Engineering technology refers to engineeringPractical technology。Science and technology refers more toscientific theoryTechnology.People also often call engineering technology as engineering, and science and technology as science.
The engineering technology with a long history is the construction engineering technology, and its theoretical basis isTheoretical mechanics。With the need of national defense, military engineering technology has emerged, which integrates the engineering technology of different industries.In recent years, with the continuous development of scientific theory, there are more and more categories of engineering technology, such asgenetic engineeringTechnology, information engineering technology, system engineering technology, satellite engineering technology, etc.
Different from the term science and technology, engineering and technology almost belong to the same category. For example, there is little difference between construction engineering and construction technology, and there is no big difference between information engineering and information technology.In some cases, engineering can refer to a certain project, while technology emphasizes the attributes of the project.
meaning
Announce
edit
Engineering technology, also known as production technology, is the technology actually applied in industrial production.It means that people usescientific knowledgeOr usetechnological development The research results of this paper are the means and methods for industrial production process to achieve the intended purpose of transforming nature.
Engineering technology
Engineering technology
Various forms of engineering technology have been formed with the different means, methods and purposes of human transformation of nature.For example, mining engineering that studies the tools, equipment and methods of ore deposit mining;Researchmetal smelting Equipment and processMetallurgical engineering；Study the power plant andpower networkEquipment and power engineering in operation;Material engineering, which studies the composition, structure and function of materials, etc.In recent decades, with the development of science and technologycomprehensive developmentThe concept, means and methods of engineering technology have penetrated into all aspects of modern science and technology and social life, resulting in the emergence of biological genetic engineeringMedical Engineering、Educational Engineering、Management engineering、Military engineering, system engineering, etc.Engineering technology has broken through the scope of industrial production technology, and shows its broad prospects.
Basic characteristics
Announce
edit
practicability
People's activities to transform the objective nature are all for the survival of human beings and the needs of society, so it is necessary to use the means and methods of engineering technology.
Engineering technology
Select, strengthen and maintain the movement of objective substances for the benefit of mankind according to the purpose of human beings, and limit and exclude those that are not conducive to human beings andsocial needs Possibility.For example, water has many advantages and disadvantages. The task of water conservancy project construction is to promote benefits and eliminate disadvantages.Water conservancy engineering technology reflects this practicality.Every tool and machine created and used by people also has a specific purpose, and every tool and machine is based onMaterial formTo reflect the use of people.Tools, machines, etcLabor materialsIt is no longer a natural thing in natural form, but an artificial natural thing.They should follownatural lawSports, however, must meet a specific purpose of people.If their movements are not suitable for human use, they willengineering accident；If completely separated from human use, it will become a pile of scrap iron, which will slowly erode away.Therefore, engineering technology must be practical. Without practicality, it has no vitality.
feasibility
Any engineering technology project has a specific goal, but the realization of this goal is subject to many conditions, that is, the selection, scaleDevelopment speed, capital, energy, materials, equipment, manpower, technology, environment and other conditions.All engineering technologies must be considered at the conception stage of designNational economyandsocial developmentIt is necessary and possible to form several schemes.Then analyze and evaluate each scheme one by one, and select one that can meet both the practical requirements and the aboveconstraint conditionThe best plan is feasible.Of course, the feasibility of engineering technology is also a dynamic concept. A project is not feasible in one period, but feasible in another period.Various constraints are also changeable. By taking various measures, we can actively create conditions, or we can change conditions to find a new way.Therefore, we must try our best to determine the economic and socialApplicable technology。
Economy
Engineering technology must take the promotion of economic and social development as the primary task, and must have goodeconomic effectsSo as to achieve advanced technology andeconomic performanceUnification of.Because the materialized form of engineering technology is both natural and socio-economic.It is not only governed by natural laws, but also subject toSocial law, especiallyeconomic lawDomination of.An engineering technology, although it conforms toLatest scienceThe clarified natural law cannot exist or develop if it does not meet social requirements, cannot improve labor productivity, cannot bring economic benefits, and lacks competitiveness.For example, mechanicalindustrial productIt is an important material for modern productiontechnical equipment。In the past 20 or 30 years, mechanical products have also changed with each passing day, and various departments of the national economy require continuous provision of new products with high efficiency, good quality, perfect performance, convenient operation, and durability, especially the products must have specific functions.The so-called function refers to the specific use anduse value。DesignMachinery industryWhen producing products, we should use scientific methods to carry out thorough and meticulous technical and economicfunctional analysis。Through functional analysis, we can find out which functions are necessary, which functions are excessive, and which functions are insufficient.In the improvement scheme, unnecessary functions can be removed, excess functions can be weakened, and insufficient functions can be supplemented, so that the product has a reasonable functional structure.In ensuring the realization ofProduct FunctionsIn order to provide the society with high-quality, inexpensive and durable advanced technical equipment, we should reduce the cost as much as possible, or improve the function under the condition that the cost remains unchanged, so as to optimize the combination of cost and function.
