"When Wang Junhuan was 20 years old, he tasted two ships, the east and the west, and collected their mountains, customs, and productsWeirdThe house, food and clothing are good, and it is suitable to trade with your husband. You have to see them in person or write them down, and you should be slow to believe that they can be levied. "(Preface to Zhang Zhu, Records of Island People)
In the first year of Wenzong and Shun of the Yuan Dynasty (1330), Wang Dayuan, who was only 20 years old, took a commercial ship from Quanzhou for the first time, and went through Hainan IslandOccupy the city、Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Myanmar, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, crossing the Mediterranean to Morocco, then returning to EgyptCrimson SeaIt took five years to travel to Somalia and Mozambique, cross the Indian Ocean, return to Sri Lanka, Sumatra and Java, and travel through Australia to Kalimantan and the Philippines to return to Quanzhou.
In the third year of the reign of Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty (1337), Wang Dayuan set sail from Quanzhou again, passing through the Nanyang Islandsarabian sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean, AfricanMozambique ChannelAnd all over Australia, and returned to Quanzhou in the fifth year of the Zhiyuan era (1339).
In the ninth year of Zhizheng's reign (1349), when passing through Quanzhou, Lu Huachi, Xie Yuli, who was well suited to Quanzhou's road, ordered Wu Jianxiu to repair the "Qingyuan Continuation Annals" (Qingyuan, the name of the old county of Quanzhou), taking Quanzhou as the location of the Shibo Company.It is a gathering place for overseas people and should have a record of the local conditions and customs of various countries. Therefore, Dayuan was invited to write "Records of Island Barbarians" and attach it to the "Records of Qingyuan Continuation".The next year, he returned to Nanchang with his "Records of Island People", which was printed separately for wide circulation.
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A Brief History of Island Barbarians, Volume I (collected by Tianyi Pavilion, Fan Maozhu's family, Zhejiang)
Written by Wang Dayuan of Yuan Dynasty.People from Nanchang have the character of "Dayuan".In the middle, you can taste the book of Jia Bo floating over the sea for dozens of countries. Ji Suo heard it.Today, we use the Ming Horse Temple's "Ying Ya Sheng Lan" to survey each other, as it is called by the Temple“Occupy the cityThe man on top of the three mountains has a golden flower crown, and his clothes are all lingeringGalanga, Guanyinzhu, Genus of Genus Genus of Genus Genus of Genus Genus.There are different customs in the village of Java, the new village of Gutan, the pass of Sumalu, and the port.There are also three classes of Chinese people, whose native products are white sesame, mung bean, sumo, diamond, white sandalwood, cardamom, cooking pot, hawksbill, red and green parrots,Old portThere are turkey and deer ", which are not included in this book.Also contained《chenla The book of local customs is only 45 out of 10.Covering a vast area, even a one-dimensional boat, you can never see it all.What you see is different, but what you remember is different.In the history of the Ming Dynasty, when the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Jawa and Jawa paid tribute togetherWang ZhimingIt is also different.If the abyss become one, the rumor is wrong.However, according to the foreign biographies in the history, none of the people who wield the brush have ever been there, that isZhao RushiThe "Records of Various Fan" and so on are also more popular in the word of mouth.Dayuan's book is written by hand, which is not empty talk.ThereforeLuo Wei、Lavo Most of the countries along the road are not recorded in history.And in the mountains and rivers of various countriesSquare fieldThe records in Xinjiang are not as detailed as those in history, and the records are also sufficient for textual research.ExaminationHuang YujiQianqingtang Bibliography andJiao HongNone of the "Records of National History and Classics" contains books, but Qian Zeng's "Book of Deliberation" contains them, which is called the old banknote of the Yuan Dynasty.This book has not been published for a long time, and its dissemination is rare.Also known as Hedong in Zhizheng PeriodZhang Zhu, SanshanWu JianThe order of the two people is preserved in this book.However, Wu Jianxu has two prefaces. The first one is the original preface of the book, and the second one is the preface of Qingyuan Xuzhi, which was written in the last two years.At the time of Wu Jianzhi's revision, Quanzhou was used as a sea route, and Jia Chuan gathered together. Because this book was attached at the end of the chronicle, the excerpts were also recorded in the preface.Jiajing WushenYuan XuanPostscript, rather talking about its omission in Japan.Gai didn't know the book of the abyss, but what he saw in the discipline was not the whole ambition of the sea country.
