According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Developmentnational standardStandard for Terms of Engineering Cost (GB/T50875-2013),Project Costs (PC)It means that the constituent items areConstruction periodEstimated or actual construction costs.
Comprehensive application of management, economics andEngineering technologyKnowledge and skills in forecasting, planning, control, accounting, analysis and evaluation of project costworking processgo by the name ofProject cost management(Project Cost Management, PCM)laws and regulationsThe procedures, methods and basis specified by and standards, the prediction or determination of the project cost and its constituent contents are called construction pricing or estimating (CPE), and the basis for engineering pricing (BEPC) includes the pricing contents, pricing methods andPrice standarddependentEngineering measurementPricing standard, engineering valuation quota and engineering cost information, etc.[1]
From 2000 to 2011, China's construction industry completedTotal industrial output valueIt increased year by year, from 1249.76 billion yuan in 2000 to 11773.40 billion yuan in 2011, surpassing the 10 trillion mark for the first time, with the growth rate basically maintained at more than 20%.Real estate and“Ferrometric base”As the main engine of China's economic growth, construction will still play a decisive role in the short term and will run through ChinaUrbanization processTherefore, the engineering cost consulting industry will still have great potential, but opportunities and challenges coexist, and the industry itself still needs to constantly improve and enhance itself in the development process.
With the development of our countryReal estate marketWith the rapid development of, and the rise of social infrastructure construction, the engineering cost consulting industry with rich local resources, contacts and policy resources has developed rapidly, and its business type has gradually improved,Engineering surveyThe design ability has been improved rapidly, and good results have been achievedeconomic performanceandsocial results。
According to the different disciplines involved, the engineering cost consultation industry can be divided into housing construction engineering cost consultationMunicipal constructionEngineering cost consultationroad construction Project cost consultation, railway construction project cost consultation, urban traffic construction project cost consultation, etc.Pressengineering constructionThe engineering construction consultation can be divided into early decision-making stage consultationimplementation phase Consultation, consultation at the settlement review stage, whole process project cost consultation, project costEconomic disputesAppraisal and arbitration consultation, etc.
◆ Non ferrous metal plateCalculation formulaWeight per square meter (kg)=specific gravity * thickness
◆ The specific gravity of various non-ferrous metals is as follows:Copper plateeight point ninebrass plate8.5 Zinc plate 7.2Lead plate11.37 Aluminium plate 2.8
◆ AluminiumPattern plate: Weight per square meter (kg)=2.96 * thickness
◆Copper tube: weight per meter (kg)=0.02796 * wall thickness * (outer diameter wall thickness)
◆brass tube: Weight per meter (kg)=0.02670 * wall thickness * (outer diameter wall thickness)
◆square steelWeight per m=0.00786 × side width × side width
For example, selectRetroThe floor tile specification is 0.5 × 0.5M,Butt jointThe width is 0.002M, the loss rate is 1%, and the number of blocks required for 100 square meters is:
For example, it is calculated by net size areaPVC plasticCeilingAmount of.PVCPlastic boardThe unit price of is 50.81 yuan per square meter, the shield length and width are 0.24M, and the ceilingIs long3M, 4.5M wide, dosage is as follows:
Quantity of ceiling plate=(3-0.24) × (4.5-0.24) is about 11.76 per square meter
3. Amount of Baomen:
Amount of material used for package door=length of outer door frame × width of outer door frame
For example, if the door frame is 2.7M long and 1.5M wide, the material consumption is as follows:
Material consumption of Baomen=2.7 × 1.5=4.05 square meters
4. Wallpaper consumption:
Wallpaper consumption=(height - shielding length) × (width - shielding width) × number of walls - door area - window area
For example, if the wall area is calculated by net size, the shielding is 24CM, the wall height is 2.5M, the wall width is 5M, the door area is 2.8m2, and the window area is 3.6m2, then the amount is as follows:
Wallpaper consumption=[(2.5-0.24) × (5-0.24)] × 4-2.8-3.6 is about 36.6 square meters
The above is the calculation of partial material consumption. The total material cost of the decoration project is obtained by multiplying the decoration material consumption of each part by their respective unit prices one by one.
In case ofInexhaustible, use carry method, notroundingIn the longitudinal direction, less than half of the block is considered as half, and more than half of the block is considered as one.
