BadenWuteng CastleThe state (German: Baden W ü rttemberg) isFederal Republic of GermanyOne in the southwestFederal State, the state capital is located inStuttgart。The whole territory is mountainous, mainly includingHeilin MountainAnd Schwaben Mountain.With beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery, the tourism industry is quite prosperous.Rich forestWater resources。Industry rose late and developed rapidly in the past three decades.withProcessing industryIt is dominated by small and medium-sized ones;It mainly includes machinery, automobile, electronics, chemistry, precision instruments and other departments.The watch industry accounts for four fifths of the country.Animal HusbandryMainly cattle raising, the valley lowlands are richGrape。Major cities includeStuttgart、Heidelberg 、Mannheim、KarlsruheEtc.
Baden Wuerttemberg is one of the regions with the strongest economy and competitiveness in Europe.Baden Wuerttemberg is regarded asEuropean UnionInnovationThe highest area.In 2003, the scientific research expenditure of Baden Wuerttemberg accounted forgross domestic product3.9%, second only toSweden（4.0%）。
Baden Wuerttemberg in the European Union is the richest region, with an index of 130.4 (EU27: 1002004)unemployment rateOnly 5.0% (May 2007), followingBayernAfter that, Germany is the lowest.
Agriculture
For agriculture, Baden Wuerttemberg has very differentenvironment condition。In general, valley and basin areas are suitable for agricultural developmentRhineIn addition to crops, there are fruits and vineyards in the lowlands and beside Boden Lake.Most areas of the state are of medium height, which is suitable for planting crops. Generally, crops are mixed with fodder.At a height such asblack forestAnd the Schwaben MountainsAnimal HusbandryAnd feed planting.
The agriculture of Baden Wuerttemberg is traditionally based onsmall businessMainly, there is also a process of centralization and intensification here.This process started later than other regions in Germany, but its speed is as fast as other regions.Centralized signs include:
From 1971 to 2005, the number of agricultural enterprises decreased from 215450 to 60617;
From 1949 to 2005, the average size of agricultural enterprises increased from 4.7 hectares to 24.4 hectares (although this figure is still the smallest in Germany on average);
The number of main enterprises and affiliated enterprises is reversed: in 1949, there were 251000 main enterprises and 141000 affiliated enterprises in Baden Wuerttemberg, and in 2005, there were 19900 main enterprises and 35400 affiliated enterprises in the state;
By 1925, the number of employees in agricultural enterprises had been increasing, and then slowly decreased. Since the 1950s, the number has been decreasing rapidly. In 2005, there were about 100000 employees in agricultural enterprises, accounting for 2% of all employees in the prefecture.
manufacturing industry
In 2005, there were 8600 industrial enterprises in Baden Wuerttemberg, with 1.2 million employees, among which the most important industries were
In the past, Black Forest was a fine machine, especiallyHorological industry（Ron HansJunghans），Center of.In addition, Schwaben Mountains are also many famous clothing enterprises（HUGO BOSSStafford).
KarlsruheWith Germany's largestRefinery。Europe's largest software companySAPOur headquarters is in Waldorf.
There are two in Baden Wuerttembergnuclear power plantA nuclear power plant was shut down in 2005.There are many hydropower stations in the state waters.
territory
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Baden Wuerttemberg State has a total area of 35752Square kilometers。It is located in the southwest of Germany.
fromGeographical structureUpper Baden Wuerttemberg can be divided into the following parts: the Rhine River andNeckar RiverThe plain area of the river valley, with the upper Rhine River valley in the west and the front edge of the Alps in the southeast, belongs to the middle mountain areablack forestAnd the Schwaben Mountains.
The southern boundary of Baden Wuerttemberg is Boden Lake and the Gaorhine River, the western boundary is the Upper Rhine River, and the northern boundary is Odenwald Mountains andTaobo RiverWatershed, the eastern boundary is Frank Heights, Nottingens, Danube RiverIle RiverAnd the western part of the Algol region.
The geographical center of Baden Wuerttemberg is located in a small forest near the Botanical Garden in Tubingen, where there is a cone shaped three tonFrank JuraThe stone marks this point.The stone cone inclines 11.5 °, which is equal to the ecliptic andCelestial equatorHalf of the inclination between.