A Brief History of Island Barbarians
"Daoyi Zhilue" is the abridgement of "Daoyi Zhilue", which is also the simplified version of today's words.From the name, we can draw a relatively correct conclusion: the contents recorded in "Daoyi Zhilue" are far less than those in "Daoyi Zhilue" (although "Daoyi Zhilue" has been lost, we can hardly prove it, but from the generalknowThis conclusion should be correct.
For TaiwanPescadores IslandsThere is no doubt that the descriptions of modern Southeast China's sea border and the northern part of modern Australia's mainland are of the most historical research value and practical significance. The former can provide a historical basis for "Taiwan has been an integral part of China's territory since ancient times" and "the assertion of Southeast Asia", while the latter can provide a footnote to China's ancient advanced navigation technology.In addition, it is also of great value to record the living conditions of overseas Chinese living in foreign countries and the historical geography of overseas countries.
Seen and heard everywhere
Penghu
”The island is divided into six parts at thirty, with different sizes. Facing each other, there are seven Aussies living in it, each of which gets its name.Two days and nights from Quanzhou.Grass without wood, barren soil, not suitable for rice and grass.Spring people build thatched houses.Warm climate, customRusticMany people have long brows "·Pescadores Islands》）This is probably the most accurate account of Taiwan and Penghu in more than 1000 years since Wu Guowei, the Three Kingdoms, entered Yizhou.And "local merchants prosper peddlers to enjoy their benefits.It is located in Jinjiang County, Quanzhou. During the Zhiyuan period, a patrol inspection department was set up to carry out the salt class at the age of one year. The unified banknote was ten Ding and twenty-five Liang, and there was no difference between them. "(ibid.) For the first time, the status of Penghu and Taiwan as Chinese territory was clearly defined in ancient historical books.(The establishment of local administrative, military and financial institutions under the central administration marks the establishment of the subordination and subordination relationship between Taiwan and Penghu to the central government as Chinese territory under the central administration.)
Australia
It is said that the advanced ancient Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty had visited the modern Australian mainland (Australia for short), and at that time China collectively called it Rosas, and the Darwin Port area in the north of Australia today is called Manana.Quanzhou businessmen and sailors who have been sailing between the east and west oceans all the year round believe that Australia is the last island on earth, called“isolated island”。All of these can be found in "A Brief History of Island Barbarians".
After the analysis and discussion of Chinese and foreign scholars in the future, it is confirmed that there are two sections of Australia recorded in "A Brief History of the Island People": first, Manana;2、 Rosas.Wang Dayuan recorded the situation of Australians at that time: some "men and women are heteromorphic, do not weave or dressToba Cover your body, eat without fireworks, but live in caves and drink blood. "Some "wear a five color silk blouse and a single skirt made of punga barbed cloth." There is also a record of an Australian crane with gray hair, red mouth, red legs, dancing and a height of six feet.He called it "crane".It is also called "heather", which is a special kind of fire red tree in Australia.Wang Dayuan also recorded that there was "water all around" somewhere in northern Australia, that is, a large marshland east of Darwin Port in Australia today."As if standing on a mountain" means that there are many oysters attached to the high coast in northwest Australia.It is also recorded that the Anhang Peninsula on the northern coast of Australia and the Kipeli Platform, which is 800 meters high, "Qifeng"Lei Lei, such as Tianma galloping, the situation is facing the sea ".
The following is the original text of the book, which is listed for future reference:
"World fansLizhiIn the southeast, Juyuanjiao is the absolute island.There are ten thousand branches of phoebe trees on the stone, surrounded by water, and oysters standing like mountains.The soil is thin and the field is barren, and the climate is uneven.Vulgar and extravagant, men and women wear braids with hair, arms with gold silk, and five color silk blouses, which are tied with a single skirt made of punga cloth.The local camels are nine feet high, and the natives bear the weight with them.A crane is about six feet tall. It feeds on grain. When people clap their hands, it soars its wings and dancesone's appearanceConsiderable, but also foreign matter. "(A Brief History of the Island People, Ma Na Na)
"The country is affiliated with the right mountain of Manana. The wonderful peaks are as noble as the galloping horses. The situation is close to the seaToba Cover yourself.There is no smoke and fire in eating, but only rudimentary drinking blood and living in caves.Although, the diet palace, festival propaganda is indispensable;Silk hempDiesel ramenThe cold and heat are unavoidable.The distance between the north and the south of Yiluo is thousands of miles, and there is still a difference between cold and heat. What a difference!Its ground bell soup is complete, so people have no clothes to prepare, so they can adapt themselves to the universe.It is better for Ru to drink than to choose, and the nest is not easy. It is an ancient day to visit each other. "(A Brief History of the Island Barbarians, Robbas)
Other information
There are many records of overseas Chinese in the book. For example, Wuzhai businessmen in Quanzhou live in the ancient land of Duigu (today's Timor Island);Some officers and soldiers of the Yuan Dynasty's troops going to Java still stayed in Goulan Mountain (today's Gran Island);In Saribadan (today's Nagapatam on the east coast of India), there is a Chinese style brick tower built by the Chinese in 1267, inscribed with the Chinese character "Chinese worker in August of the third year of Xianchun";Zhenla(Cambodia today) has Tang people;Burni (Today on Kalimantan Islandpontianak ）"Especially respect and love Chinese people";Longyamen (today's Singapore) is a "man and woman living in China";Even the chief of Malujian (today's Malag in northwest Iran) is ChinaLinzhangPerson, surname Chen, etc.
