On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2023. In 2023, the consumer price of the whole year rose 0.2% over the previous year.The ex factory price of industrial producers dropped by 3.0%.The purchase price of industrial producers fell by 3.6%.[13]
Since the 1860sBritish Industrial RevolutionRelease hugeproduction efficiency, driving the WestNational economyRapid growth.rely onindustrial revolutionThe richindustrial productAnd advanced weapons and equipment,the WestThey began to plunder resources and expand markets around the world.In contrast, because we missed the opportunities of the first two industrial revolutions,China's economyIt is in a state of stagnation for a long time.During the period from 1949 to 1978, the economic construction and industrialization experienced setbacks and problems, but on the whole, great achievements were made.By concentrating national efforts to developheavy industryChina has established a relatively completeindustrial system 。In the middle and late 1970s, facing the international trend of easingPolitical environmentChina has embarked on a grand process of reform and opening up.Through the use of international funds, markets and resources, we will give full play to the rich labor forceWage levelandManufacturing costLow advantage and seize the globalIndustrial divisionThe opportunity of pattern reconstruction,Chinese industryUshered in a period of rapid growth, and rapidly developed into an important manufacturing base in the world.[4]
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On December 29, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Announcement of the National Bureau of Statistics on the Final Verification of GDP in 2022. After the final verification, the total current industrial price in 2022 was 39504.4 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 2.7%, accounting for 2.8% of GDP.[11]
In January 2024, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2023, the national fixed asset investment (excluding farmers) will be 50303.6 billion yuan.Among them, industrial investment in the secondary industry increased by 9.0% over 2022.Among them, the investment in mining industry increased by 2.1%, and the investment in power, heat, gas and water production and supply industries increased by 23.0%.[12]
important role
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The contribution of industry to economic growth may be lower thanService industry, but its influence onnational economyDevelopment will still play an irreplaceable role in five aspects.Industry is the most importantmainOfMaterial production department, for residents' lifeeconomic activityprovidePhysical products, this important role is any otherIndustrial sectorAre irreplaceable.IndustryIt is the largest R&D investment, the most active technological innovationradiation zoneThe most dynamic industrial sectors, those that have successfully crossed“Middle income trap”And enter into developmentEconomiesRow and columncountries and regions A common feature is that the manufacturing industry still maintains a high proportion in the later stage of industrializationThis is enough to show the importance of achieving healthy industrial development for a country.Industrial finished productsIn helping more countries improve infrastructure and strengthenIndustrial supporting facilitiesThe system and the improvement of residents' lives have played a positive role.Because of its long industrial chain, wide driving forceAbsorb employmentAnd technologyDiffusionIt has become an important industrial sector to start rapid economic development.[3]
classification
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modern industry
In the pastIndustrial EconomicsIn the field, industries are often divided into light and heavy industries according to the relative weight of the unit volume of products.Product unitVolume weightHeavyindustrial sector namelyheavy industry, light weightlight industry。The industrial sectors belonging to heavy industry include the iron and steel industryNon ferrous metallurgical industry、Metallic materialsIndustry and machinery industry, etc.Because onmodem industryIs developing,chemical industryBeing in a very prominent positionindustrial structure OfIndustrial classificationIn China, chemical industry is often separated from light and heavy industries.Thus, the industrial structure consists of light industry, heavy industry and chemical industry.Some people often put heavy industry and chemical industry togetherHeavy chemical industry, as opposed to light industry.Another standard for dividing light and heavy industries is to provideMeans of productionThe department ofConsumer goodsOur department is called light industry.There are differences between the above two classification principles.
In front of steelmaking furnace
The division of light and heavy industries by the National Bureau of Statistics is close to the latter standard《China Statistical Yearbook 》The definition of heavy industry in China is to provideBasis of Material TechnologyThe main means of production industry.Light industry mainly provides consumer goods and productionHand toolsIndustry.In research, as mentioned above, heavy industry and chemical industry are often collectively referred to asHeavy chemical industry。
Heavy industry refers to the industry that provides the material and technological basis for all sectors of the national economy.According to its production nature and product use, it can be divided into the following three categories:
（2）Raw material industryIndustries that provide basic materials, power and fuel to all sectors of the national economy.includemetal smelting And processing, coking and coke, chemicals, chemical raw materials, cement, artificial board, power, petroleum andCoal processingAnd other industries;
（3）Processing industry, means rightIndustrial raw materialsIndustry for reprocessing and manufacturing.Including machinery and equipment for various sectors of the national economyManufacturing industry, metal structure, cement products and other industries, as well as the means of production for agriculture such as fertilizer, pesticide and other industries.