Population area
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At 35751square kilometreIn terms of area, there are 10.8 million residents (including 5.32 million male residents and 5.48 million female residents).There are about 1.2 million foreigners in the prefecture, accounting for 11% of the total population of the prefecture.40% of foreigners are from other countries (mainly Italy andGreece）。
geology
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fromgeologyandGeomorphologyBaden Wuerttemberg can be divided into five different regions:
Part of the upper Rhine lowlands belongs to Baden Wuerttemberg (part of the east bank of the Rhine).This lowland is mainly composed of the sediment of the past sea water, in addition to theHilly areaIt also counts as this geological structure.Here are someSalt mine, mineral springs and some extinct volcanoes (such as Kaiserstul).
The Black Forest and Odenwald Mountains are composed of relatively old rocks, mainly granitegneissAnd early TriassicSandstone。Their north-south orientation makes them a natural "rain screen".The river on their west side has a large amount of water, so its valley is relatively deep.They form the Rhine River andthe danubeMost importantwatershed。The Feld Mountain in the south of the Black Forest is 1493 meters high, which is the highest mountain in central Germany.
Landform of southwest Germany stratum: this terrain is located in the middle of Baden Wuerttemberg, and its rock layers are constantly alternating, but the terrain is more southwestGeological ageAbout young.The rock stratum is generally composed of hard layer and soft layer.
The Schwaben Mountains belong to the mountains in central Germany, but it is a relatively independent mountain area.It is composed of water poorKarstTopographic composition, with typical karst characteristics (such asSinkhole）, but also some small volcanic terrain.There is a hugeMeteorite crater: Nortlingenris.
The AlpsFront foot: the top of Baden WuerttembergSchwaben regionIt belongs to the foothills of the Alps.This is a relatively gentle hilly area,Boden LakeAnd some volcanoes also belong to this zone.The glacier left a very typical terrain here, includingMoraineThings, lakes and marshes.
In a word, the geological structure of Baden Wuerttemberg is very diverse.
climate
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The three main factors affecting the climate of Baden Wuerttemberg are:
Location: Baden Wuerttemberg is located inNorth AtlanticandEastern EuropeBetween continents, i.e. in the westMarine climateAnd easternContinental climateThe transition zone of.Therefore, Baden Wuerttemberg is constantly affected by the marine climate and continental climateClimate impact。However, the influence of the westerlies on the marine climate is dominant, but the influence of the eastward marine climate is obviously weakened.
Height and hillside in different areasgradient: Baden Wuerttemberg has various landforms, and there will be relatively low flat land on the edge of high mountains, which leads to a very different climate in the state within a relatively short distance.
temperature
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Baden Wuerttemberg is located in the south of Germany, so its temperature is higher than the average in Germany on the whole.Even on the regional temperature within the state, it can be seen that there is an increasing trend from north to south.In the lower land of the upper Rhine, the Nekal River valley below the Klichgao and StuttgartAnnual average temperature9 °, the highest temperature in Germany.In addition, the Boden Lake and the Gaorhine River valley are also warm.With the increase of terrain, its temperature also decreases. The annual average temperature of Nanhei Forest is 4 °, which is the coldest area in Germany.One exception is winterInversionThe temperature at high altitude is higher than that at low altitude.During periods of calm high pressurecold airGather in the valley.Therefore, a low temperature of minus 30 ° will appear in Barr in winter.
What is important for agricultureGrowth periodThe length is equal to the number of frost free days: the average number of Baden Wuerttemberg is 170 days.The growth period in the upper Rhine lowland and the Neckar River valley can reach more than 200 days.However, the growing period of the very cold valley in winter in the upper part of the Upper Black Forest, Bar and some Schwaben mountains is only 120 days.
precipitation
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Brought by the west windMoist airIt is mainly blocked by the Black Forest and the Odenwald Mountains, as well as at the front foot of the Schwaben Mountains and the Alps.Therefore, the rainfall on the windward side of these areas is very high (average yearprecipitationIt is higher than 1000 mm, and even higher than 2000 mm locally in the South Black Forest), while it is much lower on the leeward side, forming a dry area on the leeward side (going up to the Rhine lowlands in the north andFreiburg The precipitation of the basin is only about 600mm, and the Danube valley in the middle of the Neikal River and near Ulm is only about 700mm).