Content extract
Penghu
The island is divided into six parts at thirty, with different sizes. Facing each other, there are seven Aussies living in it, each of which gets its name.Two days and nights from Quanzhou.Grass without wood, barren soil, not suitable for rice and grass.Spring people build thatched houses.The climate is always warm, the customs are simple and wild, and many people have long eyebrows.Men and women wear long cloth shirts tied with native cloth.Boil the sea for salt, brew sorghum for wine.Collect fish, shrimp, snail and clamAuxiliary foodCuan and fish paste are used as the oil in the cow dung.Local flax and mung bean.The breeding of goats is tens of thousands of people. The family records it by branding hair and carving horns. They don't collect it day and night, so each one gives birth.Local merchants prosper traders for their own benefit.It was located in Jinjiang County, Quanzhou. During the Zhiyuan period, a patrol inspection department was set up to handle the salt class at the age of one year. There was no difference.（1）
Ryukyu
The terrain is covered with trees.Mountain YueCuilu, said Chongman, said axe, said big {Zhi} [Qi].1ZhishanExtremely high and precipitous, it looks very close from Penghu Lake.When I climb this mountain, I will watch the ebb and flow of the sea tide. At midnight, I will watch the rise of the valley. The red light is shining in the sky, and the top of the mountain is bright.(1) The soil is fertile and suitable for farming.The climate is getting warmer, and customs are different from Penghu.There is no boat for water, but raft for water.Men and women have fists and hair, and take calico as the shirt.Boiling sea water is salt, brewing sugarcane pulp is wine.Knowing that the leader and the chief are respected, they have the meaning of father and son. If people from other countries commit any offenseCuttingThe meat is eaten, and a wooden rod is hung from its head.The real estate is Shajin, soybeans, {wheat} (millet) seeds, sulfur, yellow wax, deer, leopard and chamois.2 Trade goods, such as earth beads, agatesJinzhu, coarse bowls, and Chuzhou porcelain.This is the beginning of overseas countries.（2）
According to the Daoyi Zhilue (the revised version of the Zhonghua Book Company's series of Chinese and foreign traffic historical books published by Su Jihuang, 1981, 16), it was revised and supplemented.
Mishima
HomeDa Qi MountainTo the east, the islands are dividedMountain foldingThe people live close to each other.The fields are barren and the grains are few.Simple and unsophisticated, the climate is poor and warm.There are white men and women. The male has a fist [hair], and the female has a chignon, all wearing single clothes.Men try to ship to Quanzhou broker, and they are exhaustedEndowment fundAs long as they are in their own country, people will treat them with respect and extend them to the throne. Although they are elders, they will not compete with them.The custom is as high as Tang Dynasty.People boil the sea for salt, and brew sugarcane pulp for wine.There are chiefs.Real estate yellow wax, wood wool and calico.The trade goods include copper beads, blue and white flower bowls, small flower printed cloth and iron pieces.The next day, we will say "Da Pei", "Hai Bang", "Ba Nong Ji", "Pu Li Xuan", and "Dong Liu Li".There is no abnormal birth, so this ear is attached.（2）
1 Supplement according to the Daoyi Annals (Su Jihuang's proofread version of Zhonghua Book Company's series of Chinese and foreign traffic history books, 1981, 23).
Mait
The mountain is flat and wide, with Jiaxi settlements, fertile fields and a slightly warm climate.VulgarSection meaning.Male and female chignon, wearing blue cloth clothes.When a woman {buries} her husband, she cuts her hair, fastes for seven days, sleeps with her husband, and most of them are on the verge of death.If he does not die after seven days, his relatives will advise him to eat and drink, or he may live his whole life, and he will not change his festival all his life. Even if the dead man burns his body, he will die by fire.In the funeral of a chieftain, he killed twenty or thirty servantsbe buried alive with the dead。People boil the sea for salt and brew sugar water for wine.The real estate is wood wool, yellow wax, tortoise shell, areca and calico.Trade goods include tripods, iron blocks, five picks of red cloth, red silk, and dental ingots.The barbarians negotiated the price, took {Chuan} [Bo] local goods, and then set the price for the shippers. They kept their promise as always and kept their promise.（3）
It was revised according to the Daoyi Zhilue (Su Jihuang's revised version of Zhonghua Book Company's series of Chinese and foreign traffic history books, 1981, 33, 34).