Comprehensive
Engineering technology
Engineering technology is usually a comprehensive application of many disciplines.It not only usesBasic Sciences、applied scienceAnd other knowledge should be applied at the same timesocial sciencesTheoretical achievements.According to the current situation of our country, we should also adopt multiple levels of technology at the same time.With the development and progress of engineering technology, its comprehensiveness is becoming more and more significant.Modern engineering technology comprehensively uses a variety of learning systems and material systems (materials, design departments, and a variety of technologies and technical meansProjectIt is a complex integrated system composed of human resources, funds, energy, etc.), information systems (indicators, progress, data, drawings, plans, decisions, etc.) and control systems.Even single project technology is not only comprehensive in itself, but also comprehensive consideration and evaluation in the whole system.
In a word, the above characteristics reflect the essential characteristics of engineering technology, which embodies the objective and subjective, natural and socio-economic laws, local and overallDialectical unity。Therefore, engineering technology plays an important role in the development of national economy.
History of technology development
Announce
edit
Ancient and ancient flint spearheads, about 100000 years ago, have the same history of technology as human beings.Some major types of tools are found in almost every archaeological discovery of ancient humans, even in the era of skillful people.However, other animals are also found to be able to learn to use and refine tools, so it is incorrect to regard humans as the only animals that can use and make tools.The history of technology follows the process from simple tools and energy (mostly human) to complex high-tech tools and energy.
The earliest technology will simply transform existing natural resources into simple tools, such as stones, trees and other plants, bones and other animal by-products.By simple means such as carving, chiseling, scraping, winding and baking, the raw materials can be transformed into useful products.anthropologistMany shelters and tools made by early humans from natural resources have been found.This period is calledStone Age。
About 500000 to 1 million years ago, humans began to use fire and then master it, which is an important turning point in the evolution of technology in human history [1], providing a simple energy with many far-reaching uses.Perhaps the first time to use fire for heating was in the preparation of food, which greatly increased food sources such as plants and animals, because it greatly reduced the rate of food decay.
Fire extends to the processing of natural materials, and allows the use of natural materials that need to be processed by fire.(The oldest throwing weapon found today is a wooden spear fixed by fire, about 250000 years ago) Wood and charcoal are the first materials used for energy.Wood, clay and stone (such as limestone) were the first materials to be shaped and processed by fire, and were used to manufacture such processed products as weapons, pottery, bricks and cement.Continuous improvement has created stoves and bellows, and the ability to refine and forge natural metals.Gold, copper, silver and lead were the first metals that could be refined.The advantages of copper tools, which are superior to stone, bone and wooden tools, quickly showed up in early humans, andNative copperIt was used in the early Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC).There is no large amount of natural copper in nature, butcopper mineIt is very common, and some can be easily made from wood or charcoal.
Around 4000 BC, the production of metal led to bronze andbrassAnd other alloys, so it is calledBronze Age。Steel, etcferroalloyIts first use was in the Iron Age, 1400 BC.
