Lingnan gardens mainly refer to the Guangfu gardens in the Pearl River Delta.Lingnan has beautiful mountains and waters, green mountains and green mountains, and is close to the sea. The environment is unique.Lingnan people pursue natural and artistic garden life, which gives birth to the unique style of Lingnan gardens: realistic and reserved, exquisite and beautiful.
The famous gardens in Guangzhou, according toQu Dajun《Guangdong Xinyu》It is recorded that there are "Donggao Bieye" in the east of the city, "Xichou", "Changhua Garden", "Xiande Garden", "Huawu Garden", "Hualin Garden" in the west, "Wangchun Garden", "Fanghua Garden", "South Garden", "Fei Garden" in the south, and "Fangchun Garden" (also known as "Ganquan Garden") in the north.Except "Donggao Bieye", "Feiyuan" and "Nanyuan", which were built in the Ming Dynasty, the rest of these gardens were built in the Southern Han Dynasty, which lasted for a long time and left no trace.Instead, it is "Changhua Garden" or today's Changhua Avenue, while the former site of "Donggao Bieye" should undoubtedly be today's Donggao Avenue.Qu's family had a detailed record of the scale of the park. There were hills and lakes, buildings in the lake, and bamboo docks along the banyan banks of the lake, lingering step by step.There are four boats for sightseeing.With such a vast garden, today's Donggao Avenue and the streets on both sides of it should belong to the garden.[20]
Qinghui Garden
In the Qing Dynasty, after the governance of the early Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, the economic order was basically stable, production development, population growth, social wealth had accumulated to a certain extent, and garden construction began in succession.Private gardens are also becoming more mature, basically formingBeijing、Jiangnan、Zhujiang deltaThree centers[3]。Many officials and literati in the Pearl River Delta have built private gardens after returning home, mainly to cultivate their moral integrity and enjoy their life. In their spare time, they invite a group of literati to recite poems and paint.asQinghui GardenHe was the first scholar of the Ming DynastyHuang ShijunThe mansion of the Qing Dynasty, and later by the Qing Dynasty Daliang ScholarsLongying time、Longtinghuai、Long YuanrenThe family has been built in succession[4]。Yuyin Mountain HouseIt was the Qing Dynasty JurenWu BinAs built, he once served as the head of the Ministry of Punishment, a general doctor, and his two sons were also outstanding, so he has a good reputation of "three outstanding persons in one family, father and son win the same prize"[5]。KeyuanCreated byZhang JingxiuThe official went to the Jiangxi Provincial Procuratorate to act as the Chief Executive, and he was proficient in gold and stone calligraphy and painting, zither and chess poetry and fu.Often invited in KeyuanZhang Weiping, Jian ShiliangXu SangengWait in the park to chant, eulogize and pass on art.Incorruptible、NestingAfter ten years of painting in Keyuan, his studentsGao Jianfu，GaoqifengChen Shuren and others founded Lingnan Painting School, making Keyuan one of the origins of Lingnan Painting School[6]。LiangyuanFrom a rich gentry familyLiang AiruHe was also a famous calligrapher and painter in Lingnan in the Qing Dynasty, with outstanding literary talent.Liang Airu was not only good at painting, but also fond of stones. Liang Garden was in Lingnan in the Qing DynastyLiterati gardenOne of the typical representatives of.[7]
Liangyuan