Light industry: refers to the industry mainly providing consumer goods and making hand tools.
According to the different raw materials used, they can be divided into two categories:
(1) Light industry with agricultural products as raw materials refers to light industry with agricultural products as basic raw materials directly or indirectly.Mainly including food manufacturing, beverage manufacturing, tobacco processing, textile, sewing, leather and fur production, paper making, printing and other industries;
It mainly includes coal, oil and gas and electricity.Because of the development of these threeProduction conditions、Production processandTransportation conditionsAre different, soProduction layoutEach has its own characteristics.coal resource The quantity, quality, variety, development conditions and distribution of the project determine its development scale and growth benefits, and restrictcoal industryThe possibility of development and its position in the region and the whole country.Whether a coal field can be developed or given priority to layout, in addition to the conditions of capital assignment,Economic geographical locationIt also has an important impact.geographical positionSuperior, such as coal field close toEnergy consumptionCenter, with large-scale constructionTransportation conditionsIt is close to the best location of energy production and marketing and easy to obtain necessary technical and economic support, which often gives priority to development.petroleum industryIt mainly includes oil production, gas production and oil and gas refining.The development and layout of oil and gas depend on oil and gas resourcesReserveAndOccurrence conditions, the geographical location of the oil fieldOil and gas fieldsThe development of.If the oil and gas fields are well located and close to economically developed areas, their development value will be greater.On the contrary, it is very difficult to develop oil and gas fields in remote areas with inconvenient transportation.Oil refining industryThe layout hasResource conditionsAffected byMarket attraction。becausepetroleum productsThe variety is complex, and the requirements for transportation conditions are high. It is cheaper to transport refined oil than crude oil.With the development of oil refining industryPetrochemical complexThe oil refining industry tends to set up factories in consumption areas.power industryIt mainly includes thermal power, hydropower and nuclear power.The layout of thermal power plants should first consider the fuel source and load location, and the water source is also an important condition.The layout of hydropower station is subject toWater resourcesIts construction is closely related to the comprehensive development and utilization of rivers.nuclear power plantUsednuclear fuelThe number is small, and its layout is not limited by resource conditions, but is greatly affected by water source conditions.It should be located in consumption areas close to sufficient water sources and far away from dense residential areas.
power industryIt is the combination of coal, oil, natural gasnuclear fuel, hydropowerOcean energy, wind energy, solar energybiomass energy etc.Primary energyIt is converted into electric energy through power generation facilities, and then through transmission, transformation andPower distribution systemSupplied to users as energyindustrial sector 。It is an industrial sector specialized in the production, transmission and distribution of electric energy.Including power generation, transmission, transformation, distribution and other links.ElectricProduction processandConsumption processIt is carried out at the same time. It can neither be interrupted nor stored. It needs unified scheduling and allocation.The electric power industry provides basic power for industry and other sectors of the national economy, and then a number of largeMedium sized hydropower stationIs the leading sector of national economic development.The electric power industry mainly includes five production links. ①Power generation, including thermal power generation, hydropower generation, nuclear power and other energy power generation;For example, China's thermal power is mainly distributed in the coal producing areas in northern China, mainly using coal.Hydropower is mainly distributed in the source areas of rivers rich in hydropower in the south.Nuclear power distribution is not very typical. ②Transmission, includingAC transmissionandDC transmission: For example, China's largestPower transmission projectyesWest east power transmissionEngineering, etc. ③Power transformation; ④Power distribution; ⑤Power consumption, includingElectric equipmentInstallation, use andPower loadThe control of the5 linksConnected to existing devicesPower systemIn addition, it also includes power infrastructure such as planning, survey, design and construction, power science and technology research and powermechanical equipmentmanufacture.
steel
steel industryAlso calledFerrous metallurgy industry。The iron and steel industry is an important basic industrial sector and the material basis for the development of the national economy and national defense construction.metallurgical industry The level of is also a measure of a country's industrialization.
The machinery industry is known as the "heart of industry".It belongs to other economic sectorsMeans of productionIt can also be said to be the basis for the development of all economic sectors.itsDevelopment levelIt is an important symbol to measure the degree of industrialization of a country.