Total price of floor=total consumption × unit price
After the variety of wall materials is determinedRoom areaThe material size shall be calculated reasonably. Considering the possible loss during construction, it can be bought about 5% more than the actual amount.There are two methods for calculating wall materials:
1. Calculate by formula, that is, multiply the area of the room by 2.5, and the product is the number of materials used for wall pasting.For example, the material for a room of 20 square meters is 20 × 2.5=50 m ^ 2.There is also a more accurate formula:
S=（L/M + 1）（H + h） + C/M
Wherein: S - length of required wall material (m)
L -- total length of four walls after removing windows, doors, etc. (m)
M -- the width of the wall sticking material (m), plus 1 as the margin for splicing patterns;
H -- Height of required wall materials (m)
H - distance between two identical patterns on the wall material (m)
C -- The area of window, door, etc. to be attached to the wall (square meter)
2. On the spot measurement, this method is more accurate. First, understand the width of the required wall materials, and then measure the perimeter of the room wall (excluding doors, windows and other parts) according to this width. There are several widths of wall materials in the perimeter, that is, several pieces of wall materials need to be pasted.Then measure the height of the wall to be pasted and multiply it by the number of sheets, which is the length (m) of the wall materials required for the part of the wall outside the door and window.Finally, the length of materials needed in the wall under the window, irregular corners and other places shall be measured by this method, and the total length shall be the sum of it and the calculated length.This method is more suitable for fine pattern patterns, and there is no need for specially aligned wall sticking materials when splicing.
Room area (m2) divided by 4, the height of the wall to be painted（Decimeter）Divide by 4, and the sum of the two is the kilogram of paint required.For example, a room with an area of 20 square meters and a wall height of 16 decimetres (except for 12 decimetresDado）, then, it is (20 ÷ 4)+(16 ÷ 4)=9, that is, 9 kg of paint can paint the wall twice.
Professional requirements
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engineering cost
RequiredIndustrial and civil constructionCollege degree or above in civil engineering, construction economic management, project cost, construction engineering, budget, etc.One qualifiedProject BudgeterIt is necessary to understand the general construction processConstruction method, project quality andsafety standards；Be familiar with architectural drawingsbuilding structureBasic knowledge of building construction, common building materials, components, accessories, products and commonmechanical equipment；Be familiar with various quotasLabor cost、Budget price of materialsandMachine shift costComposition andCharging standardComposition of;be familiar withCalculation rules of quantities, master calculation skills;Understand the construction economic laws and regulations, be familiar with the provisions of the project contract, and be able to participate in bidding, tendering andContract negotiation；There must be some electronscomputerApply basic knowledge and be able to use computer to prepare construction budget;Be able to independently complete project estimation, estimation, budget and settlement.In addition, goodcommunication skills、Coordination capacityAnd work execution ability.
Construction budgetThe establishment of "" is a hard and meticulous work, which requires our professional workers to have excellent basic skills and goodprofessional ethics, the style of seeking truth from facts, the spirit of being diligent and hardworking.After being fully familiar with the connotation, working procedures and sub items of the quotaConstruction quantitiesWhile calculating rules and scales, go deep into the first line of construction engineering and start from scratch（feasibility study、preliminary design 、Construction drawing design、engineering construction）Collect data, accumulate knowledge and start to compile.
The project cost refers to the project price, that is, the estimated or actual cost of a projectLand marketEquipment market and technologymarket of labour servicesThe price of construction and installation projects and the total price of construction projects formed in trading activities such as.Obviously, the second meaning of project cost isSocialist commodity economyandmarket economyIs the premise.It is the price formed by the market on the basis of multiple estimates, with the project, a specific commodity, as the exchange object, formed through bidding, contracting or other transactions.Generally, the second meaning of project cost is identified asProject contractingPrice.
The two meanings of the so-called project cost are to grasp the essence of the same thing from different angles.withConstruction projectFor investors, the project cost isproject investment , is the price paid for the "purchase" project;At the same time, investors are also acting asMarket supplyThe entity is the basis for pricing when "selling" items.aboutcontractorFor example, the project cost is the sum of the prices of goods and services they sell as market suppliers, or the project cost within a specific range, such as the construction and installation project cost.
Both investors and builders should pre estimate the proposed project.The investor's pre estimation of project cost can not only serve asProject DecisionBasis is also the basis for raising funds and controlling cost.contractorThe budget of project cost not only provides the basis for bidding decisions, but alsoTender offerandcost control Provide basis.
