lion dance was born from the palace lion dance of the Tang Dynasty. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, with the migration of the Central Plains to the south, the lion dance culture was introduced into the Lingnan region.In the Ming Dynasty, Xingshi appeared in Guangdong, which originated fromNanhai County。Guangdong Xingshi has become a well-known folk dance brand unique to Guangdong.The Lion Awakening Activity is also widely spread in overseas Chinese communities, and has become a cultural bridge for overseas compatriots to recognize their ancestors and return to their ancestors. Its cultural value and significance are very far-reaching.[88]
piaose come ofcentral plainsThe activities of the regional meet the gods competition gradually spread to the southeast coast and northwest regions, and prevailed for a time in the Qing Dynasty. The spread process was combined with the specific conditions of various regions to form different characteristics.In Lingnan, piaose originated from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, belonging toShehuoAs one of the performing art forms, it is still an important art form in the Pearl River Delta and one of the folk arts in Guangfu.[93]
“Jasminum nudiflorum flower market”It is a New Year custom in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, Macao and other places before New Year's Eve[94-95]The formation of Guangzhou Spring Festival Flower Market can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Huadi (today's flower place) in Fangcun, Guangzhou, had become a flower and tree producing area. People called it the "Flower Street" by erecting rows of bamboo sheds to display flowers, fruits and New Year's products.[96]
Guangdong planningDragon BoatThe history ofFive Dynasties and Ten KingdomsDuring the Southern Han Dynasty, the early dragon boat race in Guangzhou was just a palace activity. It was the peak of the dragon boat race in Guangzhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties[97-98]。FoshanThe history of dragon boats in Zhongshan, Dongguan, Jiangmen and other places can be traced back tothe Ming dynasty。[99-102]
Double Seven Festival(i.ethe seventh evening of the seventh moon）It has always been popular in Guangzhou and the Pearl River DeltaBegging for clevernessThe custom and traditional ceremony includes a series of ancient rites, such as greeting the immortals, presenting the Seven Niangs, worshipping the Seven Niangs, and sending the Seven Niangs away.[113-114]
Dietetic culture
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Cantonese cuisine(that is, Guangzhou cuisine) YesCantonese cuisineOn behalf of[85], fromcentral plains。It integrates the characteristics of Nanhai, Panyu, Dongguan, Shunde, Zhongshan and other local flavors, as well as the strengths of Beijing, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and other foreign provincial dishes, as well as western cuisine.In cooking, it focuses on frying and exploding, as well as stewing, frying and roasting. It stresses clearness but not lightness, freshness but not vulgarity, tenderness but not raw, and oil but not greasy. There are five flavors (fragrant, loose, soft, fat and thick) and six flavors (sour, sweet, bitter, hot, salty and fresh).The folk have the reputation of "eating in Guangzhou", with the characteristics of freshness, freshness, freshness, tenderness and smoothness. The "five tastes" and "six tastes" are excellent, and they are good at stir frying. It is required to master the right temperature and oil temperature.It is also compatible with many western dishes, and pays attention to the momentum and quality of dishes.[54-55]
roasted gooseYes, Cantonese cuisine[90], fromRoasted Duck, in the late Southern Song Dynasty,known as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereigns、Chen WenlongThe Southern Song Dynasty chefs also came to Guangdong with the protection of the young emperor and his retreat to Guangdong to resist the Yuan Dynasty.As a famous dish in the Song Dynasty, roast duck was naturally brought here.There is no inkstone duck rich in Hangzhou in Guangdong, so the chef replaced it with the goose native to Guangdong and improved it into the roast goose with unique Cantonese characteristics.[91]
foodPoon ChoiIt is the traditional custom of Guangfu people[58]According to literature, the first year of Xiangxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1278),Southern Song DynastyWhen the imperial court was defeated in Guangdong, Empress Dowager Yang and her younger brother passed through Dongguan and Hong Kong with the emperor at that time.Most of the soldiers came to Chang'anWusha Village。Everywhere they went, people went there one after another, and there were as many as 200000 soldiers who were loyal to the king.In the absence of dishes to hold food, coastal people skillfully use wooden pots to hold dishes made by three or five families together, which are stacked layer by layer, permeate each other, and overflow with fragrance, and are deeply loved by the emperor and soldiers.Since then, the custom of eating potted vegetables has spread along the coast of Guangdong.[59]
Cultural characteristics
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Guangfu culture is the culture of Guangfu people, which is a regional culture in Guangdong dialect area, and refers to the culture of Han people who use Cantonese dialect in Guangfu area of Pearl River Delta in Guangdong.Guangfu people mainly moved in through Zhuji Lane in the south of northern Guangdong during the Tang and Song Dynasties, so Zhuji Lane is known as the ancestral home of Guangfu people.Since its establishment, Guangzhou Prefecture has developed economy, prospered commerce and trade, and flourished culture and education. It is the core area and thriving place of Guangzhou Prefecture culture, and has always been in the leading position of Guangdong Province.Guangfu culture is an important part of Chinese civilization, subordinate to Lingnan culturecentral plainsAndJiangnanThe immigrant culture, which inherits the essence of Han culture in the Central Plains, has the greatest influence in Lingnan culture and is often regarded as Guangdong in various fieldsChinese cultureOn behalf of.Representatives of Cantonese culture include "Guangdong Music", "Awakening the Lion", "Guangzhou Embroidery", "Guangzhou Color", "Guangzhou Sculpture", "Lingnan Painting School", "Wok Ear House", "Lingnan Gardens", "Cantonese Opera", "Cantonese Opera", and so on.[32]
After the Song Dynasty, the development of the Pearl River Delta has begun to take shape. By the Ming Dynasty, it was the famous grain and variety in Lingnancash cropProduction bases in Shunde, Nanhai, Zhongshan, Panyu, etcJitang agricultureWell known in the world.Multilevelagricultural economyBased on Guangzhou, a world trade port, agricultural and sideline products andhandicraft industryProduct marketBroad, active production and marketing.In the late Ming Dynastyagricultural productionThe trend of commercialization is becoming increasingly obvious, becoming the most active andCommodity consciousnessTherefore, it is the area with the most anti traditional spirit.Guangdongmodem industryOfEmerging industries, mainly from the Pearl River Delta in the late 19th century.The economic development has promoted the prosperity of culture. Since the Song Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta has been in the position of talent advantage in the province.Guangzhou, the central city of Guangfu culture, has been the political, economic and cultural center of Guangdong and even the Lingnan region since ancient times.In various cultural fields, such as architecture, art, religion, drama, music, literature, painting, craft, diet, gardens, customs, etc., it shows a long history and distinctive personality everywhere, giving people multi-level, three-dimensional and rich feelings, so that Cantonese culture occupies a superior position in the cultures of various ethnic groups in Guangdong.