Chinese industryeconomical operation Start entering the relatively slow lane.becauseInfrastructure investmentandReal estate investmentThe growth rate will fall back, and the growth rate of investment in manufacturing industry, especially heavy chemical industry, will decline.Chinese industrialTotal factor productivity andMarginal output of capitalBoth showed a downward trend, and China's industrial economic growth mainly depended on factor inputInnovation drivenThe characteristics of deficiency are more obvious and increasingly strengthened.[5]
structure
Decreased relative proportion of industrylong-term trend Formation,Heavy chemical industryThe high-speed growth cycle has basically ended.The decline in the relative proportion of industry does not mean that the importance of industry in the national economy has declined.For a long time to come, industry will still be the most efficient and bearing capacity in the national economyInnovative resourcesThe ones that can create the most high-quality jobs and determine the national industry and national defense securityabove allDepartment of.IndustryIn terms of internal structure, with the transformation of the driving force and mode of industrial economic growth in the future,light industryThe relative proportion of will further increase.[5]
investment
Domestic economic growth slows down, and domestic demand, especiallyInvestment demandThe decline ofinternational direct investment Reduction;stayNew Industrial RevolutionIn the background, the United States, Japan, Europe, etcIndustryPowerful countries have consolidated or further improved their existing production efficiency advantages by promoting automated, intelligent and networked production, curbing the outward transfer of manufacturing or promoting manufacturing backtracking;Southeast AsiaAnd some South American countriesInternational industrial transferThe advantages ofsubstitution effect enhance.With the technological upgrading of domestic enterprisesProduct upgradeAnd channel upgrading, more enterprises will change from the pastGeneral tradeForeign investment aimed at better meeting the overseas marketTransformation and upgrading.[5]
Improvement measures
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Modernization is from industrialization to modernizationsocial changeThe process of industrialization can also be seen asEconomic modernization。Now we are embarking on a new journey towards the second centenary goal.[6]
Economics
New industrializationThe emphasis on intelligent production, networked division of labor, customized products and green process is conducive to maintaining the efficiency of division of labor formed by traditional industrialization and improving industrylabour productivityAnd resourcesUtilizationOn the other hand, through the wide application of new technologies such as big data and the InternetIndustrial integrationDevelopment and accelerationModern economic systemConstruction pace.It should be noted that new industrialization, like traditional industrialization, will not only driveindustrial sector itselfCombination of production factorsThe change ofsocial developmentIt will have a profound impact and drive the development and progress of the whole economy and society.[6]
manufacture
After the traditional industrialization entered the middle and later stage of development, and the position of industry leading economic growth was replaced by the service industry, countries around the world began toDigital economyOn the track.From the practice of various countries, in the new roundScientific and technological revolutionUnder the influence of industrial reform, the traditional manufacturing industry is developing in the direction of green, intelligent, service-oriented and customized. The standards for measuring the level of manufacturing industry and the core elements reflecting competitiveness are being rebuilt, and a new round of industrialization is starting.In this context, building a manufacturing power must goNew industrialization road, promote the Internet、big data、AI andReal economyDeep fusion.[6]
ecology
new typeIndustryThe industrialization based on green and low-carbon is to solve the problem ofResources and environmentThe basic policy of ecological problems.Digitization and greening are also the worldwide trend of industrial development.On the one hand, the development of green low-carbon cycle is nowTime science and technologyThe direction of revolution and industrial transformation is the most promising development field.On the other hand, based on big data technology application andData elementsCan effectively optimize the system of production and consumption process, and realize the whole economic chainGreen development。[6]
entity
new typeIndustryThe integrated development promoted by integration can fully meet the individual needs of consumers and greatly reduce the integration of design, production, sales and other aspects of enterprisesproduction costs, expand the demand space for industrial products, and effectively avoid the formation of industrial overproduction and industrial migration in the later stage of traditional industrializationHollow industry, formingPeople centeredOfService oriented manufacturingDevelopment mode。[6]
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Figure 2 Changes in China's industrial added value[4]