Unbranched pullout
In the southeast of Kan Maluo Hua, there is a confrontation between mountains.People cultivate mountains and turn them into fields. They eat fresh and have a variety of potatoes.The climate is often hot, and it is slightly cold in single spring.Vulgarity and straightness.Men and women braid their hair and tie it with fine red cloth.Marriage is the most important, often refers to the belly marriage.If anyone breaks his promise, he will be fined twice as much as he deserves.People boil the sea for salt, brew coconut milk and fern powder for wine.There are chiefs.Flower productionDipper tin, lead, green dog.Trade goods include western cloth, blue and white Chuzhou porcelain, tile altar and iron tripod.（3）
Longsiai Islet
The island is flat, vast and wild. It is like a plate of cloud dock on the top. There is no benefit of farmland.Every day, the air is calm, the wind surges, the dragons play games, and the sea scum, spitting saliva on the island, hence the name.The color of the saliva is black than that of black incense, or similar to that of pumice. The smell is slightly fishy. However, when combined with various scents, the taste is particularly clearPlum blossom brain, sandalwood, musk, gardenia, ChensuokuRose waterAll kinds of incense, we must wait here to make it.No one lived here in previous generations, and there were people from other generations who used up wood to chisel boats, drove envoys to pick them up, and sold them to other countries.Gold and silver goods belong to Bozhi.（4）
region comprising present-day northern Viet Nam
The land of the ancient Jiaozhou is now the Great Yue State in Annam.The mountains are ringed and dangerous, and the streams and roads are mutually distributed.There are thirty-six villages outside.The climate is often hot.Tianduo is fertile.VulgarEtiquette and righteousness have Chinese style.Men and women have white faces and black teeth. They wear crowns, Tang clothes, soap pleats, silk stockings, and square shoes.All handsome folk children, who entered primary school at the age of eight and university at the age of fifteen, recite poems, read books, talk about sexual theory, and write articles, which are the same as those in China, except for the difference in language.The ancient and modern tribute to China has been recorded in history.People boil the sea for salt and brew sorghum for wine.The minister took the same [surname female] as his wife.1. Real estate gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, ivoryEmerald hair, cinnamon, and betel (4) nuts.All kinds of goods for tradeDamaskPiece silk, green cloth, tooth comb, paper binding, bronze, iron, etc.Copper coins are used in circulation. Among the people, 67 coins are converted into one or two silver coins, and 70 coins are used for official purposes.Shippers do not sell their land, but the boat of smugglers stops at the top and bottom of the broken mountain, and they are not allowed to go to their officialdom for fear that the Chinese might see the reality of their country.（5）
1 Supplement according to the Daoyi Zhilue (Su Jihuang's proofread version of Zhonghua Book Company's series of Chinese and foreign traffic history books, 1981, 50).