Listen to Pine GardenHis master is a patriotic poet in the late Qing DynastyZhang WeipingHe was once the magistrate of Huangmei County in Hubei Province and the magistrate of Nankang Prefecture in Jiangxi Province.Zhang Weiping often reads and chants in the Songxin Thatched Cottage in the garden, receives guests and friends, and becomes an elegant gathering place for Lingnan poets. The Songxin Thatched Cottage is a famous scholar with stone tablets engraved with seal characters "Tingsong" and "Songxin Thatched Cottage"Chen LiHandwriting.After Zhang Weiping died of illness, the Ting Pine Garden gradually declined. Today, the former site of the Ting Pine Garden only preserves the stone amount of the "Ting Pine Garden" written by Zhang Weiping and an ancient banyan tree. The stone amount now exists inGuangzhou Peiying Middle SchoolOn campus.Xinglin Villa is located in the East Street of Huadi Town, Guangzhou. It was built in the 18th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1838)Deng DalinHe was a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, and once served as a magistrate in Shandong. He was a poet and painter, and was good at mixing pills.Although the Xinglin Manor is small, it is secluded and elegant. There is no barrier, and there are many strange stones. There are eight sights in it, including the misty rain of bamboo pavilion, the Xiaodu Ferry through Tianjin, the night moon of banana forest, the lotus pond watching the moon, the wind and willow of board bridge, the bell ringing across the bank, the Guijing River flowing through the tide, and the plum window singing snow.Later, the master also built the Tibetan Spring Pavilion and formed the Xinglin Village Poetry Club, which attracted poets and scholars to collect poems and integrate the two volumes of "Xinglin Tiyong".[8]
Six Pine Garden, also known as East Garden, is a famous thirteen line merchantPan ZhenchengThe second son ofPan YouweiBuilt.He was a scholar during the reign of Emperor Qianlong. His official position was in the cabinet. The Six Pine Garden was built for his father before Pan Youwei went to Beijing to take office in 1770.Kangyuan isKang Youwei's grandfatherKang ZanxiuKangzanxiu, who once won the bid and was instructed by Lianzhou, took a fancy to the beautiful scenery of Huadi and bought about 100 mu of land from Minmin East Street in the north to Youlunli in the south and Fangcun Department Store in the east, called Kangdi.At that time, there were Tingsong Garden and Wu Family Garden near Kangyuan Garden, where scholars and scholars often visited.Kangyuan Garden is the largest private garden, and now only existsXiaopeng Immortal HallKang Youwei studied in Xiaopeng Xianguan when he was 6-7 years old and 13 years old.In the autumn of 1885, Kang Youwei, 28, studied in Kangyuan again. In his spare time, he "bought a boat and traveled to Huadai and Pantang on Liangxiaoshan".In 1887, he returned to Kangdi again and finished there《Human axiom》A book, this time he lives inWujia Garden。[8]
Yuyin Mountain House
Guangzhou's gardens flourished in the Qing Dynasty.At that time, Guangzhou was rich in resources and rich in people. Haojia Guixian strived to build gardens, creating a grand garden in modern Guangzhou.Most of these gardens are built near the water, especially the Pearl River which flows through Yangcheng.The next is the river branch area around Lizhiwan, which is still near the water.Once again, it is built behind the mountain, which is a minority.Starting from the west on the north bank of the Pearl River, there is the "Deyue Tower" of Mazhixuan, which is close to the White Goose Pond. The tower is 100 feet high. The old trees are small and the river is vast. It is the best place to enjoy the moon.Followed by the "Fengmanlou" located near the southern end of Renji Road, a famous painter in GuangdongYe MenglongThere are many calligraphy and painting steles in the building.Adjacent to it is Ye Yingyang's "Moon Tower", which also faces the Pearl River. It is characterized by two ocean mirrors hanging inside the building, and the vast river waves, sky light and clouds outside the building can be seen.
