The application software of the system is integrated with the hardware of the system, similar to the working mode of BIOS
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Embedded system means that the operating system and functional software are integrated into the computer hardware system.In short, it is systematicApplication softwareIt is integrated with the system hardware, similar to the working mode of BIOS.It has the characteristics of small software code, high automation and fast response.It is particularly suitable for real-time and multi task systems.
Chinese name
Embedded system application
Definition
The operating system and functional software are integrated into the system
According to IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers）An embedded system is defined as a device used to control,monitor, or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plants）。It can be seen that the embedded system is a combination of software and hardware, and can also cover machinery and other ancillary devices.At present, a widely recognized definition in China is: application centered, computer technology based, software and hardware can be tailored to meet the strict requirements of the application system on function, reliability, cost, volume and power consumptionDedicated computerSystem.
application area
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1. Industrial control:
The industrial automation equipment based on embedded chips will get considerable development. At present, there are a large number of 8, 16 and 32 bitsEmbedded microcontrollerIn application, networking is the main way to improve production efficiency and product quality and reduce human resources, such as industrial process control, digital machine tools, power system, power grid security, power grid equipment monitoring, and petrochemical systems.As far as the traditional industrial control products are concerned, the low-end type usually adopts 8-bit MCU.However, with the development of technology, 32-bit and 64 bit processors have gradually become the core of industrial control equipment, and will certainly achieve considerable development in the next few years.
2. Traffic management:
Embedded system technology has been widely used in vehicle navigation, flow control, information monitoring and automobile serviceGPS module，GSM moduleThe mobile positioning terminal based on mobile positioning technology has been successfully used in various transportation industries.at presentGPS deviceIt has entered the families of ordinary people from cutting-edge products, and you can find your position anytime and anywhere with only a few thousand yuan.
3. Information appliances:
This has become the largest application field of embedded systems. The networking and intelligence of refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. will lead people's lives into a new space.Even if you are not at home, you can also carry out remote control through telephone line and network.In these devices, embedded systems will be of great use.
4. Home intelligent management system:
Remote water, electricity and gas metersAutomatic meter reading, security, fire prevention and anti-theft system. The embedded special control chip will replace the traditional manual inspection and achieve higher, more accurate and safer performance.At present, the advantages of embedded systems have been reflected in the field of services, such as remote ordering devices.
5. POS network and e-commerce:
Contactless Smartcard (CSC) issuance system for public transport, public telephone card issuance system,vending machineAll kinds of intelligent ATM terminals will come into people's lives in an all-round way, and you can walk around the world with one card.
6. Environmental engineering and nature:
Hydrological data real-time monitoring, flood control system and water and soil quality monitoring, dam safety, earthquake monitoring network, real-time meteorological information network, water source and air pollution monitoring.In many areas with harsh environment and complex ground conditions, the embedded system will realize unmanned monitoring.
7. Robot:
The development of embedded chips will make robots have more obvious advantages in miniaturization and high intelligence. At the same time, it will significantly reduce the price of robots and make them more widely used in industrial and service fields.
In these applications, we can focus on the application of control.As far as remote home appliance control is concerned, in addition to developing embedded systems that support TCP/IP, home appliance product control protocols also need to be formulated and unified, which requires home appliance manufacturers to do.In the same way, all network-based remote controllers need to be interfaced with the embedded system, and then controlled by the embedded system and through the network.Therefore, it is of great significance to develop and explore embedded systems.
Development history
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In fact, the concept of embedded has existed long ago.In terms of communication, the embedded system was used to control the electronic mechanical telephone exchange in the 1960s, which was called "Stored Program Control System" at that time.
embedded computerIts real development came after the advent of microprocessors.In November 1971, Intel successfully integrated the arithmetic solver and controller circuit, and launched the first microprocessor Intel 4004. Later, various manufacturers successively launched many 8-bit and 16 bit microprocessors, including Intel 8080/8085 and 8086, Motorola 6800 and 68000, and Zilog Z80 and Z8000.The system with these microprocessors as the core is widely used in instruments, medical equipment, robots, household appliances and other fields.The wide application of microprocessors has formed a broad embedded application market. Computer manufacturers have begun to provide a large number of OEM products to users in the form of plug-ins, and then users can select a set of suitable CPU boards, memory boards and various I/O plug-in boards according to their own needs to form a dedicated embedded computer system and embed it into their own system equipment.