The wheel was invented about 4000 BC.
In the meantime, humans learned to control other types of energy.The earliest known use of wind power was sailboats.A book with sails was found in an Egyptian mural dating back to 3200 BC.fromPrehistoric eraAt the beginning, Egyptians used it“the NileThe once a year flood river irrigates their land and gradually learns to buildIrrigation canalAnd pools to manage the fields.Similarly,MesopotamiaThe Sumerians learned to useTigris RiverandEuphrates RiverFor the same purpose.But more wind power and water power, and even the use of manpower, need to be invented again.
Production and development
Announce
edit
Sprouting and initial stage
Engineering technology
Engineering technology was started by primitive people from making tools.When human ancestors first made primitive stonestool of productionWhen stone tools were used, they realized the transformation from apes to humans, and opened the historical prologue of human conquest of nature.From making clumsystone knifeThe increasingly sophisticated stone tool processing is an important creation in human history.It took millions of years to make stone tools. It was the first stone toolMachining process, namely, the initial sprout of engineering technology.About half a million years ago, the primitive peopleforest fireDuring long-term observation and practice, gradually learn to use natural fire, and reserve fire to warm, illuminate, cook food and defend wild animals.In the future, people will fight againstMillstoneAnd towood processing Sparks, smoke, heat and other phenomena are often found in the process of.After hundreds of thousands of years of exploration, it was finally realized by frictionManual ignition。The discovery and use of firehuman civilizationThe development of has played a huge role in promoting.In this regard,EngelsZeng highly commented that: "In terms of the worldwide liberation effect, friction has exceededsteam engine, because friction and fire make people dominate a kind ofnatural forceSo as to finally bring people togetherAnimal kingdomSeparate. "About 20000 years ago, people began to use bows and arrows,Firing potteryWait a minute, these are all budding engineering technologies.Stone tool grinding technology isPrimitive societyproductivityThe main sign of development.
About 6000 to 4000 years ago, people gradually mastered the technology of improving furnace temperature in the production practice of pottery.Later, natural materials were found in various stones for manufacturing labor toolspure copperThus, mankind first realized the smelting of copper.Bronze toolsThe productive forces caused by the use of "Tao" eventually led to the disintegration of the primitive society and the emergence of slave society.In addition to building water conservancy, the construction technology of this period has reached a very high level.Ancient EgyptBuiltPyramid, and ChinaShang and Zhou DynastiesThe exquisite bronze wares of the period marked a new height in the development of engineering technology in this period, and accumulated rich practical experience in bronze smelting technology.Thanks to the inventionBellowsThe iron smelting technology also gradually came into being and developed, and the first ironware appeared.The substitution of iron tools for stone tools is another major change in engineering technology.The invention of iron smelting technology and the wide use of ironware were the most important achievements of science and technology in this period, which greatly improvedsocial labor productivity。Not only caused the slave society tofeudal societyThe important conditions for the transition also became the main technical basis of the whole feudal society.
It can be seen that the initial development of engineering technology has gone through three historical stages: primitive society, slave society and feudal society.The basic feature of this historical period is that engineering technology is mainly in the materialization stage of experience, and production technology is basically manual.Since the emergence of class in society, engineering technology has been developing in a society of class opposition.At this time, create in productionMaterial wealthSlaves, peasants andhandicraftsmanTheir practical experience istechnical progressThe foundation of.However, the main production tools andpublic wealthBut wasSlave ownerAnd the landlord.The progress of engineering technology in this period was promoted by production on the one hand, and on the other handSocial classThe profound influence of.However, the development of production and the accumulation of experience are still the fundamental driving forces to promote technological progress.On the whole, the progress of early engineering technology was quite slow, and the level of productivity was also low.On the one hand, the technical foundation is weak;On the other hand, slave owners andlandlord classThey don't care about the improvement of technology.staySlaveryIn society, slaves are regarded as living tools, and they resist the cruel oppression of slave owners by means of sabotage and destruction of labor tools in production.In order to prevent the destruction of slaves, slave owners only used the roughest, heaviest and indestructible tools for slaves.Feudal landlord classOnly through land rent and variousSuper economic exploitationThe means squeeze the blood and sweat of farmers, while the improvement of agricultural production tools is of no importance to them.When the slave owners and landlords went into decline, they became even more extravagant, using violence to suppress the people, so that production was destroyed and the economy stagnated, which seriously hindered the development of engineering technology.Marx pointed out that:“modern industryThe technological foundation ofProduction modeThe technical basis of is essentially conservative. "The mode of production of slavery and feudalism is based onConservatismAfter all, it cannot exist for a long time. It is inevitable that the new mode of production characterized by the continuous revolution of engineering technology will defeat the old mode of production.