To the east, near the southern end of the present Haizhu South Road, there is the "Dezhu Building" of Xie Youren, a retired official.In the Taipingsha area, the gardens are more concentrated.There are rich merchants near Huilong RoadKong GuangtaoOf“Yuexue Tower”Kong Hao has a library of 330000 volumes.There are poets in the east of Huilong RoadLi Changrong"Liutang" is named after dozens of weeping willows planted in front of the gate.The so-called "there are willows by the river, a hall by the willow, a pavilion on the hall, a platform overlooking from afar, and a sea tower near the pillow sleeve".A poetXu XiangguangThe "Xiuhai Tower" was a wonder at that time, because it covered an area of less than 200 square meters. It was built into a three storey pavilion. The owner carefully designed it according to local conditions. Each part of the building was transformed through a loop of stairs, and different room environments were separated by window panes and screens, which made people completely unaware of its shallowness and ingenuity.calligrapherHe ShaojiHe once came to visit and described it as "a group of people like pearl piercing ants, and a hundred turns of ladders like charming ravines and Qiu".Next to the "Xiuhai Lou" is the "Yanhu Lou" of Kong Zhaoyun, a wealthy businessman at the intersection of Taiping Tongjin Street. Now, No. 36, Nandi Second Road, is its original location. It was set up as a seamen's club in the 1950s and 1960s.It is said that this building has beautiful scenery, and has a "curtain on four sides and water on three sides".Next to it is Zhang Yaopao's "Lubo Tower", which also has a large mirror and books on the wall, while overlooking the Pearl River, "sail masts and sand birds haunt between the mirror and the shade".The so-called "Lianyun Dizhai Taipingsha" in Zhang Weiping's poem is sufficient evidence of the grand gathering of gardens and dizhai in this area.[20]
Keyuan
From the 18th to the early 19th century, Haizhu District, GuangzhouXiguanThere once emerged a grand and elegantPrivate gardenThey are not only the pinnacle of Lingnan gardens, but also write the most brilliant chapter of the spread of "Chinese style" garden style in Europe (East Garden and West Garden).At that time, foreign businessmen who came to Guangzhou for trade could only perform activities in the commercial hall of the Thirteen Branches according to the official regulations, and they were allowed to take a day off in the residence and villa of related merchants every week.Therefore, at that time, the merchants built gardens and built museums in the suburbs, which were very popular, includingPanjia Garden、Wujia Garden、Haishan Fairy HallThere are many famous gardens.In addition, Yan Liangzhou, a Taihe businessman, built Lei Garden to the north of Jinxiajiu Road, and Tianbao was a businessmanLiang JingguoIn Haizhu DistrictHuangpu VillageBuilding houses, or having pavilions and landscapes, or having the beauty of wealth and grandeur, were all famous masterpieces in the city at that time.In the 1920s and 1930s, Guangzhou's old flower fields were still dotted with gardens. There were at least 30 gardens of different sizes, among which the most famous ones were Liufang, Zuiguan, Shuxiang, Qunfang, New Changchun, Cuilin, Yuxiangpu and Heji.With the withdrawal of the Thirteen Elements from the historical stage, the merchant garden gradually disappeared in people's vision.During the Anti Japanese War, when Guangzhou was occupied, the flower gardens, including the eight famous gardens, were either destroyed by war or invaded.The existing Lingnan famous gardens can not reproduce the glory of that year in terms of scale and quantity.[9-10]
Garden characteristics
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Courtyard layout
Lingnan Heyuan
There are four types of Lingnan courtyard layout: (1) building around the courtyard;(2) Vestibule and backyard;(3) Study side court;(4) Front house and back court.
Building layout around the courtyard
Building around the courtyard means that buildings are arranged around the garden, and buildings, corridors and walls form a layout method to enclose the space.It is characterized by the fact that more buildings are arranged in a very limited area without causing a cramped and crowded situation.Such as Keyuan in Dongguan.
Layout of vestibule and backyard
The vestibule and backyard or the vestibule and backyard are another common garden layout in Lingnan. Most of the houses in the garden are located in the backyard community, which is a whole.The residence and the garden are relatively independent, forming their own districts, but not separated by solid walls, but separated and connected.The space between the garden area and the residential area can be divided into flower walls at the entrance of the cave, small courtyards with corridors and pavilions, or flower and tree pools.The garden is a part of the master's life, and its layout is relatively sparse and open.The residence is in the form of compound, with dense layout, but flexible and free.Examples include Shunde Qinghui Garden.