For the sake of flexibility and compatibility, serial and modular single board computers have emerged.Popular single board computers include Intel's iSBC series, Zilog's MCB, etc.Later, people don't have to choose a chip to design a dedicatedembedded computerInstead, as long as each functional module is selected, a special computer system can be built.Both users and developers hope to purchase the most suitableOEM products, insert into a purchased or self-made chassis to form a new system, so that the plug-ins are expected to be compatible with each other, which leads to industrial controlmicro-computer systemThe birth of bus.In 1976, Intel launched Multibus, and in 1983, it expanded to Multibus II with a bandwidth of 40MB/s.In 1978, the simple STD bus designed by Prolog was widely used in small embedded systems.
The 1980s can be said to be the era when various buses emerged in endlessly and all kinds of heroes rose together.With the improvement of microelectronics technology, integrated circuit manufacturers began to integrate the microprocessor, I/O interface, A/D, D/A conversion, serial interface, RAM, ROM and other components required in embedded applications into a VLSI, so as to create a micro controller oriented to I/O design, which is also known as the single chip microcomputerembedded computerThe system is a rising star.The subsequent development of DSP products has further improved the technical level of embedded computer systems, and rapidly penetrated into consumer electronics, medical electronics, intelligent control, communication electronics, instrumentation, transportation and other fields.
In the 1990s, driven by the huge demand for distributed control, flexible manufacturing, digital communication and information appliances, embedded systems further accelerated their development.DSP products for real-time signal processing algorithms are developing towards high-speed, high-precision and low-power.The third generation launched by TexasDSP chipTMS320C30，Guidingmicro controllerDevelop towards 32-bit high-speed intelligence.In terms of application, palmtop computers, handheld PCs and set-top boxes are relatively mature and developing rapidly.Especially handheld computers, there were only four or five brands of handheld computers in the US market in 1997, while at the end of 1998, various handheld computers sprang up like mushrooms.In addition, Nokia launched smart phones, Siemens launched set-top boxes, and Wyse launchedIntelligent terminalNS launched WebPAD.The small computer loaded on the car can not only control various devices in the car (such as audio), but also connect with GPS to automatically control the car.The 21st century is undoubtedly an era of networkembedded computerThe application of the system to various networks is also an important direction of the development of embedded systems.Among the "information appliances" with huge development potential, the network telephone equipment that people pay close attention to, namely IP phone, is a representative.The device can be as simple as an ordinary telephone, but it can make long-distance calls through the Internet!
characteristic
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(1) Usually only specific functions are performed, which is very different from the general desktop office equipment or database system.
(2) With the core composed of microcomputer and peripheral devices, its scale can change in a large range, such as from 8051 chip to x86 chip.
(3) Strict timing and stability requirements are due to the fact that in a large machine controlled system, a slight error in program operation may cause the whole system to lose control, or even cause disasters.
(4) Fully automatic operation cycle.
Embedded system is a combination of computer software and hardware. It is application centered and based on computer technology. The software and hardware can be tailored to meet the strict requirements for function, reliability, cost, volume, power consumption, etc. in practical applicationsDedicated computerSystem.embedded computerIn the number of applications, it has far exceeded all kinds of general-purpose computers.The external equipment of a general-purpose computer includes 5~10 embedded microprocessors, keyboard, mouse, floppy drive, hard disk, display card, display, modem, network card, sound card, printer, scanner, digital cameraUSB HubAll are controlled by the embedded processor.Embedded computers are useful in manufacturing industry, process control, communication, instruments, meters, automobiles, ships, aviation, aerospace, military equipment, consumer products, etc.
The senior manager of Ford, the American auto magnate, once declared that "Ford has sold more 'computing power' than IBM", which can be imaginedembedded computerThe scale and breadth of industry.When Negroponte, a famous American futurist, visited China in January 1999, he predicted that embedded intelligent (computer) tools would be the greatest invention after PC and the Internet four to five years later.