Since the 1860sindustrial revolutionIt is the first time after using iron in human historytechnological revolution。It starts attextile industryThe mechanization of, with the invention and widespread use of the steam engine as the main symbol, thus promoting the emergence and development of modern engineering technology.
Recorded in history.In feudal society, the development of engineering technology contributed tobourgeois classAnd make him a new socialruling class。The bourgeoisie is overthrowingFeudal systemLater, it also promoted the further development of engineering technology.The bourgeoisie needs scientific and technological discoveries and inventions becausecapitalismProduction determined.Capitalist production is based on pursuitsurplus valuePurposivecommodity productionThe competition among capitalists isCapitalist mode of productionThe internal law of.If capitalists want to make money and defeat each other in the competition, they must constantly expand the scale of production, constantly improve production tools and technical equipment, replace manual labor with machine production, and replace old machines with new ones.The industrial revolution in Britain, which began in the 18th century, was the beginning and preparation for the great development of productive forces under the capitalist system, thus promoting the reform of engineering technology.The transformation of engineering technology starts fromcotton textile industryOfWorking machineStarted.Thanks to the new working machine,Power machineThe revolution oftransmissionChanges have also taken place accordingly.
（2） Invention and improvement of steam engine
Engineering technology
The invention of the steam engine is mainly due to the Britishtextile industryandMining industryBut its technology is much more widely used.The original steam engine was first born in a prototype technology of Newcomen in the 18th century.Later British craftsmenwattApplied Blake's“specific heat”And“latent heat”Guided by theory, it improved the Newcomen steam engine, solved the problem of cylinder leakage, and inventedcondenser。Later he inventedCentrifugal governorAnd flywheel, so as to improve the efficiency of the steam engine theoretically and practically, and make the steam engine applicable to everythingindustrial sector OfPrime moverSince then, steam engine has been the main power of the working machine.Engels pointed out that "steam and newTool machineholdWorkshop handicraftIt has become a modern big industry, thus revolutionizing the whole foundation of bourgeois society. "
The invention and improvement of the steam engine was the decisive factor of the industrial revolution, which greatly accelerated the transformation fromManual productionThe process of industrial revolution in transition to machine production has promoted the overall transformation of industrial production technology.Have successively inventedSteam steamer(1807) andsteam locomotive(1817)TransportationA revolution has taken place in the cause.At the same time, metallurgical industry, especially ironmaking and steelmaking technology has also been greatly developed.Henry, an American mechanicMozley(1771-1831) All the old lathes were changed to iron ones, and they were made into sliding belts in 1797tool carrierThis is a major breakthrough in the history of machine tool development.From then on, in the process of machining, people can not hold the tool directly, but just manipulate the tool holder.The lathe can be designed according to the specified sizeAutomatic processingcylinderOr screw, this isMachining technologyAn important creation in the history of development, which marksCuttingA qualitative leap has been completed, from which mechanical operationMetal cutting machineThe machine tool has been developed rapidly and further improved.