Where there is a lack of wind proof mountains, for example, in Keleshi High and at the bottom of a relatively wide valley, marine air can be easily transported to the east, so the regional difference in these areas is much smaller.
waters
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Due to the numerous mountains of Baden Wuerttemberg and its rivers and valleysTraffic roadAnd history has a very important influence.Besides the Rhine River, the most important rivers of Baden Wuerttemberg are the Neckar River and the Danube River.The Neckar River originates from Velingen Schweiningen, flows through the middle of Baden Wuerttemberg, and is located at the northwest corner of Baden WuerttembergMannheimIt flows into the Rhine River.The water level here is 85 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point of Baden Wuerttemberg.The Rhine River forms the whole western border of Baden Wuerttemberg: from Mannheim to Karlsruhe, it is Baden Wuerttemberg andRhineland PfalzThe border between Baden Wuerttemberg and France andSwitzerlandBorder.The Danube River originates from two rivers in the Black Forest and flows northeast and east. Its north belongs to the Schwaben Mountains, and its south belongs to the Upper Schwaben Mountains.After flowing throughUlmThen it flows into Bavaria.The longest of the other rivers flows through the northeast of Baden WuerttembergKohel River。In addition, in the northeast corner of Baden WuerttembergMaine RiverA small section that forms the state border.
Huizhou Banner
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Baden-Wuteng CastleThe bottom color of the state emblem is golden yellow, with three walking lions on it.This badge was originallyHouse of Hohenstaufen And the Duke of Schwaben's badge.On the top of the Dazhou badge, there are six regional badges in history: frontAustria(red, white and red), Pfalz (the lion leaping up), Wuerttemberg (antler), Baden (slanting red bar), Hornzorum (white and black four points) and Frankia (red background, three silver tips), of which Baden and Wuerttemberg's badges are slightly larger than other badges.The emblem bearing beasts are Baden's griffin and Wuertenberg's deer.
State emblem
Baden Wuerttemberg also has a seal. The shape of the three lions on the seal is slightly different from that on the state emblem.The seal can be used by everyone, and the state emblem must be used with the permission of the government and can only be used by government agencies.
The state flag is black and gold.The official state flag also has a small state emblem.
Since January 1, 1973, Baden Wuerttemberg State has been divided into 4 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk), 12 regions (regions), 35 counties (Landkreis) and 9 county-level cities (Stadtkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt).
administrative division
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Since January 1, 1973, the state has jurisdiction over 4 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk), 12 administrative regions (Regions), 35 states and counties (Landkreis) and 9 cities and counties (Stadtkreis).[1]
Stuttgart, includingHebron-Frank District, East Wuerttemberg District, Stuttgart District.
Tibingen DistrictIncluding Boden Lake Upper Schwaben District, Danube Ile District and Neikal Mountain District.
Danube Ile District also includes areas adjacent to Bavaria, while Rhine Neckar District also includes areas adjacent to Hessen and Rhineland Pfalz.
according toGerman dialectThe southern part of the state uses Alemannisch dialect and the northern part uses Fraenkische Sprachen dialect.stayWorld War IandWorld War II, AlemannianI have a strong sense of independence and want to establish a republic of my own. The territory includes GermanySwitzerland、AustriaAnd some parts of France.[2]
Administrative Division of Baden Wuerttemberg State
Baden Wuerttemberg has 1037 kilometers in totalexpresswayAmong them, the most important ones are No. 5, No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and No. 81 expressways.In addition, there are someRegionalAn important small highway.Especially infastigiumTraffic jams often occur on expressways near big cities, and there will be at least 25 kilometers of traffic jams in the whole state during the morning and evening off work period outside the holidays.The condition of expressways is also often criticized.For example, passing through UlmStuttgartMany sections of Highway 8 to Karlsruhe go fromnaziIt has not been modernized since then.The busiest intersection is the intersection of Stuttgart South Highway 8 and Interstate Highway 27, where 170000 to 180000 vehicles pass every day.
Baden Wuerttemberg also has 4407 kilometers of Lianzhou Highway and 9896 kilometers ofState Road And 12073 kmCounty level highway。
Railway
German RailwaysThere are 3400km routes and 9500 tracks in Baden Wuerttemberg with a total length of 6400kmSwitchAnd about 1400 railways.6500 trains run every day, with a total length of 310000 kilometers.
In addition to German railways, there are some other companies operating local railway transportation in the state, which are entrusted by the state government to operate local railwaysPublic transportation。Karlsruhe model combines railway withtramConnected together, they are imitated in many places in the world.