Reform and opening up is the fastest industrialization process in Chinainternational statusThe fastest stage of upgrading has obvious characteristics of "compression industrialization".It took us decades to finishdeveloped countryThe industrialization process that has gone through for hundreds of years has strongly supported the great leap of the Chinese people from standing up to becoming rich and strong.1978-2020, ChinaIndustrial added valueFrom 162.1 billion yuan to 31307.1 billion yuan;PressComparable price calculationThe industrial added value in 2020 is 60.9 times of that in 1978, with an average annual growth of 10.3% (as shown in Figure 2).The added value of China's manufacturing industry increased from US $625.2 billion in 2004 to US $38234 in 2019, accounting for 27.97% of the global total from 8.63%.By contrast, the world's firstBig economyIn 2018, the manufacturing added value of the United States accounted for only 16.62% of the global total.Industrial development promotes ChinaGDP per capitaBreak the 10000 dollar mark.IndustrythroughputIt also continues to expand. At present, the output of more than 200 industrial products in China ranks first in the world, including steel, shipbuilding, automobile, cementchemical fiber, cotton cloth and other bulk products, as well as computers andNotebook computer, printers, mobile phones, home appliances and other terminal products.IndustrialInternational competitivenessIt is constantly improving.Made in ChinaExportsFrom 8.70 billion US dollars in 1980 to 2320.93 billion US dollars in 2019, accounting for 18.2% of the world.exitproduct mixfromprimary productsandLabor intensive productsFocus on medium to high electromechanical productsTechnical productsMainly.High quality industryDevelopment levelSignificantly improved.Industrytechnological innovationThe level has improved significantly, some products have reached the world's advanced level, and power generation equipment, power transmission and transformation equipment, railTransportation equipmentandCommunication equipmentIn an international leading position,Intelligent manufacturingAchieve positive results.[4]
Heritage protection
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Industrial heritageImportanthistorical value 。They have witnessed the profound influence of industrial activities on history and the present.industrial revolutionMake science and technologyurban economy andsocial cultureThe industrial heritage isindustrial civilization To ignore or discard this precious heritage will erase the most important memory of the city and make the city appear a historical blank.Better protect the industrial heritage and explore its richCultural detailsWill enrich the colorful historical scroll.At the same time, these material evidences of profound changes have universal value for people to understand the emergence and development of industrial activities and study the starting and process of certain industrial activities.
Industrial heritage has important scientific and technological value.They witnessed the outstanding contribution of science and technology to industrial development.Protect the differenceDevelopment stageOnly the industrial heritage with outstanding value can leave a relatively complete development track of science and technology in the industrial field for future generations and improve the research level of the history of science and technology development.It is even more significant to protect a specific manufacturing process or a pioneering example.asJingjiang Flood Diversion GateIt is the main part of the first large-scale water conservancy project built in China in the early 1950s.1954Yangtze RiverIn case of flood, the flood was diverted by opening the sluice for three times, which greatly reduced theDongting LakeAnd alleviated the flood threat to Jingjiang DamJianghan Plain And the safety of Wuhan Town have made important contributions, from which people also feel the advanced force of science and technology.Another example is the one built in 1959Jiuquan Satellite Launch CenterMissile satelliteLaunch siteThe site, as the earliest and largest missile and satellite test base in China, has established a relatively complete test system in the past, and successfully completed multiple types of missiles, long-rangeCarrier rocket、Artificial earth satelliteAnd the test of manned spacecraft.These two industrial heritages have shown important scientific and technological values because of their pioneering significance, and are therefore listed by the State Council asNational key cultural relics protection units。
Industrial heritage protection for traditionIndustrial cityIs more important."There are old things in the town, but new things are growing every month every yearBuildings and facilities。Present-daynew thingsAfter a few years, it became a relic again, and with the development of time, some remains have become signs of certain historical value.The city is always in the continuous alternation of the old and the new, and the appearance is also ancient and modern. It is composed of basically different periods, different regions, and different styles, reflecting the historical culture andtemper of times”。2002Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of EngineeringWu LiangyongThe professor has carried out many timeson-the-spot investigationOn the basis of a large number of literature studies, it is pointed out thatNantongBased on the Chinese people's own ideas, it is the first one to consciously and creatively pass a more comprehensive planning, construction and operationRepresentativenessChinaThe first city in modern times”。Nantong is a modern city construction andnational industryOutstanding representatives of development, a large number of precious industriesHistorical buildingsRemains and industrial cultural relics show that "the first city in modern China"objective existenceAs time went on, they became more and more valuable wealth embodying urban civilization and characteristics. The proposal and establishment of "the first city in modern China" made NantongUrban characterMore distinctive, the city's taste has been further improved.