Control function
Project costControl functionIt is manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, it controls the investment, that is, in each stage of investment, it controls the cost in the whole process and at multiple levels according to the repeated budget and evaluation of the cost;On the other hand, it is important for the suppliers of goods and services represented by contractorscost control。
concrete content
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According to different construction stages of the project, the project cost has different forms:
Design budget estimateIt means that in the preliminary stagedesign phase , under the control of investment estimationDesigneraccording topreliminary design Or expand the design drawings and descriptions, budget estimate quota, equipment and material prices and other data, and prepare the determined construction project from preparation to completionDelivery for production or useEconomic documents of all expenses required.
As one of the specialties in the university specialty catalog, the cultivation of engineering cost specialty has goodscientific literacy , master the basic knowledge of project cost, be familiar with the management of the whole process of project cost, pass strict practical skill trainingengineering constructionAdvanced technology focusing on compilation and control of stage project costpractical personnel。
Graduates of engineering cost major are mainly engaged in construction, installation, municipal and other construction stagesProject budgetAnd project settlement and final account, project audit and evaluation, quota preparation and management;It can also be engaged in industry andCivil construction engineeringConstruction andOrganizational management, project supervision, project bidding andproject managementAnd so on.
Training objectives
This major cultivates morality, intelligence, physique and beautyComprehensive developmentWith solidHigher EducationCultural theoretical basis, adapt to the needs of China's and local regional economic construction and development, have basic knowledge of management, economics and civil engineering technology, master the theory, methods and means of modern engineering cost management science, and obtainCost engineerBasic training of consulting (investment) engineers with engineering skillsConstruction project investment decisionAnd project cost of each stage in the whole processManagement ability, practical ability andcreative spiritApplied senior project cost management talents.
(3) Railway (subgrade, pavement, bridge, tunnel, culvert, water supply and drainage, electrical, signal)
(3) Market research
(4) Municipal (earthwork, garden, pipe network, road, water supply and drainage, electrical, signal)
(4) Feasibility study
(5) Installation (water, electricity, heating, weak, fire protection, air conditioning, elevator)
(5) Asset evaluation
(6) Airport, port and wharf (underwater engineering)
(6) Cost accounting
(7) Rail transit (subway, light rail)
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(8) Power (power generation, transformation, transmission and distribution)
Employment prospects
The employment prospect of the engineering cost industry is very good. The engineering cost belongs to civil construction. Because every project needs a cost budget, it is essential for this work, so it is also very considerable for the cost industry.For example, in terms of installation, civil engineering, municipal administration, etc., cost knowledge is required, which is important and rigorous and is related to people's livelihood.
The examination of project cost is very strict, and the professional examination of project costPassing rateLow, so talents in project cost are scarce,Market demandLarge, but the market is in short supply.
To playProjectThe project cost is very expensive, often millions or tens of millions, and the cost of extra large projects can reach 10 billion yuanRMB。
Individuality and difference
Any project has a specific purpose, function and scale.Therefore, the structure, shapeSpace partitionThere are specific requirements for equipment configuration and interior and exterior decoration, so the project content and physical form are individual and different.The difference of products determines the individual difference of project cost.At the same timegeographical positionIt is also different, which strengthens this feature.
Dynamic
From decision-making to completion and delivery for use, there is a longConstruction periodDuring the construction periodControl factorsMany dynamic factors affecting the project cost are caused by.asDesign change, price of materials and equipmentSalary standardas well asFee collectionAdjustment of rates,lending rateThe change of exchange rate will inevitably affect the change of project cost.Therefore, the project cost is uncertain throughout the construction period, untilFinal account of completionAnd finally determine theActual cost。
Hierarchy
Project costHierarchyIt depends on the hierarchy of the project.OneConstruction ProjectIt often contains multiple items that can be played independentlythroughputandProject benefitsOfSingle project。One single project is composed of severalUnit worksform.In line with this, there are three levels of project cost, namely construction projectsTotal cost, individual project cost and unit project cost.If the professional division is more detailedSubdivisional worksIt can also be the object of contracting, such as largeEarthworks, pile foundation works, decoration works, etc.In this way, the level of project cost increasesSubprojectAnd subdivisional works.Even from the perspective of engineering cost calculation procedure and engineering management, the level of engineering cost is very clear.