Layout of the side courtyard of the study
The study is a unique architectural type in Lingnan, which is usually combined with residence and garden.Most of the study is located next to the house. The study is separated from the house by a wall and connected by a doorway.The shape, size and size of the study garden are flexible, and the garden space is transparent and circuitous. Open buildings or sketches such as open courtyards, courtyards, corridors and flower walls are often used.Waterscape rockeries, flowers and trees are arranged in the study garden, which is more natural and interesting.
Layout of front house and backyard
The layout of the front house and the back yard or the front house and the side yard is the traditional courtyard style residence in the front, and the garden in the back or beside the house.Central axis symmetry is often used in residential buildings, and large residential buildings can have multiple axes, passing through rigorous and symmetrical courtyards. A small garden with free layout often appears unexpectedly at the back or side of some residential buildings.[13]
Architectural form
Yuehui Garden
In terms of architectural form, Lingnan gardens have distinctive features: first, they are light, transparent and simple.Second, the decoration is exquisite and gorgeous. A large number of folk crafts such as wood carving, brick carving, ceramics, plaster sculpture, door and window grilles, flower covers and leaky windows are meticulously carved, and then colored glass is inlaid to make patterns. Under the effect of color, light and shadow, they are like exquisite and transparent woven cotton.The third is that the layout form and local components are influenced by western architectural culture. For example, the Roman arched doors and windows and Baroque capitals are used in traditional Chinese architecture, the regular pool is built with stone strips, and the hall is surrounded by cast iron flower racks, all of which reflect the characteristics of Lingnan culture compatible with China and the West.[11]
In terms of types, there are blockhouses, boat halls, covered bridges, etc. The blockhouses originated from blockhouses, such as Keyuan Inviting Mountain Pavilion, Qinghui Garden Liufen Pavilion;In addition to the stone boat like the Jiangnan garden, there are also boats in Lingnan, such as the purple cave boat in Baomo Garden, and a unique boat hall. It combines the living room with the building, with a slight sense of boat. Most of them are used by daughters of thousands, so they are commonly known as the lady's building, such as Qinghui Garden and Yuyin Mountain House.The pavilion is enclosed by corridors and walls, or inserted with corner beams and architraves, or Western European style.In classical gardens, bridges are often combined with corridors to form stone arch bridges on the top of corridors, such as Yuyin Mountain House.
In terms of the combination mode, the "high wall cold lane" is used to combine the building courtyard with multiple entrances and courtyards, or the "connected house complex" is used to connect the building with the courtyard;As far as the single form is concerned, there are many high plinths, wide eaves corridors, thick walls, blue tile roofs, pressed tile bricks, upright ridges, patterned glass windows, brick carved windows, and plaster doors;In terms of decoration, the most typical is the "three sculptures and three sculptures": wood sculpture, brick sculpture, stone sculpture, pottery sculpture, clay sculpture, and plaster sculpture.In the classical garden, three sculptures and three sculptures are all over the garden. At the door head, door couplet, window lintel, base, platform, cornice, eaves column, moon beam, melon column, Queti, sitting, railing, ridge, etc., among them, the plaster sculpture and brick sculpture are the most Lingnan flavor, such as the "Suwu Sheyang" plaster sculpture in Qinghui Garden and the melon and fruit brick carvings in Banqiao Garden.
Spatial performance
Grand View Garden of Cantonese Opera
The buildings and courtyards of Lingnan gardens adopt the design of virtual and real shading in lighting, and use the twists and turns in layout to adjust the light and shade transition. The "barrier landscape" near the garden forms a contrast and contrast with the bright landscape in the distance. The light and shade disorder enriches the landscape's sense of hierarchy and extends the visual sense of space of the garden. By this way, tourists can be confused,Space perception of truth and illusion.[12]
If the northern royal garden is an endless range of mountains and rivers, it feels that there is no specific environmental space limit, while the Jiangnan garden is built with its own heaven and earth, dominated by hidden ideas, then the Lingnan garden reflects the garden owner's desire to have a small world of his own, but also want to expand to understand the outside world's thoughts and feelings.The space feature of Lingnan garden is the combination of adduction and diffusion.The interior space of Lingnan Mansion Garden is also enclosed and closed, but in the landscape organization, especially in the vision organization, it organically combines the interior and exterior space of the garden, producing a sense of space diffusion.