Engineering technology
Of this periodTechnical InventionAlthough these inventions were made to meet the needs of capitalist productiontechnological development It is basically created by the experience of craftsmen or engineers.Although these inventions conform to the laws of mechanics and physics, few of themnatural scientistParticipate in and use the conscious guidance of scientific theory, which is similar to the nature of early engineering technology.However, the development of early engineering technology was not valued by the feudal ruling class at that time, while the bourgeoisie paid attention to technologyInvention。In the early years, British capitalists established thepatent system。"The consequences of the first technological revolution marked by the widespread use of steam engines, as Marx and Engels pointed out: the productive forces created by the bourgeoisie in its class rule of less than one hundred years are more than and larger than the total productive forces created by all previous generations." Steam engines and working machines provide a powerful tool for capitalist productionBasis of Material Technology, became the triumph of capitalismfeudalismAnd establish a powerful weapon for the capitalist mode of production.The bourgeoisie in the rising period took a series of measures because it attached great importance to science, which also effectively promoted the development of natural science in this period.New experiments, new materials, new laws and new theories have sprung up, and mechanics has become more mature,Molecular physics、electromagnetics, chemistry, biology and mathematics have entered their own fieldsNew stage。Since the second half of the 15th centuryModern Natural ScienceIn the 19th century, it has entered the stage of sorting out materials from the stage of collecting materials, and all sciences are nearly perfect.The theoretical natural science tends to mature, laying the foundation for the theorization and scientization of engineering technology.
（1） Generation of motor and application of electric energy
The 1870s was the beginning of the age of electricity.The application of electricity is the second time after the use of steam enginestechnological revolution。Although this technological revolution is certainly a new demand for power put forward by big industry, its emergence does not come directly from production, but from scientific experiments, from theElectromagnetic phenomenonResults of the study.Electricity and magnetism were discovered more than 2000 years agonatural phenomenaBut before the 19th century, people regarded them as irrelevant.In the 19th century,ItalyVolt (1745-1827), a physicist ofChemical battery(1800);DenmarkOster found outMagnetic effect of current(1819), the research on electricity and magnetism was carried out rapidly.A scientist born in 1831 as a British workerFaradayFoundLaw of electromagnetic induction, which is the theoretical basis of the generator.
In 1832, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, Pichy of France usedPermanent magnetThe rotor is made into a generator.Later, from 1840 to 1865, people made electromagnetic motors and used them in electroplatingPair rotorAnd stator have been improved for many times, and in 1867, Siemens in Germany was first made into self-excited typeDC generator, which uses a powerfulelectromagnetThe efficiency is much higher than that of the early electromagnetic machine.Later, 1870GramIn 1872, Germany's Altenek invented the drum rotor, and the generator entered the practical stage. The valuable motor has been made. Since then, electricity has replaced steam power.In the 1980s, the problem of long-distance power transmission was solved, from the manufacture of practical generators and motors to the technical success of distribution networks and long-distance power transmission,power industryThey began to establish, and opened up the electrifiedNew era。In 1844, American Morse (1791-1872) invented the telegraph, and in 1876, American Bell invented the telephone.The radio technology that emerged at the end of the 19th century was already widely usedCable telegraphyAfter and telephone, more powerful communication tools have been added.So,Human historyThe modern society based on electricity has appeared on the Internetmaterial civilization, widely used in power, lighting, communication, etcSocial productionandcivil lifeAll areas of.The application of electricity makes the wholeindustrial production A society created by electricityproductivitythanSteam ageMuch higher.