The error of quantities is divided into positive error and negative error.The true and false error is often shown in that the actual excavation height of earthwork is less than the design outdoor height, and the calculation is still based on the drawing.The area of floor holes and trenches is not deducted;In the wallRing beam、LintelThe volume occupied is not deducted;Rebar calculation is often not deductedProtective layer；Junction of beam, slab and columnLoad-bearing barorstirrupRecalculation and so on;The positive error is shown in the omission of items when the quantities are calculated completely according to the theoretical dimensions.Therefore, the most important thing to review the quantities of construction drawings is to be familiar with the calculation rules of quantities.First, distinguish the calculation range, such as the division of foundation and wall body in masonry engineering, the division of column height in concrete engineering, the division of beam and column, and the division of main beam andSecondary beamDivision, etc.The second is to distinguish the limit range. If the building floor height is more than 3.6m, the ceiling can be calculated only after decorationFull scaffoldCost, cast-in-placereinforced concreteOnly components can be calculatedFormwork erectionExtra high increase fee.Third, carefully check whether the calculated size is consistent with the size shown in the drawing to prevent calculation errors.The review of the quantities of the certificate mainly includesSite visaAnd design modificationnoticeIt shall be verified according to the actual situation to be realistic and reasonable.During auditResearch, review itsrationalityandEffectivenessIt is not allowed to measure when there is a visa, so as to eliminate and prevent unrealistic expenses.
Apply unit price approval
The project cost quota is scientific, authoritative and legal, and its form and content are,Calculation unitAnd quantity standards must be strictly implemented by anyone who uses them, and they cannot be raised or lowered at will.Pay attention to the following issues when approving the applied budget unit price:
(1) Apply directly toQuota unit priceReview of the project - first, pay attention to the project name and contentDesign drawingsWhether the standards are consistent, such as component name, section form, strength grade (concretegrade、cement mortarProportion), etc.secondlyProjectWhether to apply repeatedly.Such as block materialSurface courselowerLeveling layer；asphaltWaterproof layer of coiled material, asphaltGas barrierLowerCold primer oil；prefabricated componentIron parts;belong toarchitectural engineeringWater supply and drainage facilities of the scope.Comprehensivenorm budget This phenomenon is particularly common in the projects of.In addition, whether the price of quota main materials is reasonableprice ceilingRegulations on quota application of materials, etc.Such as granite, marbleWood floor、Exterior wall decorative plateIf the price of main materials does not exceed the ceiling price, enter at the budget price of 94 according to the quotaDirect costs, calculated and supplemented according to actual situationPrice difference；If the main material price exceeds the ceiling price, the ceiling price will be used as the direct fee, and the price difference will be compensated according to the actual amount;
(2) Review of converted unit price of quota - in addition to the above requirements, it is also necessary to clarify whether the allowed conversion content is all or part of the labor, materials or machinery in the quota?Is the method of simultaneous conversion accurate?Is the coefficient used correct?These will directly affect theaccuracy。
Fee collectionAccording to the localProject cost managementDocuments and regulations issued by the department shall be combined with relevant documents such as contracts, bidding documents, etc. to determine the rate.Pay attention to the charging documentsTimeliness；Whether the executed fee collection table is consistent with the nature of the project;Whether the rate calculation is correct;Whether the materials for price difference adjustment meet the requirements of the document.If the charging basis is correct during calculationLabor costIs it based on direct costs.For projects with a lower rate or a lower total price, special attention shall be paid to whether the changed or newly added items are floating down on a year-on-year basis during settlement.
Audit method
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becauseConstruction projectOfProduction processIs aLong cycleProduction in large quantityConsumption processIt has the characteristics of multiple pricing.Therefore, reasonable audit methods can not only achieve twice the result with half the effort, but also directly affect the quality and speed of the audit.The main audit methods are as follows:
Comprehensive audit method
The comprehensive review method is based on the requirements of the construction drawingsCurrent quota、Construction organization design、ContractOr the agreement and the provisions and documents related to cost calculation, comprehensively review the project quantity, quota unit price and cost calculation.In fact, this method is basically the same as the method and process of preparing the construction drawing budget.This method is often applicable to the construction drawing budget reviewed by beginners;Projects with little investment, such asMaintenance engineering；The project content is relatively simple（Subdivisional worksNot many) items, such as fences and roadsretaining wall、Drainage ditchEtc;Reviewed by the OwnerConstruction unitBudget, etc.The advantages of this method are: comprehensive and meticulous, high quality review, and good results;Disadvantages are: heavy workload, long time and repetitive work.stayInvestment scaleThis method is not advisable when the review schedule is relatively tight, but the construction unit still often uses this method to strictly control the project cost.