Occupy the city
Located in Haichong, it is adjacent to the old and new states.The climate is suddenly hot.The fields are superior and suitable for planting grain.People like to invade and plunder.Over the age of years, the first day of the next year, people were encouraged to take the courage of others to trade official positions.The officials sold it with silver, mixed wine with courage, and drank with their families. Clouds are brave all over the body, which makes people afraid of it, without any defect or memory.The water of the city often flows back and forth, and the ship goes for several days. The boat stops and carries women to board the ship.If you leave soon, you will weep and leave.Next year, when the ship arrived, the coincidence was the same.Or if someone is in distress and exiled to other places, the woman will give him food and clothing, and give him milk again.It is still forbidden to take clothes that are half like those in the Tang Dynasty. You should take three or four baths every day, and paint with brain musk and oil.Write black paper in white.Boiling sea is salt, brewing millet is wine.Real estate Hongchai, Solanum, Dabu.Celadon flower bowls for goodsGold and silver jewelry, wine, colored cloth and burnt beads.（5）
Mindorong
Rivers lead to the sea. The water is not salty.The fields are fertile and the grain is wide.The climate is hot.Vulgarity favors frugality.Men and women in chignon, wearing short soapy shirts and blue cloth skirts.People dig wells to drink, boil the sea to salt, and brew millet to wine.There are chiefs.Stealing is forbidden. Stealing means killing one family.The real estate includes ebony, sandalwood, wood wool flower and suede.Lacquerware for goods, copper tripods, Jawabata cloth, red silk, green cloth, Douxi and wine belong to.（6）
Panduranga
ClericalOccupy the cityThe soil and bones are connected with Zhancheng, and there are two streams between them.The Buddhist scripture called Wang Shecheng is also, or Yunmu even the house base still exists.The land, people, customs and climate are similar to Zhancheng.When a person dies, he will be held in filial piety and buried in a remote place.The king rode on an elephant or a horse, took a red umbrella, and more than 100 people followed him. They held shields and sang praises of Ya or his servants, and spoke in whispers.The corpse headed barbarian women did more harm than the city, so people sacrificed blood in many temples, and barbarian parents were born in the womb, just like women. They had no pupils in their eyes, and at night they would fly away and eat human excrement.The head flies away. If a person covers his or her head with paper or cloth, he or she will die if his or her head does not return.When people live in their places, they must clean their feces with water after defecation. Otherwise, they will eat their feces and sleep with others.If something is done, the intestines and stomach will be eaten by (6), and the spirit will be taken away and die.The real estate is solanum and ivory.Silver and printed cloth were used for goods, and the next day was flax, Shaman, Touluo, Shakui, and Baopiqi.New customs, Yue state, and various kinds of people have no production, nor ship.（7）
chenla
The gate to the south of the state is actually a metropolis, with more than 70 miles around the city, 20 zhang around the Shihe River, and more than 400000 war elephants.There are more than 30 palaces, which are extremely magnificent.It is decorated with gold, paved with silver as bricks, and placed with seven treasure chairs to wait for its owner.All the nobles and nobles sit in the golden furniture.At the age of one year, jade apes, golden peacocks, six tooth white elephants and triangular silver hoofed cattle were presented to the front.There are ten gold lions on the bronze platform, twelve silver towers, and bronze elephants.People who eat and drink must use gold tea plates, beans and gold bowls to store things.Its external name is Baitazhou. As a golden pagoda, if one is touched by a dog, the top of the pagoda cannot be built.The next day, Masilu Pond was rebuilt, and the five pagodas were pointed with gold.The next day, the Sang Xiangfo House was built, and the stone bridge wrapped in gold was more than 40 zhang long.As the saying goes: wealthchenla They are also.The climate is always warm, vulgar and extravagant, and the land is rich.People boil the sea for salt and brew millet for wine.Male and female chignon.When his daughter was nine years old, he asked the monk to do the Buddhist Dharma. He picked up the body of the child with his fingers, and took the red dotted female forehead and the female forehead. The name was Lishi. It was said that if he did this, it would be better for him to marry at the age of ten.If his wife has sex with a guest, his husband is very happy and praises others: My wife is skillful and intelligent and is loved by others.The body is surrounded by brocade, and the eyebrows and forehead are decorated with {beads} [Zhu].1 When the chieftain came in and out, he used a golden cart feather instrument, covered in wreaths, with a sword in his right hand and a Zhuwei in his left.The rule is that if a Chinese person commits theft, he or she will cut off his or her arms and feet, burn his or her chest and back, and tsing his or her forehead. If he or she kills a person in the Tang Dynasty, he or she will die. If he or she kills another person in the Tang Dynasty, he or she will also be fined heavily. If there is no money, he or she will sell himself to redeem him or her.The real estate Huangwax, Rhinoceros Horn, Peacock, Chensuxiang, Sumu, Dafengzi and Cuiyu are the best in the world.Goods [gold] silver, yellow braised pearls, Longduan, Jianning brocade, silk cloth.2（8）
According to the Daoyi Zhilue (revised and interpreted by Su Jihuang, a series of Chinese and foreign traffic historical books published by Zhonghua Book Company, 69,70, 1981), it was revised and supplemented.
Dan Ma Ling
It is adjacent to Shari and Freian.The mountains are flat, the fields are abundant, and there is more than enough millet to eat. The new collectors will stay for the old.Common thrift, mild climate.Male and female chignon, white clothes, blue cloth man.Some pieces of {false} [satin] brocade and white tin are used for engagement.People boil the sea for salt and brew millet for wine.There are chiefs.High quality white tin, rice brainTortoise shellHeding, Jiangzhenxiang andRipe yellow incenseHead.The trade goods include Ganli cloth, red cloth, blue and white flowered bowls, and drums.（8）
1 It was revised according to the Daoyi Zhilue (Su Jihuang's proofread version of Zhonghua Book Company's series of Chinese and foreign traffic history books, 1981, 79).