From the development of the experiment and theory of electromagnetism to the emergence of the electric power era, it vividly shows that after science has entered a relatively mature stage, science not only can directly promote the development of production, but also has gone ahead of production and played a guiding role.So that engineering technology has developed from a stage mainly based on the experience and skills of workers to a stage mainly characterized by the application of science in industrial production.This is a new beginning of the relationship between science and production
（2） Invention and use of internal combustion engine
With the development of capitalist industries, steam engines can no longer meet the needs of power.By improvingHeat engine efficiencyandthermodynamicsThe research led to the invention of internal combustion engine.At the end of the 19th century, it was made by German scientist OttoGas engineLater, he inventedgasoline engineAnd heavy oil engine.In 1892, German Diesel developed a high pressure shrink type that can use low-grade fuelAutomatic ignitionThe internal combustion engine makes it a practical power machine.If we say that generators are first and foremost beneficial to urban industry, the invention and application of internal combustion engines have revolutionized agricultural production technology.The use of tractors has promoted the mass production andAgricultural mechanizationThe process of.The invention of the internal combustion engine has also developed the automobile manufacturing industry.The widespread use of automobiles,highway networkThe construction of the new era has greatly strengthened the relationship between production and society.The development of large industry and cities has broken the blocking situation in rural areas, and cars have become an important part of transportation.
1913 United StatesFordAdopted by automobile factorySpecial machine toolThe production of automobiles is specialized, standardized and streamlinedMeans of transport。sendProduction processIt is a pioneer of modern production.The invention and application of internal combustion engine has also changed the situation of railway transportation and has become a powerful power for various transportation.More importantly, in 1903, the first plane of mankind was equipped with a gasoline engine and flew in the sky. The illusion of mankind for thousands of years has finally come true.
In short, the rapid development of the production technology of motors and internal combustion engines has not only caused the growing rise of large industries, but also greatly changed the backward face of society and accelerated the process of historical development.
In the 1940s and 1950satomic energyIndustrial, electroniccomputerandspace technologyThe third technological revolution is the main symbol.The content of this technological revolution is more abundant than that of the previous two, and its influence is more far-reaching.It also includes automatic control, remote sensing, laser andsynthetic materialAt the same time, a new comprehensiveBasic theoryonecybernetics、information theoryandsystem theory, etc.
（1） Development and utilization of atomic energy
Engineering technology
The development and utilization of atomic energy is a technological frontier that has developed rapidly in the past three decades.Since the 1930s, due to the development of electric power industry and radioHigh voltage multiplier、Electrostatic acceleratorandcyclotron, make peoplenuclear reactionGreat progress has been made in experiments.As early as 1922, British scientist AstonisotopeThe theory ofNucleusThe energy contained in can be used as power for factories or for manufacturing in the futureNuclear bomb。In 1932, an accelerator was used to realize the transformation of the atomic nucleus. In the same year, neutrons were discovered. It was immediately used as artillery shells to realize nuclear reactions.1933 GermanHahn, Strassman and others found that bombarding the uranium nucleus with neutrons can split the uranium nucleus into two pieces and release energy at the same time, which is called atomic energy.Experiments have confirmed the practical possibility of using atomic energy, and have estimated how much energy can be released from one gram of uranium in fission.Uranium atomNuclear fissionThe discovery of the phenomenon has opened a new era of atomic energy utilization.
At that time, it wasthe Second World WarOn the eve of the war and the urgent military needs, all countries immediately turned to the practical military use of atomic energy.Used by the United States in 1945Uranium 235andPlutonium 239MadeFast neutronchain reactionExplosive deviceAtomic bomb。As the energy source of industrial power, atomic energy was only in the stage of experiment and exploration in the 1950s, but after the 1970s,Atomic power generationTechnology has been popularized and applied.In addition, to meet the needs of space technology development,nuclear reactorMajor breakthroughs have also been made in miniaturization.
（2） The emergence and development of electronic computers
Electronic computer, usually refers to electronic digital storage program computer.It is an electronic device that can automatically and rapidly calculate data and process information.Electronic computers were originally developed by military needs. During the Second World War, high-speed flyingJet aircraftAnd missiles.Radar can find targets, but if there is no fastcomputing equipmentTo conduct ballistic calculation and control air defense fire, thenAir defense radarNo matter how good the performance is, it is meaningless. It can only be found but it is too late to fight back. It is in this case that electronic computers came into being.