Lingnan Garden organizes the scenery outside the garden into the garden by virtue of the scenery outside the garden, thus forming a rich level of space inside the garden.There are two main forms of this technique. The first is the critical plane blending method: most Lingnan gardens are located in places with beautiful natural scenery. Therefore, when building gardens, they are arranged in an open way at the junction of the house garden and the outside world, taking advantage of the best aspect of the environmental landscape.The common technique of Lingnan Gardens is to borrow the water surface, which can play a good role, flat and open, and has a wide vision.In addition, the hall is also used as an interface to view the scenery outside the garden in the garden, while the garden building is seen in the garden appearance, which shows the charm of the garden because of its beautiful shape.The second method is to raise the view point of the landscape: use the pavilion or rockery to raise the view. When you climb the pavilion or rockery, you can not only see the space scenery inside the garden, but also see the streams, lakes, fields outside the garden, as well as the mountains in the distance. The garden has a broad view from the top of the garden. It has a sense of broad sea and sky. The garden composition is very rich, and has achieved the goal of "building buildings outside the mountains"The effect of.[13]
Garden site selection
Bailian Park
In the construction of Lingnan Gardens, the most important thing is the site selection, which can best show the aesthetic orientation and life interest of the garden builders.The site selection principle of Suzhou gardens is to open gardens deep in alleys, and gardens are mixed in the middle of folk houses, that is, to seek a quiet place in downtown, and to create an urban mountain forest through artistic conception and artificial means.The principle of Lingnan is to leave the downtown as far as possible, build the garden house in the natural environment of real mountains and water, and even integrate the house garden into the nature, becoming a part of it.The garden builders advocate nature, pursue simplicity, pay little attention to the artificial rockery and flowing water, and do not envy the ingenious structure of Jiangnan gardens that create mountains and forests within a short distance.For example, Qinghui Garden and Liangyuan Garden are built on the edge of the town, while Keyuan Garden and Yuyin Mountain House are built in the countryside to obtain good environmental conditions.[13]
Garden elements
Calligraphy and painting
Qinghui Garden is a collection of ancient Chinese architecture, gardens, sculpture, poetry and calligraphy, gray sculpture and other arts.The cultural relics of Qinghui Garden areLi Zhaoluo、Li Wentian、He ShaojiWaiting for everyone's calligraphy[14]。Keyuan has collected Keyuan foundersZhang JingxiuAnd representatives of Lingnan School of PaintingNesting、Incorruptible's artwork[15]。The sandalwood carving screen of the Shenliu Hall in the Yuyin Mountain house is engraved with three talents of the late Qing DynastyLiang Shanzhou、Zhang Chuanshan、Weng FanggangPoems of the Qianlong University and othersLiu Yong's handwriting[16]。In Baomo GardenHuo Zongjie、Zhao Shaoang、Yang ShanshenThe three museums gather a large number of ancient and modern famous calligraphies and paintings, and the Yaji Museum collects 190 Tongcao paintings reflecting the folk life of Guangzhou more than 200 years ago[17]。
Botany
To sum up with "flowers in all seasons, rain belt scenery", palm plants are commonly used in Lingnan gardens, especially sunflowers[21]；There are rattan firecracker flowers, evening primrose, wisteria, bougainvillea azalea, and green pineapple;There are shade tolerant orchids, bananas, taros, ferns and sunflowers;There are also banyan trees, litchi, etc.Osmanthus fragrans are planted everywhere in the Yuyin Mountain house, and various orchids are placed on the fence on both sides of the garden road. In addition, the garden is planted with white camellia, wintersweet, sour carambola, bauhinia, and araucaria[21]。Keyuan Tree Breeding Terrace is a place where cymbidium is planted. By season, there are cymbidium in spring, cymbidium in summer, cymbidium in autumn and cymbidium in winter.[22]