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Zhang Xu
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Appendix: Preface to Records of Qingyuan Achievements
The earliest version of Daoyi Zhilue in historical records should be the tenth year of ZhizhengZhang ZhuThe Preface of Nanchang Publication and the Ninth Year of ZhizhengWu JianThe preface is attached to the publication after Qingyuan Xuzhi (and Wu Jian's preface to Qingyuan Xuzhi is attached).At the end of the book, there is the author's preface.The whole book is divided intoOne hundredIn addition to the last article, "Gathering of Strange News", which is based on a summary of previous remarks, the rest of the articles mostly describe a country or region, and some articles also mention a number of nearby places.However, the two Yuan versions mentioned above are lost today.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was no printed edition of "Records of Island People". At that time, the printed edition collected by the book collector should be the single booklet engraved by Wang Dayuan in Nanchang.The Qian family's Shugu Hall also contains the notes of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Tianyi Pavilion contains the Ming Dynasty manuscripts.In addition, the Ming Dynasty's "Wenyuan Pavilion Bibliography", Chao's "Baowentang Bibliography", "Yuan Yu Tongzhi", "Ming Dynasty Unification Annals"《A study of eastern and western cultures》、《Integration of ancient and modern books》And so on, have all quoted "Island Yi Zhi", and the Ming Dynasty transcript has been lost today.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were both printed and transcribed versions. In the Siku Quanshu, there was a brief history of the island people《General Contents of Siku Quanshu》、《Concise Contents of Siku Quanshu》The book was titled "Daoyi Zhilue", which means that the official collections of the Ming and Qing Dynasties all had "Daoyi Zhilue".The manuscripts seen in the early years of the Republic of China are old manuscripts and biographical manuscripts of Sikuquanshu.
But the existingPeng Yuanrui、Li WentianThe old manuscripts are different from the Sikuquanshu, which indicates that there were many manuscripts in the Ming and Qing dynasties.The copy of Peng's Zhisheng Daozhai is now in Beijing Library (it is transcribed from the copy of Ming Dynasty stored in Tianyi Pavilion), and the copy of Ding's Zhushutang is now in Nanjing Library.There are also Tibetan books in Japan, the United States, Britain and France.
Since its completion, "A Brief History of the Island People" has become a must read book for future scholars to study the historical and geographical traffic between the East and the West in ancient times due to its outstanding literature value, and has had a tremendous impact on various ancient sea route traffic works in future generations.
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Cultural values
A Brief History of the Island People is a medium for the continuation of friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries.Wang Dayuan recorded in many chapters of "A Brief History of the Island People" the harmonious relationship between Chinese people and their overseas countries. "Boni" (Brunei, Kalimantan Island) "especially respects and loves Tang people, and when drunk, you can help them return to rest";"Wen Gu gu" (Sumatra) residents look forward to Chinese merchant ships to do business every year. They often think that the birth of Wumei chicken can herald the arrival of Chinese merchant ships. One chicken is born with one ship, and two chickens are born with two ships. This method of divination is also very effective;Malujian (Malag in Iran) "has a chieftain, who was born in Linzhang in the Yuan Dynasty, and whose surname is Chen";Longyamen (Singapore) is a "man and woman living in China".It is also recorded in the book that the soldiers of the Yuan Dynasty "had more than a hundred sick deaths" still remained in the Goulan Mountain (today's Kalimantan Island), and "today's Tang people and their followers live together".He arrived at and recorded the holy city of Saudi Arabia, and called the heaven (Mecca, the holy city of Saudi Arabia) "a harmonious landscape, a spring in four seasons. The fields are fertile and the people are happy"
Daoyi Zhilue is a reliable historical material for studying overseas trade in the Yuan Dynasty.Daoyi Zhilue was recognized by researchers in the Ming Dynasty and later generations as reliable and true historical materials. Almost 99 articles had trade content, and there were various barter trades, such as the record in Wuzhibo that Chuzhou blue and white porcelain was replaced with western cloth;Countries with close trade relations, such as Jiaozhi (today's southern and northern central Vietnam), "use copper coins in circulation, and among the people, 67 coins are converted into one liang of silver. The official use is limited to 70";There are more than 300 kinds of products recorded for trade.