Electronic computers are developing towards giant, micro, network, intelligent simulation and so on.Electronic computers are widely used inAuto-ControlAnd promote industrial production and engineering technology to realize automation rapidly.In the early 1950s, electronic computers began to be usedJet aircraft, then used for missiles, etcStrategic weapons, and launchArtificial satellite。With the electroniccomputer technologyThe development of, especially the emergence of a large number of micro computers, the use of electronic computers for automatic control is also increasingly widespreadCosmic space, industrial production, transportation and commercial sectorsautomata, automatic instruments, automatic chemical plants, workshops, and even largeautomatic system 。It not only saves manpower, but also improveslabour productivity, so that factories and enterprises can get fundamental technological transformation, and also createHuman intelligenceThe robot can be used at the bottom of the sea, high mountains and other places where humans cannot work and liveAutomated production, collect data.And use the special conditions of space to establish automaticSpace laboratoryAnd space factories.Electronic computers are also widely used in economy, military affairs, transportation, scientific research, culture and education, medical treatment, science and technologyInformationAnd book management.Computer technology is essentially different from the previous technology, because it brings human intelligence and thinkingmental labourThe liberation of.Modernization based on electronic computersDevelopment of information technologyIt is another major technological revolution in human history, which has increasingly and profoundly affected the changes in modern production, economy, science and human social life.
Space science and technology is an independent science and technology gradually formed in the 1950s.It revolves around man-made satellites (includingspacecraft）It is a comprehensive science and technology for the development, launch and application of.Space science and technology is an important indicator of the development of science and technology in a country.Satellite technology has reached the stage of practical use,Application satelliteThere are many kinds ofReconnaissance satellite、Earth resource satellite、meteorological satellite、Communication satellite、Scientific satelliteEtc.Space science and technology have been widely used in military affairs,national economyandscientific researchIn many aspects, it has entered the infinite and vast space, thus expanding people's horizons and opening up a new place for human beings to understand and transform nature.
To sum up, since the birth of engineering technology,ExperiencedThree epoch-making technological revolutions.The first technological revolution, marked by the widespread use of steam engines, played a huge role in the development of productive forces.The second technological revolution, marked by the widespread use of electricityProduction fieldA profoundrevolutionary characterChanges have greatly developed the social productive forceslabour productivityIt has been greatly improved and promoted the progress of human material civilization.The third technological revolution, marked by the use of atomic energy, the emergence of electronic computers and space technology, has brought social mass production andModern science and technologyCloser integration, so that the production scale andObject of laborMore profound changes have taken place, and social productivity and labor productivity have developed faster and improved significantly.People are striving to realize the fourth technological revolution around 2000genetic engineeringAnd other new breakthroughs.We can expect that the ability of human beings to understand and transform nature will be greatly improved at that time.The rapid development of social productivity will have a more profound impact on all aspects of social life, so that human physical strength and intelligence will also be more liberated.
The history of engineering technology development shows that its development is certainly influenced by production, scienceProduction relationsandSuperstructureThe strong influence of.However, once a major breakthrough is made in engineering technology, it will bring prosperity to economic development.Practice tells us that only relying on technological progress is the fundamental way to promote the rapid development of social productivity.In the contemporary era, a country's scientific and technological level and ability to apply science and technology have increasingly become a measure of thisNational strength(including economic strengthNational defense strength）An extremely important symbol of.Any country, no matter what its national conditions, no matter what it issocial system, do not attach importance to science and technology, do not attach importance toScientific research achievementsIt is impossible for its economy to develop by leaps and bounds if it is popularized and applied.In order to carry out the construction of the four modernizations of socialism, China must also rely on science and technology, especially attach importance toapplied technologyAnd production technology.Therefore, in order to realize the four modernizations, China must develop engineering science and technology, because engineering science and technology is to develop industry, increase production, and improveproduct qualityandcost reductionThe key to.Industrydeveloped countryOur experience has proved this, which is worthy of our careful reference.
