It isVladimir Ilyich Lenin LeadedCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionTo save the newSoviet regimeThe forced temporary compromise action made the Soviet Union withdraw as soon as possiblethe First World WarIn order to consolidate the Soviet regime, restore and develop the economy, and establish the Red Army, it won a break, and later eliminated the domestic armed forces against the Soviet regime and repulsed 14capitalist countryThe armed intervention further laid the foundation.
Contents of the peace agreement
Announce
edit
The contract consists of 14 texts, 5 annexes and 7 itemsSupplementary treatyform.Main contents include:
① The contracting parties declared a truce.
② The Russian army has been fully demobilizeduniversalityBefore the peace treaty, Russian warships sailed back to Russian ports or immediately disarmed.
④ Before the conclusion of the universal peace treaty and the full demobilization of the Russian army, Germany will continue to occupy the places occupied by the German army to the east of the above areas on the eve of the signing of the peace treaty.
⑤ The Russian army immediately withdrew from Ardham, Kars andBatumiRegion (actuallyturkeyMergers).
⑥ Recognized by RussiaUkraine、FinlandIndependence, immediately from Finland, Ukraine andOran IslandsWithdraw troops, guarantee to sign a peace treaty with Ukraine immediately and recognize the peace treaty between Ukraine and Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey.
⑦ Russia pays Germany 6 billionmarkWar reparations.
⑧ Germany promised not to interfere in Soviet Russia's internal affairs and not to attack Russia from Finland.
Note: This harsh peace treaty not only cost the Soviet Union about 1 million yuansquare kilometreAnd nearly 50 million residentsoccupation zoneIt accounts for 90% of the national coal mining volume,Iron ore73%, 54% of industries and 33% of railways.[1-2]
The context of the peace agreement
Announce
edit
cause
1917, RussiaOctober RevolutionAfter the victory, because Russia belonged toEntenteOne party andAlliesbe inState of engagementIn order to withdraw from the war, the newly established Soviet government, after its peace proposal was rejected by the AlliesGermanyConduct peace negotiations.
On January 2, 1918, the Soviet government held a meeting of central and local leaders.At the meeting attended by 60 people, 32 people were in favor of Bukharin's proposal, 16 people were in favor of Trotsky's proposal, and only 15 people were in favor of Lenin's proposal.final,Vladimir Ilyich Lenin The proposition of "is in the minority" and cannot be passed.
On January 24, 1918, the Soviet government held a central meeting to re vote on the signing of the agreement.Trotsky's proposal was adopted by a majority of 9 votes to 7, and Lenin's proposal was still not accepted by the majority.
Trotsky negotiated with German officers, 1918
On January 30, Brest negotiations resumed.As diplomacycommissar(i.e. Foreign Minister), head of the negotiating delegation, Trotsky agreed with Lenin before leaving that if Germany gave an ultimatum, it would compromise and sign a contract.As a result, Germany indeed gave an ultimatum to the Soviet Union. Trotsky asked Lenin for countermeasures by telegraph. Lenin immediately replied and insisted on accepting the German conditions and signing the contract immediately.However, Trotsky did not accept Lenin's proposal, but issued a statement refusing to sign the contract and led a delegation to leave Brest.As a result, Germany began to attack Russia on a large scale.
On February 18, under very urgent circumstances, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union held an emergency meeting.At the meeting, Lenin's proposal was rejected again by 6:7 votes.Later, the Central Committee held a meeting overnight, and after heated debate,Leo Davidovich TrotskySwitch to supportVladimir Ilyich Lenin As a result of the meeting, Lenin's proposal was adopted by 7 votes in favour, 5 against and 1 abstention.The Russian government informed the German side overnight and agreed to sign the contract.
However, Germany did not stop the attack after being notified, and put forward more stringent conditions on February 23.The Central Committee of the Soviet Russian Party held an emergency meeting with 15 members.At the meeting, most of the members expressed their disapproval of Lenin's proposal.Lenin had to propose that if such empty talk continued, he would resign from the government and the Central Committee.Nikolai Ivanovich BukharinI don't care about that,Joseph Visario Norwich StalinNor has it wavered.Trotsky disagreed with Lenin, but his attitude changed in order to prevent Lenin from resigning and splitting the Party.Under his influence, there were 4 abstentions.As a result, Lenin's proposal was adopted by 7 votes in favour, 4 abstentions and 4 against.
result
On February 24, the Russian government sent a new negotiating delegation to negotiate with Germany.
On March 3, Brest Peace Treaty was officially signed.According to the contract, the Soviet Union ceded 3.23 million square kilometers of territory and paid 6 billion marks of compensation.Trotsky was relieved from his post as the Foreign People's Committee.However, the Soviet Union successfully withdrew from the First World War, gaining a respite for the newly born Soviet regime.
Brest Litovsk Peace Treaty
After Germany's defeat, on November 11armisticeOn November 12, the Russian government immediately announced the abrogation of the treaty, making the content of the treaty virtually a dead letter.
In 1922, Soviet Russia and GermanyWeimar governmentSignedTreaty of Rapallo 。The two countries hereby renounce the Brest Litovsk Treaty andWorld War IThe territorial and monetary claims made to the other party later.
significance
It is generally believed that this is the Soviet governmentExchange space for timeSuccessful diplomacy.It made full use of the international contradictions and gave the new Soviet government time to consolidate its political power, which created favorable conditions for its later maintenance.Moreover, because of the success of this diplomatic strategy, Lenin's personal reputation also reached its peak.