The success of Wang Dayuan's two voyages was not isolated or accidental, which shows that the shipbuilding, navigation and business level of Jiangxi before the Ming Dynasty was world-class at that time, and the "Jiangyou" business gang was open minded and ventured into the world.Jiangxi became the capital of porcelain“Maritime Silk Porcelain Road”Main force.Wang Dayuan and A Brief History of Island People are the media to strengthen the communication between Nanchang and international cities.My colleague came to Singapore to study in 2006, and the local guide told him: "The history of Singapore was first recorded by your people in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China." In the chapter of "The Chronicles of the Islanders · Longya Gate", it was recorded that "men and women live in China at the same time, with many chignons, short blouses and blue cloth", which is the earliest record of Chinese living in Singapore recorded in words."The gate is a single horse and the two mountains in Xipan are intersected like a dragon's tooth, and there is a middle waterway between them." Today, we can no longer see this scene - around 1880, the British Navy thought that the "middle waterway" was narrow, which affected the navigation of warships, and blew up the dragon's tooth. During the event to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's voyage to the West, Singapore Tourism Bureau copied a "dragon's tooth gate" in Labrador Park according to historical records.
Daoyi Zhilue is also an ancient world geography with high historical value.The records in "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" enable people to rediscoverIndian BuddhismThe Holy Land Nalando Temple, Nalando is a new Buddhist center in the world.The "Brief Annals of the Island People" is an important historical data of Asian and African countries in the 14th century. There are many records of the capital cities, markets and villages of the countries where they are located, such as the "Sanghala" chapter (its place name is now at the point of Tondra, Sri Lanka): "On the mountainside side, if there is a Buddhist temple standing erect, there is the body of Sakyamuni Buddha." It also records the size and depth of the Buddhist footprints, which was destroyed by the Portuguese in 1587.There are many valuable records like these in the information books that can be studied.[1]
Domestic impact
In China, after the completion of the book in the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty (1349), it had an impact on the geographical books of the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
Voyaging with Zheng HeThe interpreterMahuaOnce read "Records of Island People", he《Enjoying the WorldThe Preface wrote: "Yu Xiguan《Island Yi Record》, reflecting the difference of weather, climate, geography and people, sighed with emotion and said, "What is the difference in the worldI translated several books, and was sent by the envoy at the end of the mission. I followed him (referring to Zheng He's treasure ship). The whale waves were vast, and I didn't know how many thousands of miles it was.He has been involved in various countries, whose weather, climate, geography, and people have witnessed him;Then I know that the author of "Records of Island Barbarians" is not slandered.
In addition, "A Brief History of Island Barbarians" has also had a great impact on the international community.All foreign scholars who studied East and South Asian countries and maritime traffic in the Yuan Dynasty must read "A Brief History of Island Barbarians".In foreign countries, there are many scholars studying and reading "A Brief History of the Island People".
As early as the middle of the 19th century, western scholars took note of the book, and then translated, cited and researched it.The most famous scholar among them is Arthur wylic.In his "Collection of Han Books" compiled in 1867, "A Brief History of the Island People" was listed.Others:
In 1867, William Yali, a British sinologist and a missionary of the London Missionary Society, listed "A Brief History of Island Barbarians" in Notes on Chinese Literature for the first time.
In 1871, the Russian sinologist E-V BreCitschneider, in his book "Ancient China's Knowledge of Arabia, Alabama Dependencies and Other Western Countries", listed the title of the book with the large Chinese character "Daoyi Zhilue", and briefly introduced the "heaven" clause in "Daoyi Zhilue".In 1876, Croeneveldt also had this title in the "South China Sea Archipelago Literature" edited by Croeneveldt.
After entering the 20th century, the attraction of "A Brief History of Island People" to western scholars has increased, and western scholars have published many papers on it during this period.At the same time, "A Brief History of Shimanyi" also began to enter the eyes of Japanese scholars and American scholars.
In 1914 and 1922, the French sinologists Emile Rousseau and Francois Ferrand translated some chapters of "A Brief History of the Island People" into French and published them.
In 1951, the published "The Posthumous Works of Berthie" contained the paper "On the History of the Island Barbarians" written by the French sinologist Berthie.
Japanese scholars have paid more attention to and studied the book than other overseas countries.Fujita Toyoda revised and annotated the "Daoyi Zhilue" on the basis of the Longshi's "Zhifuzhai Series", referring to other collections, and titled it "Daoyi Zhilue Annotation" in 1914Luo ZhenyuThe second episode of Xuetang Series, edited by the chief editor, was published.In 1935, it was reprinted in Beijing's National Studies Library.This is the best version at that time.The author is erudite and talented, and his notes are more desirable.However, it is still incomplete and full of errors.At present, there are still many Japanese scholars who study "A Brief History of Shimanyi".