Baomo Garden
effect
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From the 18th century to the early 19th century, foreign businessmen who came to Guangzhou for trade could only take part in the business hall of the Thirteen Branches in accordance with the official regulations, and were allowed to take a day off in the residence and villa of related businessmen every week.Therefore, at that time, merchants built gardens and built museums in the suburbs, which was very popular.At that time, foreign businessmen often gathered in the merchant's courtyard. Chinese and foreign painters meticulously described the gardens, and issued "export paintings" of landscapes to the world, so that Lingnan gardens could go abroad and become famous.[9-10]
stayMacartneyDuring 1742-1744, not long before the British delegation led by him came to Guangzhou, British architectsChambersHe came to Guangzhou twice to inspect garden buildings.Chambers brought Chinese architectural design style to Europe, which greatly influenced the development of "Chinese style" of western architecture in the 18th century[9-10]。In his classic book Oriental Gardening, Chambers said that for Chinese garden art, Europeans "can only absorb its glory as much as possible as they do for the sun".He himself designed the“garden in the hills”A tall China Tower has been built.This aesthetic taste has obviously formed a social architectural fashion, such as the British writer Edison and poetPopeThey all built Chinese style gardens.[18]
GermanyDuchy of Saxony The ruler ofSchloss Pillnitz The "Water Palace" is built in the style of Chinese architecture.King Of Prussia Friedrich II , also in its Potsdam“Worry free Palace”There is one beside it“Chinesisches Teehaus ”Become a striking sight in this royal garden[18]。Since the middle of the 17th century, Chinese garden craze has been popular in France. By the 18th century, there were more than 20 Chinese style landscape gardens in Paris alone,Palais de VersaillesMost of the furniture and handicrafts are from China.According to records,Zhang DeyiDuring a visit to Sweden, the Chinese style houses in the Queen Mother's Palace in Sweden were "like the hometown of Guifan", with cursive calligraphy and couplet stickers hung on the walls, and the utensils and furnishings were all shipped from Guangdong... The European fashion of imitating Chinese sentiments has lasted for nearly a hundred years, which is the period of the Thirteen Elements.[9-10]
Representative gardens
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Qinghui Garden
Qinghui Garden in Shunde is one of the four major gardens in Lingnan[1]It is a provincial cultural relics protection unit, and its overall style is famous for its elegance and simplicity.This garden was built in the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), covering an area of more than 22000 square meters.Qinghui Garden has clear water and trees, elegant and beautiful scenery. The old residence of the Dragon Family is integrated with the new landscape of expansion, and it is integrated with pavilions, towers and buildings by using clear water, green trees, ancient walls, leaky windows, stone mountains, small bridges, winding corridors, etc.
Liangyuan
Liang Garden is the general name of the Liang Family's Residence Garden in Foshan. It is mainly composed of multiple groups in different places, such as "Twelve Stone House", "Stars Thatched Cottage", "Fenjiang Grass Reed", and "Cold Fragrance House". It is a large-scale garden, mainly located on the Pioneer Ancient Road of Songfeng Road. Liang Garden is composed of four local famous poets, Liang Yiru, Liang Jiuzhang, and Liang Jiutu's uncle and nephew, who lived in Jiaqing and Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty (1796-1850)It has been completed successively for more than 40 years.