An important and still planned railway project isStuttgart 21 , thisproject plan The Stuttgart Central Railway Station, which today is a terminal station, will be transformed into an underground through railway station, and its track direction will be turned 90 °.The plan also includes connecting Ulm andStuttgart Airport Ofhigh-speed railway。The total cost is estimated to be billions of euros.
shipping
The Rhine and Neckar rivers enjoy the status of inter state waterways in Germany.Mannheim is located at the place where the Neckar River flows into the Rhine River, and has the largest inland river port in Europe.Karlsruhe has the largest inland river in EuropeOil port。
media
Baden Wuerttemberg's media is very rich and diverse.There are 17 regional newspapers, seven of which have a circulation of more than 150000.In addition, there are about 50 local newspapers.
Headquartered inOffenburgBurda ofmediaThe Group is the largest publishing house and media company in Germanyinternational marketIt also has certain importance.
In terms of private broadcasting, Baden Wuerttemberg has 15 local radio stations and three trans regional radio stations.
Baden Wuerttemberg has an interstatePrivate TV stationAnd several regional private television stations.
tourism
Baden Wuerttemberg is a tourist attraction.The local scenery is beautiful and there are many places of interest.
About 40 million people spend the night in Baden Wuerttemberg every year.Therefore, tourism is the most important part of Baden Wuerttembergeconomic factors one of.The tourism industry has about 200000 employees and 8000 peoplevocational educationstudent.These jobs are relatively stable compared with those in other industries, and are limited to local areas.The income from tourism accounts for 5% of GDP, which can be compared withMachinery manufacturingandautomotive industry In contrast, its enterprises are mainly medium-sized enterprises.
Baden Wuerttemberg has about 60 mineral springs andSanatoriumIn Germany, it is an important convalescent state.Black Forest has famous mineral springs and special climate, and Upper Schwaben has mineral springs and marsh springs.
Baden Wuerttemberg has many traditional people's festivals, the most famous of which is the Kahnstatwatson Festival. In addition, there are many wine festivals andChristmas Market。The state also holds a series of important cultural festivals.
There are lively university towns and romantic towns in the state, beautiful and multilateral scenery, good meeting, exhibition and convention venues, and first-class accommodation and hotels.
The most attractive places for tourists include Black Forest, Boden Lake, Schwaben Mountains, Heidelberg, Baden Baden, Freiburg, Ulm and Stuttgart.
Black Forest, with its romantic valley, mill, typical farm andCuckoo clock famous.There is also a long tradition of ice and snow sports around Feld Mountain.There are many very good and marked hiking paths in the Black Forest.
Upper Schwaben, not far from Boden Lake, is north of the AlpsBaroque artCenter of.Argo has beautiful scenery and manyhikeOpportunities.
The Schwaben Mountains are also a popular resort, with romantic towns, grasslands, evacuated forests, caves, castles and palaces.
Scenic city
Stuttgart (population: 586000): the capital of Bavaria, located in a picturesque valley valley that Alexander von Humboldt also admired.From the concert hall of the singing hall to the Wilhelma Zoo, from the airport to the Kanstadt Grassland folk festival, from the exhibition site on the Cress Mountain to the anti modernist New National Art Museum, it displays all the characteristics of a modern metropolis.The world's first reinforced concrete TV tower (built in 1954, 217m high) was built here.World famous brands such as DaimlerChryss, Porsche and Robert Bosch are headquartered here.At the same time, it is also one of the cities with the lowest crime rate and the safest, and one of the most suitable cities for human living in Germany.
Mannheim (population 312000): an important industrial center, the headquarters of BASF Group (Chemical Industry).Here is the geometric plan of the inner city of the "square city", which was built in 1607 under the order of the Elector Houfriderich of Pufalz.It only uses letters and numbers to mark houses instead of street names.Because of the art collection in the City Art Museum and Rice Museum, as well as the national theater with a long tradition, it is also a city with cultural influence.
Karlsruhe (population 277000): the seat of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and the Federal Supreme Court of Germany. The 32 streets of the Baroque Marquis City in those days fanned out to the palace built in 1715.This industrial city with convenient transportation has a Rhine port with a large cargo transfer volume.Karlsruhe was the capital of Baden before Baden and Wuerttemberg were merged into one state.
Freiburg (population 200000): Freiburg University was built in 1457. The city gate is old, and the Gothic cathedral is equipped with a tower helmet woven with gold wire.
Heidelberg (population: 139000): It has the oldest Heidelberg University in Germany, built in 1386, and the most beautiful scenery in Germany.It has become a holy land attracting countless tourists every year.
Ulm (population 116000): Ulm Cathedral with the highest bell tower in Germany is taken as the symbol of the city.Next to the city hall of the Gothic architecture, a famous astronomical clock is used to indicate the time.