Celebrities in Guangfu
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In the long history, the Guangfu people have constantly emerged world-famous famous figures, whether inmilitary administrationThere are many Guangfu people in the world of business, culture, sports, entertainment and martial arts, such asSun Yat-sen、Kang Youwei、Liang QichaoEtc. forChinese civilization Has made tremendous contributions to the prosperity and development of.
Military and political circles:Republic of ChinaNational fatherPremier of the Chinese KuomintangSun Yat sen, a revolutionary pioneerYang XianyiLi Sunchen, He WuZou, Lu Zhaolong, He Yaotai, He Shixiang, Huang Biao, Huang Cong, Huang Peifang, Zeng Wangyan, Bao Jun, Mai Cichang, Lu DianbiaoHe JingHe Guangyao, He Changqing, He Dingjiang, etc
business community:Famous compradors in modern ChinaindustrialistTang TingshuOutstanding representatives of modern Chinese industry and commerceXu RunFamous overseas Chinese businessmenCai Chang、Daxin CompanyFounder Bao Guobao, etc.
Military and political circles:Outstanding Diplomat, Jurist and Calligrapher in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of ChinaQing government's representative in the U.S.、Reform Movement of 1898Key leadersLiang QichaoCui Shi'an, Chief Executive of Macao, the US Federal Representative, and the first Chinese American female Congressman in historyZhao MeixinThe 26th Canadagovernor, becomeHistory of CanadaThe first Chinese American governor and the second female governor Wu Bingzhi, Li Guozhang and the US ambassador to ChinaLocke JiahuiMembers of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Liu Mengxiong, Liang Sizhong, Liang Sining, etc.
Military and political circles:A famous general of the Ming Dynasty who fought against the Qing Dynasty,national heroYuan ChonghuanZhang Aiying, Luo Zhiwei, Zhang Yuren, Members of the Hong Kong Legislative CouncilFeng Jianji、Chen Lian、Ye Fu、Republic of ChinaFamous general Jiang Guangnai, etc.
Father of Chinese Physics, Successive NationalPeking UniversityProfessor of Physics, National Southwest Associated University, TaiwanAcademia SinicaacademicianWu DayouAnd martial artsWang YinlinAcademicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of SciencesZhao ShanhuanEtc.
dispute
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Guangfu culture is a regional culture in Cantonese speaking areas, which refers to the Pearl River Delta in GuangdongGuangzhou MansionThe culture of Han people who use Guangfu dialect in the area.Later, some scholars proposed that the Cantonese people in the broad sense should generally refer to the Han ethnic group whose mother tongue is Cantonese. They believed that "Guangfu" was "Guangxin Prefecture", and proposed that "Fengkai was the 'capital of Guangxin", which extended to western Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula, southeast Guangxi and other Cantonese speaking areas[30]。It is believed that Guangfu people are mainly composed of early immigrants andAncient Yue nationalityIt is integrated.The culture of Guangfu people is most prominent in the Pearl River DeltaSouth VietnamInheritance, more influenced by Central PlainsChinese cultureNurtured by Western culture and colonial deformityeconomic factors Influence, with multiple levels and constituent factors[2]。He also put forward new ideas such as the "three places theory" of the origin of Guangfu culture (that is, Zhaoqing is the birthplace, Guangfo is the development place, and Hong Kong and Macao are the development places), which also attracted a lot of controversy.[31]And thinks that Guangfu people refer to ChinaSouth China withCantoneseThe ethnic group of the Han nationality is the mother tongue.The main language isvernacular, mainly distributed in today's Pearl River DeltaGuangzhou、Shenzhen、Dongguan、Foshanas well asthe western part of Guang-dong provinceThe vast area in the southeast has nine branches."Guangfu" is“Guangzhou Mansion”This oneadministrative divisionThe abbreviation of "" was later used to refer to all Cantonese speaking people in Lingnan area.[75]