Yuyin Mountain House
Yuyin Mountain House, also known as Yuyin Garden, is located in the southern villages and towns of Panyu. It was built in the sixth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1867), more than 130 years ago.With a construction area of nearly 2000 square meters, the park is the smallest of the four famous parks and is famous for its small and exquisite architectural style. It is designated as a cultural relics protection unit in Guangdong Province and a key cultural relics protection unit in Guangzhou.[19]
Keyuan
Dongguan Keyuan, founded in the thirtieth year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (1850 AD), is located in Bosha, the urban area of Dongguan City, and is a cultural relics protection unit in Guangdong Province.It is characterized by small area and exquisite design.On the 3.3 mu land, the residence, living room, villa, courtyard, flower bed and study are artistically combined,Shanshui BridgeXie,PavilionFeed, hall and courtyard, all together.Its layout is uneven, connected everywhere, winding and confusing.[6]
Guangzhou Historical Park
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Haishan Fairy Hall
GuangzhouLizhiwanIt was a place where gardens gathered in history. During the Five Dynasties period, several monarchs of the Southern Han Dynasty overhauled palaces outside the city, and Lizhiwan was no exception.This "Changhua Garden" is planted with lychees all over the palace. Every time the lychees are ripe, the leader of the Southern Han Dynasty and his concubines will sit in a painting boat here to enjoy lychees, which is called "Red Cloud Feast".However, as soon as Song Bing arrived outside the city, the last emperor set Changhua Garden on fire, and the imperial gardens everywhere in the "Red Cloud" disappeared, leaving only traces in the place names such as "Changhua Street".
During the Qing Dynasty, the "Red Cloud Ten Miles" waterside scenery of Lizhi Bay attracted many rich people to "buy land" and build elegant gardens, such as“Listen to Pine Garden”"Xinglin Villa"“Haishan Fairy Hall”Among them, Haishan Fairy Hall is the most famous.This private garden with "thousands of red flowers, smoke in the wind corridor, and more than ten miles" is extremely luxuriousPan ShichengIt was the richest salt merchant in Guangdong during the late Qing Dynasty.There is a lake in the Haishan Immortal Museum, which covers an area of nearly 100 mu (about 6.7 hectares). The lake is full of lotus flowers, and the garden has towering ancient trees and widely planted litchi.In his later years, Pan Shicheng was robbed by the government because of a huge deficit in salt business. The Haishan Immortal Hall gradually became a broken wall.Later, some rich businessmen and celebrities and intellectual elites built Pengyuan, Lixiang Garden, JingyuanSmall Boat HouseAnd other gardens.[28]
By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were more than 30 gardens in Guangzhou, but the most famous one was the "Eight Gardens".The so-called "eight gardens" refer to the outstanding ones among the operational gardens.Due to different times and different people, they have their own advantages, but there are mainly two versions.The first is: Liufang Garden, Zuigouan Garden, Sewing Fragrance Garden, Qunfang Garden, New Changchun Garden, Yuxiang Garden, Cuilin Garden, and Pinghong Garden.The second is: Zuigouan Garden, Sewing Fragrance Garden, Qunfang Garden, New Changchun Garden, Yuxiang Garden, Cuilin Liuxiang Garden, Pinghong Garden, Zuihong Garden.
Zuigouan Garden was originally located in Huadi Huahai Street (now on the right side of the north gate of Zuigouan Garden), and was built in the 26th year of Daoguang's reign (1846) of the Qing Dynasty, covering an area of about 10000 square meters.During the Guangxu period, Zuigouan Garden was transferred to Liang Chiquan. Liang Rihua, his son, learned skills with his father in Huadi Garden when he was young, and later became a famous gardener, known as the "Flower King of Paradise". Most of the large-scale flowers in Huadi Garden came from Zuigouan Garden.In order to attract tourists, a Drunken Temple Building was also built on the lotus pond to supply Cantonese food and western dishes. A Cantonese opera stage was added and famous singers were invited to sing. The Drunken Temple Garden became a garden integrating flower watching, food and entertainment.On the Zuiguan Pavilion, you can overlook the scenery of White Goose Pond and Huadi River, look closely at the famous trees and flowers, which are bright red and green. You can also smell the fragrance of lotus in the pool, which makes you intoxicated.