Key audit method
The key audit method is to graspProject budget and settlementKey audit methods in.This method is similar to the comprehensive audit method, and the only difference between it and the comprehensive audit method is the audit scope.This method has particular emphasis. Generally, the quantity of subdivisional works with large quantities and high costs is selected as the key point of review.Such as foundation works, masonry works, concrete and reinforced concrete works, doors and windowsCurtain wall worksEtc.For high-rise structures, attention should also be paid to the review of quantities of internal and external decoration works.Some ancillary and sporadic projects (awningApron, rampOpen ditch, pool, garbage can, etc.Secondly, focus on the verification of the quota unit price corresponding to the above quantities, especially the reviewQuota subheadingUnit prices that are easily confused.In addition, the cost calculationPoor materialThe price of should also be carefully verified.The advantage of this method is that the workload is relatively reduced and the effect is better.
Comparative review method
In the same area, ifUnit worksPurpose, structure andBuilding StandardsThe project cost should be basically similar.Therefore, on the basis of summarizing and analyzing the budget and settlement data, find out the cost and material consumption of similar projectsRegularitySort out the unilateral works with different purposes, structural forms and regionsCost indexLabor and material consumption indicators.Then, according to these indicators, the audit objects are divided and compared, from which the divisional and sub divisional works that do not conform to the investment law are found, and the key calculation is carried out for these sub items to find out the audit method of the reasons for the large differences.Common analysis methods include:
(1) Unilateral cost index method: by comparing the cost per square meter of similar projectsDirect reflectionAccuracy of cost;
（2）SubprojectScale: foundation, masonry, concrete and reinforced concrete, doors and windowsEnclosureThe proportion of each other in the fixed direct cost;
(3) SpecialtyInvestment proportion: civil engineering, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, electrical lighting and other disciplinesTotal costProportion of;
(4) Labor and material consumption indicators: the analysis of the consumption per square meter of main materials, such as steel, wood, cement, sand, stone, brick, tile, labor and other major labor and material consumption indicators per square meter.
Group computing
It is a method to divide the relevant items in the budget and settlement into several groups, and use one data in the same group to review the subdivisional quantities.In this method, several divisional and subdivisional works are grouped into adjacent and internally related projects.The accuracy of other sub divisional works in the same group can be judged by reviewing the quantity of one sub divisional works based on the relationship between sub divisional works in the same group with the same or similar calculation base.Generally, the floor area, floor areaGround cushion. The floor surface, floor area, floor leveling layer, floor volume, ceiling plastering, ceiling coating surface are grouped into a group. First, the floor area and floor area of the ground floor are calculated, and the quantities of other sub items can be obtained by using these bases.The biggest advantage of this method is fast review speed and small workload.
Screening method
Screening methodyesOverall planning methodOne is to find out the basic values of quantity, price and labor of each unit of building area of divisional and subdivisional works, which can be summarized into three unilateral basic value tables of quantity, price and labor. When the building standard of the reviewed budget is different from the applicable standard of "basic value", it is necessary to adjust it.The advantages of this method are simple and easy to understand, easy to master, fast review speed and fast problem detection.However, the resolution of errors still needs further review.
(2) The management of construction project investment cost is to achieve the expected goal of investmentdesign schemeIt is a systematic activity to predict, calculate, determine and monitor the project cost and its changes under the condition of.
As the preparation of construction project budget and settlement is a very complicated and must be treated carefully in the combination of technology and economy, it requires not only editors and reviewers to have a certain degree of expertisetechnical knowledge, including a series of systematic architectural engineering knowledge such as architectural design and construction technology, and a high budgetprofessional qualities。But in actual work, no matter the level is good or bad, there will always be errors of one kind or another.If the quota conversion is unreasonable, new technologies, new structures and new materials are constantly emerging, resulting in quota shortage or increasing items and contents that need to be supplemented.However, due to the lack of investigation and reliable first-hand data, the quota orSupplementary quotaContains more Norationality；secondlyOverestimateThe phenomenon is common in settlement, someConstruction unitIn order to obtain more income, it is not necessary to improveOperation management, improve project quality, create social reputation, etcQuantities, HighSet quotaThe unit price, ingenious items and other means artificially increase the project cost.In addition, due to the large number of construction cost components and frequent changes, the calculation program is complex and the calculation basis is different, which is easy to cause errors.
Cost composition
Figure 1 Division of constituent elements
Current in ChinaConstruction costThe composition of cost items (according to 2013 JB No. 44) is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