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Three technological revolutions in world industry
The first industrial technological revolution
The Second Industrial Technological Revolution
The Third Industrial Technological Revolution
years
1960s and 1970s
1870s
1950s
main
sign
Invention and application of steam engine
Electrification (use of internal combustion engine and electricity)
Knowledge and technology, beautiful environment, modern high-speed traffic conditions
Major industrial centers and
industrial area
Birmingham (steel) and Manchester (cotton textile) in England
The Great Lakes region of the United States, the Ruhr region of Germany, the central region of Britain, the European region of the former Soviet Union, and the industrial zone along the Pacific coast of Japan
Production departments that use material resources to manufacture means of production and means of livelihood, or process agricultural products and semi-finished products
Traditionally, the industrial sector that provides fuel, power, raw materials and technical equipment for the national economic sector is called basic industry.Such as coal industry, petroleum industry, electric power industry, steel industry, petrochemical industry, etc.
classification
By production object
Mining industry: ore mining, oil mining, solar energy utilization;Processing industry and manufacturing industry: food processing industry, machinery manufacturing industry, textile industry, etc.
By product nature
Heavy industry: the general term of all industrial departments that produce the means of production, such as mining, machinery, power, building materials, electronics, etc;Light industry: the general term of all industrial departments producing and consuming materials, such as textiles, food, household appliances, etc.
Some of the heavy industry is for living consumption, and some of the light industry is for production
layout
The layout of industrial production should comprehensively consider various factors such as raw materials, fuels, transportation and markets, as well as social environment needs and comprehensive national strength.
Agglomeration and decentralization
Industrial agglomeration
Industrial decentralization
reason
① Traditional industrial production: due to the link between input and output, collaborative factories with large transportation volume gather, such as the steel industry;
② Emerging industries: use the scale advantage of agglomeration to expand its influence and present agglomeration, such as high-tech industrial zones.
reason
① The old industrial zone is in a saturated state, with land and water shortage, poor environmental conditions, and many social problems, which make the industry decentralized;
② The products are light, thin, short and small, and the transportation volume of industrial raw materials and products is small. It can make full use of the advantages of various places, and even form multinational enterprises to produce, so that the industry is decentralized
Achieve results
Use public facilities and industrial production links to expand production scale, reduce production costs and improve economic efficiency.
Achieve results
① Overcome the drawbacks caused by excessive industrial agglomeration;
② Reduce transaction costs in the market;
③ Find the best location
In terms of economic and technological benefits, it should be centralized, and in terms of environmental protection, it should be decentralized. Developed countries should establish new industries and expand to new areas; developing countries should establish basic industries, which are mainly centralized.
Pursuing the globalization of production and the miniaturization of scale is the trend of world industrial development.
industrial area
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After the 1950s, with the decline of traditional industrial parks,developed countrySome rural areas without traditional industrial base have gradually formed flexible small and medium-sized enterprisesIndustrial area, for example, northeastern Italy andCentral region, southern Germany, and the United States“silicon valley”Etc.be relative toTraditional industrial zoneFor example, these industrial regions are called new industrial zones.[2]
Industry in various countries
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Japan
Japanese machine tool output[7]
AutomobileMachine tools, robots andElectronic appliancesIt has always been called JapanIndustry"Four pillars".Japan's auto industry is moving towardsglobalizationDirection development.Machine tool is the basic equipment of manufacturing industry, and machine tool industry is also importantbasic industry 。The performance of machine tools will largely determine the quality and competitiveness of products, as well as the overall industrial capacity of the country.The number of machine tools produced in Japan is about 100000 each year, and the domestic production proportion is about 90%, which is quite high compared with other industries.[7]
France
Since the 1980s, France has entered“Deindustrialization”In the new era, the manufacturing employment declined from 5.1 million in 1980 to 2.9 million in 2013, and the manufacturing added value accounted forgross domestic productThe proportion decreased from 20.6% to 10%.French governmentIn September 2013, the strategy of "New Industrial France" was launched, aiming to reshape the industrial strength through innovation and make France in the global positionIndustrycompetitive powerFirst echelon。 The strategy, which lasts for ten years, mainly addresses three major issues: energy, digital revolution and economic life, including 34 itemsconcrete plan, showing France'sThe Third Industrial RevolutionChina's determination and strength to achieve industrial transformation.[8]
Germany
Industry 4.0[9]
Germany took the lead in proposingIndustry 4.0The concept has something to do with being a big manufacturing country.As a major manufacturing country, Germany has always hoped to maintain its leading position in the global manufacturing industry.Therefore, Industry 4.0 is understood by many as the recovery of Germany's traditional manufacturing industry.However, Industry 4.0 is not only the recovery of manufacturing industry, but also representsIT industryThe resurgence of.[9]