A view of the old flower land garden in Fangcun
Liufang Garden is located to the east of Huadi Zuiguan Garden. It was built in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. The owner of the garden is Liang Mu.During the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the owner of the garden invited dozens of capable people from Heze, Shandong Province to cultivate peonies. They arrived every November and returned before the Spring Festival.In order to highlight the characteristics of peony, Heze flower farmers also gave Liufang Garden a wooden plaque with gold characters on a black background, which was inscribed with four characters "National Beauty and Natural Fragrance", and the number of visitors to the garden really increased.
The Sewing Fragrance Garden is located on the left side of the north gate of today's Zuigouan Garden. It was built in the late Qing Dynasty, with more than 120 kinds of flowers and plants.In the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1885)Beam repairLiving in the Sewing Fragrance Garden, the owner invited Liang Xiu to compose a poem for each flower in the garden. Liang Xiu finished his masterpiece in a few days, which is called "Hundred Flowers Poetry Altar".After Liang Xiu added or deleted the various flower chants as appropriate, and selected one hundred of them, entitled "Hundred Flower Dais Miscellaneous chants in Parallel".The Sewing Fragrance Garden was destroyed in 1938 when the Japanese invaded Guangzhou.Although it was rebuilt later, the famous garden changed its owner and was managed by Ouquan, a Shunde native. It was renamed Renxiang Garden, and couplets were hung in front of the gate of the garden: the wind of benevolence is fragrant with peaches and plums;The fragrance of Lanzhi is fragrant.
Qunfang Garden is located at Huadi Huahai Street (now in the north gate of Zuigouan Garden), during the reign of QianlongPan YouweiPart of the Six Pine Garden was purchased during the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty and renamed as Qunfang Garden.In the early years of the Republic of China, Qunfang Garden was operated by Li Jiliang, Kengkou Village, Fangcun. The owner of the garden also asked a famous person to write a garden couplet: flowers come to Hongfu Pavilion in spring;When the grass comes, it will turn green.
The new Changchun Garden is located in today's Zuiguan Garden, while the Yuxiangpu Garden is located at No. 2, the back street of Huadi Yongbian.The owner of the garden is Luo Gengyin, who was later managed by Luo Tao of Huadi Village.The garden is famous for planting more than 40 olive trees, one of which is sweet and crisp, and has the effect of antialcoholism.A famous scholar wrote a couplet with the word "Yu Xiang": "There is room for half a bow to insert willows; a wisp of cigarettes to cook tea by themselves." Unfortunately, the site of Yu Xiang Pu has now been built as a private house.
Built in the late Qing Dynasty, Cuilin Liuxiang Garden was managed by Bu Bingshang, a native of Huaxian County.An ancient ginkgo tree bonsai was meticulously planted in the garden and sent to Nanjing, Jiangsu Province to participate in the flower bonsai exhibition.Due to the difficulty in cultivating ginkgo bonsai and its unique shape, the connoisseur bought it with 14 liang silver.In the history of flowers in Fangcun, it is a good story.Officials from Guangzhou Prefecture, Nanhai County and Panyu County are not convenient to stay in the Yamen after leaving office. They often stay in Cuilin Garden.When people loved their flowers, it also implied the comings and goings of dignitaries and dignitaries, so they wrote a couplet hanging at the door: the phoenix dance comes from the bamboo wind;Lin Hualu drops crabapple sleep.
In addition to these famous gardens, there are also Heji Garden, Maoxiang Garden, Tongyuan Garden, Guangxiang Garden, Jishan Garden, Rongxiang Garden, Xingfang Garden, Chang'an Garden, Yuqing Garden, Houfu Garden, Wansheng Garden, Liangyi Garden, Wanchun Garden, Houcheng Garden, Yonglong Garden, Xingyuan Garden, Hewei Garden, Zhizhi Garden, Brother Garden, Taihu Garden, Shouchun Garden, Canaan Garden, etc.[26]