American scholars have studied "A Brief History of Island Barbarians" late.W-W-Rockhill, an American sinologist, once translated 60 of the first 99 place names in "A Brief History of Island Barbarians" into English, which was published in the "Textual Research on the Trade between China and the Ports along the Indian Ocean Coast of the Nanyang Islands in the 14th Century" in the Bulletin from 1914 to 1915.Since then, with the development of trade,American Studies(including sinologists of Chinese descent) has studied "A Brief History of Island Barbarians" for many days.
About the author
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Character's Life
Western panorama of the Ming Dynasty
Wang Dayuan, a famous navigator of the Yuan Dynasty, whose name is Huanzhang, is from Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. He was born in 1311, the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty, and also in 1310, the third year of the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty. He was smart and eager to learn from childhood and loved by his parents. He hoped that he would grow up and become a talent, so he chose "Huanzhang" from The Analects of Confucius.As a result, he became a famous folk navigator and was called "Marco Polo of the East" by Western scholars.
"When Wang Junhuan was 20 years old, he tasted two ships from the east to the west. He often collected the strange mountains, customs, and properties of the ship. His rooms, diet, and clothes were good, and his trade with his husband was suitable. He had to see the ship himself or write about it. He was slow to believe that it could be levied." (Preface to Zhang Zhu, Records of Island People)
From Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun Dynasty (1330), Wang Dayuan, who was only 20 years old, took a Quanzhou ocean merchant ship to the sea from Quanzhou Port. This voyage went from Quanzhou to Somalia via Hainan Island, Zhancheng, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Myanmar, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, crossed the Mediterranean Sea to Morocco in northwest Africa, returned to Egypt, and crossed the Red Sea to Somalia,Turn south to Mozambique, then cross the Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Australia, Australia to Kalimantan, and thenthe philippine islands, and finally return to Quanzhou.It was not until the summer and autumn of the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1334) that he returned to Quanzhou.
In the third year from Huizong to Yuanyuan (1337), Wang Dayuan set sail from Quanzhou for the second time to visit the Nanyang Islands, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Mozambique Channel and various parts of Australia in the west of the Indian Ocean, and returned to Quanzhou two years later.
Wang Dayuan traveled with merchant ships to many countries in the East and West, and recorded the mountains, customs, scenery, products, and trade.After the long voyage back to China, he started to compile the "Records of Island People", recording the social economy, strange customs and customs of various countries observed during the two voyages into chapters and keeping them as data.In the ninth year of Zhizheng's reign (1349), when passing through Quanzhou, Lu Huachi, Xie Yuli, who was well suited to Quanzhou's road, ordered Wu Jianxiu to repair the "Qingyuan Continuation Annals" (Qingyuan, the name of the old county of Quanzhou), taking Quanzhou as the location of the Shibo Company.It is a gathering place for overseas people and should have a record of the local conditions and customs of various countries. Therefore, Dayuan was invited to write "Records of Island Barbarians" and attach it to the "Records of Qingyuan Continuation".The next year, he returned to Nanchang with his "Records of Island People", which was printed separately for wide circulation.
According to the article of Dafoshan in "A Brief History of the Island People", they went to Dafoshan (today's Sri Lanka) to collect precious exotic corals. The Wang family was very excited. "The next day, they wrote poems in ancient style to remember the truth." After returning to their hometown, Mr. Shao Anyu in Yuzhang wrote poems after seeing them, and now they stay inScholar's AcademyTo pass on and play. "Mr. Shao Anyu was the famous scholar Yu Ji at that timeStudy NameShao An was named Mr. Shao An.Poet Yu Ji was also moved by Wang's poems and wrote poems to sing in harmony, which shows the superb poetry of Wang Dayuan.It is a pity that Wang Dayuan has not seen any other works passed down from generation to generation except for "A Brief History of the Island People".There is no record of Wang Dayuan's later life.However, his great contribution to world history and geography was recognized by Chinese and foreign scholars as early as possible.
Scholarly attitude
Wang Dayuan's scholarly attitude in his writings is very serious. He once said in the book that "all people travel around, see and hear, and the legends are not recorded".The local officials of Quan and famous literati who wrote the preface to it said that everything they could see was written in books.Those who pass on their words must write letters, so it is attached to the "Qingyuan Continuation Annals" (that is, "Quanzhou Road Qingyuan Annals"). "Later, during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Ma Huan, who accompanied Zheng He on seven voyages to the Western Ocean, said: "He followed his (Zheng He) journey to various countries,... witnessed and followed his footsteps, and then knew that the author of" Records of Island Barbarians "was not false." It can be seen that the content of the book is true and reliable.
